Ukuqhambuka imfazwe Afghanistan, 1979-1989

Ungquzulwano ngumkhosi Afghanistan, eyaqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-amathathu eyadlulayo, yaye namhlanje kulilitye lembombo kwingqwalasela jikelele. nokuyigutyula kwi ukusukela amabhongo zabo, hayi nje wabatshabalalisa urhulumente odlulileyo izinzile, kodwa bayahlelwa amawaka usisilima.

Afghanistan phambi kwempi

ABANTU abaninzi, ezichaza imfazwe e Afghanistan, esithi phambi ungquzulwano ke karhulumente umva kakhulu, kodwa ke ezinye iinkalo azithethi. Phambi Afghanistan ingxabano kwiindawo ezininzi wahlala ilizwe feudal, kodwa kwizixeko ezikhulu ezifana Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, kunye nabanye abaninzi, kukho izibonelelo ephuhliswe kakuhle, lalizele amaziko enkcubeko kunye nezentlalo noqoqosho.

Urhulumente sele iphuhlisiwe yaye inkqubela. Bekukho lokunakekela unyango kunye nemfundo. Eli lizwe ivelisa ijezi elungileyo. Radio kunye umabonakude iinkqubo amazwe. Abantu bebedibana ku-zabe kwithala leencwadi. Ibhinqa akwazi ukufumana ngokwakhe ebomini yoluntu, okanye ukuqhuba ishishini.

Fashion boutiques, iivenkile, iivenkile, zokutyela nenala imisebenzi yenkcubeko zikhona kwimimandla yasezidolophini. Ukuqhambuka imfazwe e Afghanistan, nto leyo umhla kwi umthombo iphathwa, kuphelisa nempumelelo kunye nozinzo. Eli lizwe ngephanyazo ibe liziko isiphithiphithi nentshabalalo. Namhlanje, amandla kweli lizwe wathabatha amaqela Islamist olukhulu abaya kuzuza ulondolozo isiyaluyalu lonke.

Izizathu kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe e Afghanistan

Ukuze uqonde iintshukumisa yokwenene ntlekele Afghan, kubalulekile ukukhumbula imbali. NgoJulayi 1973, kwaba ukubhukuqwa yookumkani. Kombuso wayithwala umzala kaKumkani Muhhamed Daud. Jikelele isaziso ukubhukuqwa ukumkani waza wammisa yena uMongameli weRiphabliki of Afghanistan. I-revolution wathatha indawo ngoncedo yaBantu Democratic Party. komhlaba izinga lotshintshiselwano wabhengezwa kwinkalo yezoqoqosho nezentlalo.

Enyanisweni, uMongameli Daoud akazange ukwenza iinguqu, kodwa kuphela ukuba kutshabalalisa iintshaba zabo, kuquka iinkokheli PDPA. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izangqa ukunganeliseki zobuKomanisi kunye PDPA liye landa, basoloko phantsi ingcinezelo nogonyamelo emzimbeni.

Lwentlalo noloqoqosho, ukungazinzi, ezopolitiko kweli lizwe baba ityala War Civil, kunye nongenelelo lwangaphandle ye-USSR kunye United States yabangela nokuba omkhulu ngakumbi igazi.

Saur revolution

Le meko usoloko ixesha, kwaye sele-27 Apreli 1987 I-Aprili yenzekile (Saur) revolution, balungiselela iiyunithi zomkhosi kweli lizwe, i-PDPA kunye ngamaKomanisi. Babuza ukuba amandla iinkokheli ezintsha - N. M. Taraki, Amin, Babrak Karmal. Ngoko nangoko wabhengeza inguqu feudal yintando yesininzi. Nesiqalo i-Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba nemihlali yokuqala noloyiso angalawuliyo united kwacaca ukuba kukho umsantsa phakathi kweenkokeli. Amin akazange uyavana Karmal kunye Taraki bakubetha ngoyaba.

USSR loyiso ye revolution yolawulo lwentando yesininzi yaba yinto yokwenene. Yesicelo walinda, yintoni elandelayo eza kwenzeka, kodwa iinjengele ezininzi esisilumko apparatchiks ze iSoviet wayesazi ukuba kude ekuqaleni imfazwe e Afghanistan.

Amalungu ungquzulwano zomkhosi

Kwisithuba senyanga emva ukubhukuqwa igazi wokulawula Daud mabutho matsha yezopolitiko zibandakanyeke ingxabano. Amaqela "Khalq" yaye "Parcham" njengoko ideology yabo ayifumaneki kwi eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo. Ngo-Agasti 1978, kukho nokususwa ngokupheleleyo "Parcham" ukusuka emandleni. Karmal kunye yokuhamba-nye amazwe.

Iphinde yahlelwa urhulumente omtsha - inkcaso ephethe iinguqulelo wayaphula. imikhosi Islamist simanyene iqela kunye nentshukumo. NgoJuni, kwiphondo Badakhshan, Bamyan, Kunar, Paktia kunye Nangarhar ukuqalisa amanyathelo wezigalo owawusilwa norhulumente olululo. Nangona umhla esemthethweni mbali kungquzulwano ngezixhobo kubiza 1979, imisebenzi zomkhosi kakhulu waqala ngaphambili. Unyaka ekuqaleni kwemfazwe e Afghanistan - 1978 I-Civil War waba ngumnxibelelanisi eyayityhala lizwe ngongenelelo angaphandle. Ngalinye megaderzhav basukela izilangazelelo yayo neAfrika.

Islamists nenjongo yazo

Buyela kwi 70s okuqala Afghanistan kwasekwa umbutho "ulutsha yamaSilamsi." Amalungu ale mphakathi kufutshane iingcamango amaSilamsi zinjalo Arab "Muslim Brotherhood", iindlela zabo kumzabalazo amandla, ukuya nangoloyikiso kwezopolitiko. Le igunya Islamic izithethe jihad kunye ingcinezelo iintlobo yeenguqulelo zichasene iKurani - lo amagatya esisiseko yale mibutho.

Ngowe-1975, i "Muslim loLutsha" iya kuyeka ukusebenza. Kuye kwelifunekayo kwezinye linjalo - Islamic Party of Afghanistan (IPA) kunye Jamiat-e islami (IOA). Abajongene nayo yonke le seli G. Hekmatyar kunye Rabbani. Amalungu ombutho wafunda ukuqhuba imisebenzi emkhosini elingummelwane Pakistan yaye exhaswa ngoorhulumente amazwe. Emva kokuba April Revolution nenkcaso boluntu jikelele. Mdibi kweli lizwe iye yaba uhlobo njengomqondiso amanyathelo emkhosini.

inkxaso Foreign ukuba radicals

Awukwazi singalahlekani nento yokuba ekuqaleni kwemfazwe e Afghanistan, umhla apho imithombo wanamhla -. Iminyaka 1979-1989, yaba amagunya amazwe kakhulu ezicwangcisiweyo inxaxheba NATO kunye namazwe Islamic. Ukuba phambi kokuba elite yezopolitiko American ukulahlile nayiphi na inxaxheba ukusekwa kunye nenkxaso-lukhuni, kule nkulungwane intsha iye yazisa eli bali facts ehlekisayo. Amagosa CIA zangaphambili bashiya eninzi memoirs, leyo lwalusenza nkqubo karhulumente yabo.

Kwanangaphambi ukuhlaselwa yiSoviet Afghanistan, CIA ngemali Mujahideen, bahlala ngenxa neziseko zazo uqeqesho elingummelwane Pakistan kwaye zinikwa iingalo Islamists. Ngowe-1985, uMongameli Reagan buqu Mujahideen igqiza kwi-White House. Igalelo ibalulekileyo eUnited States kwi ungquzulwano Afghanistan baqalisa kokufuna amadoda kwihlabathi Arabhu.

Namhlanje, kukho ulwazi imfazwe e Afghanistan kwacetywa CIA njengoko isibatha eSoviet Union. Iimvelaphi kuwo, i-Union wayeza babone ukunganeli nkqubo, imithombo yayo nakumsele "nokuwa". Njengoko ubona, kwenzeka ntoni. Ngowe-1979, kwenzeka imfazwe e Afghanistan, kunoko, ndifaka anokuvela eliqingqiweyo yiSoviet Army, waba kunqandwa.

I-USSR kunye nenkxaso ye-PDPA

Kukho izimvo ukuba Aprili revolution eSoviet Union wayelungiselela iminyaka eliqela. I wayebukele lo msebenzi ngokobuqu Andropov. Taraki waye arhente incwadi yesicelo. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba lika yaqalisa uncedo lobuhlobo emaqandeni le Amaqumrhu e Afghanistan. Eminye imithombo utverzhadyut ukuba Saur Revolution Yasothusa Uzizalise kOsenyangweni Amaqumrhu, nangona amnandi.

Emva ye revolution Afghanistan urhulumente waseSoviet baqalisa esweni ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi uphuhliso kweli lizwe. Ubunkokheli entsha ebusweni Taraki ukubonisa ukunyaniseka abahlobo eSoviet Union. KGB ubukrelekrele njalo ukwaziswa "inkokeli" le kozinzo kummandla eselumelwaneni, kodwa kwagqitywa ukuba alinde. Ukuqhambuka imfazwe Afghanistan, USSR abuzange bukoyise ngokukhuselekileyo, incwadi yesicelo wayesazi ngokuxhasa eUnited eliphikisayo, anike ndawo akazange afune; kodwa xa ntlekele yiSoviet-waseMelika incwadi yesicelo kuyo nantoni na. Kodwa ime yiSoviet Union thiki, emva bonke, Afghanistan - kwilizwe-ummelwane.

NgoSeptemba 1979, Amin wabulala Taraki kwaye yazibeka nomongameli. Eminye imithombo zibonisa ukuba ibasa yokugqibela nxamnye nabo wangaphambili ngenxa injongo uMongameli Taraki ukuba ucele eSoviet Union for zomkhosi anokuvela ukungena. Amin nabaxhasi bakhe nxamnye nayo.

Ukuhlasela Soviet

imithombo Soviet bathi Government of Afghanistan, yena wathunyelwa malunga 20 izicelo isicelo ukuthumela amajoni. Izibakala bathi okwahlukileyo - uMongameli Amin nokumbetha kokungena anokuvela Russian. Umhlali e Kabul wayethumele data kwi US izama ukutsalela eSoviet Union ibe ungquzulwano lwengingqi. Nditsho ke, inkokheli eSoviet wayesazi ukuba Taraki kunye PDPA - abahlali States. Amin yaba amanashinali kuphela kule nkampani, kodwa kunye Taraki, bona musa ukwabelana yezigidi $ 40 ehlawulwa CIA ngenxa Aprili kombuso, ukuba oyena nobangela wokufa kwakhe.

Andropov and Gromyko akazange afune ukuva nantoni na. Ekuqaleni kuDisemba e Kabul, moya Paputin KGB jikelele umsebenzi lokucenga Amin akhuthaze nabaphumi-USSR. Umongameli omtsha wayezimisele ukuhamba. Ke on December 22 senzeke e Kabul. Axhobe "isizwe" atyhoboza, angena endlwini, apho abemi USSR, ndize ndinqumle iintloko zabantu kweshumi ezininzi waphila. Zimisele phezu imikhonto, abaxhobileyo "Islamists" labathimbi kwizitrato eziphambili Kabul. Amapolisa kufika kuwo ndawo waza wavula umlilo, kodwa basinda mthetho. NgoDisemba 23, urhulumente waseSoviet uthumele umyalezo urhulumente Afghan, nto leyo eye ubeka udumo umongameli, ukuba kungekudala imikhosi yiSoviet iya kuba Afghanistan ukukhusela abemi babo. Nangona Amin ya- indlela yokuyekisa abantu "abahlobo" le lokuhlasela, baye zihlale enye moya eli lizwe ngowama-24 kuDisemba. Umhla wokuqalisa kwimfazwe e Afghanistan - minyaka 1979-1989. - ukuvula enye kumaphepha amaninzi ezibuhlungu kwimbali USSR.

Operation "Storm"

Inxalenye 105 st indize Division of abalindi ziwela neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ukusuka Kabul, kwaye iyunithi eyodwa KGB "Delta" eyirhawula indlu ngoMeyi 27 Disemba. Ngenxa kwedatha Amin kunye nonogada zakhe zabulawa. Uluntu jikelele, "yakhamisa," kwaye zonke onodoli lo mbono atyabukile izandla zakhe. USSR ukohlukana. paratroopers Soviet bababamba zonke izibonelelo zeziseko ezingundoqo ibekwe kwizixeko ezikhulu. Kwiminyaka 10 e Afghanistan, walwa ngaphezulu kwama-600 amawaka. Amajoni Soviet. Unyaka ekuqaleni kwemfazwe e Afghanistan yaba ekuqaleni ekuweni eSoviet Union.

Ebusuku, ngoDisemba 27, ukusuka eMoscow wafika Babrak Karmal kunye nonomathotholo wamemezela Inqanaba lesibini revolution. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwemfazwe e Afghanistan - 1979.

Iziganeko 1979-1985 biennium.

Emva kokuba ukusebenza "Storm" yimpumelelo, amajoni eSoviet Wayithabatha yonke amaziko mveliso ezinkulu. Injongo kukomeleza ulawulo lwamaKomanisi incwadi yesicelo xa elingummelwane Afghanistan, nizihlabe dushmans, owayephethe emaphandleni.

ukungqubana Ukusoloko phakathi Islamists kunye mikhosi kwakhokelela amaxhoba amaninzi phakathi umphakathi, kodwa eentaba namageduka bezibuza ngokupheleleyo amajoni. Ngo April 1980, ukuba kubanjwe ukusebenza wayo wokuqala omkhulu kwi Panjshir. Ngo June nyaka mnye yesicelo iyalele ukuba arhoxise inxenye itanki kunye enomjukujelwa iindawo Afghanistan. Ngo-Agasti ka nyaka yaba somzabalazo Mashhadskom gorge. imikhosi SA behlaselwa, wabulala amajoni 48 no-49 - abalimele. Ngowe-1982, ukuzama yesihlanu abendlu yiSoviet bakwazi ukuthatha Panjshir.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala emihlanu imeko nempi liqulunqe ngamaza. SA ngokoyikiswa, ngoko yawela babhacela. Islamists imisebenzi ezipheleleyo akwenziwa, bahlasele iintsika ukutya kunye namalungu nemikhosi. CA wazama ukuba amsunduze bemka imizi emikhulu.

Ngeli xesha kuye kukho iintlanganiso eziliqela kunye Pakistani nguMongameli Andropov nase-United States. Ummeli we-USSR wathi yesicelo wayelungele yesisombululo yezopolitiko kwimpixano ngenxa eUnited States Pakistan kuqinisekisa ukupheliswa ngezimali inkcaso.

1985-1989 gg.

Ngowe-1985, unobhala yokuqala USSR uMikhail Gorbachev waba. Yena wayezimisele ngendlela eyakhayo, ababefuna ukuguqula inkqubo, echazwe umgaqo "perestroika". Ungquzulwano elide e Afghanistan iye yakuqhwalelisa inkqubo kuqheleke ubudlelwane ne-US naseYurophu. ngamajoni Active zange yenziwe, kodwa kummandla Afghan ibisoloko sibulele amajoni Soviet. Ngowe-1986, Gorbachev wabhengeza nkqubo zokurhoxa ngokwezigaba amabutho Afghanistan. Kulo nyaka, B. Karmal indawo yi M. Najibullah. Ngowe-1986, weyiseka ukuba Kwidabi kubunkokheli be-SA yabantu Afghanistan lalahleka ukulawula yonke indawo ye CA abakwazanga Afghanistan. Januwari 23-26 imikhosi Soviet yabamba ukusebenza yayo yokugqibela "Typhoon" e Afghanistan kwiphondo Kunduz. February 15, 1989 kungarhoxiswa bonke abendlu ka-Soviet Army.

Indlela abasabela amagunya ehlabathi

Lonke uluntu lwehlabathi emva eendaba isaziso lokufakwa isigodlo sikamongameli Afghanistan kunye ukubulawa Amin ngo nematha. nangoko eSoviet Union waqalisa zinokujongwa njengento lilonke nokubi umhlaseli lizwe. Ukuqala kwemfazwe e Afghanistan (1979-1989 gg.) Kuba amagunya yaseYurophu yaba uphawu ekuqaleni kwaleli yesicelo. French nguMongameli kunye Chancellor German buqu wadibana Brezhnev yaye babezama ukweyisela ukuba ukurhoxisa amajoni, Z Ilyich wayezimisele ukuhamba.

Ngo-Apreli 1980, urhulumente US igunya uncedo imikhosi inkcaso e Afghanistan kwi mali $ 15 ezigidi.

United States kunye kumazwe aseYurophu wabiza zoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngoyaba Olympics-80, eMoscow, kodwa ngenxa yobukho lwamazwe ase-Afrika, esi siganeko wezemidlalo nangoku kubanjwa.

"Carter Ikhona" wabhalwa ngeli thuba yonxulumano uneengxaki. amazwe kwihlabathi wesithathu ningabagwebanga isenzo ngevoti yesininzi USSR. February 15, 1989 urhulumente waseSoviet, phantsi kwezivumelwano kunye lizwe yeZizwe eziManyeneyo amabutho yalo Afghanistan.

Isiphumo ungquzulwano

Isiqalo kunye nesiphelo kwemfazwe e Afghanistan ngesimo, ngokuba Afghanistan - nguye Ekwakuphithizela ongunaphakade, wathi zelakowabo ukumkani wayo wokugqibela. Ngowe-1989, i-anokuvela elilinganiselweyo eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet "ngocwangco" Wawela umda Afghanistan - njengoko kwaxelwa kubalawuli abaphezulu. Enyanisweni, e Afghanistan kwakukho amawaka amabanjwa wamajoni emfazwe CA inkampani kulityalwa abalindi wezwe, yokugubungela kokurhoxa 40 kakhulu Army.

Afghanistan emva kweshumi imfazwe iye yangena isidumo epheleleyo. Amawaka iimbacu basaba ngaphandle kweli lizwe ukubaleka imfazwe.

Nkqu namhlanje kuhlala ayaziwa inani ngqo Afghanistan kwabafileyo. Abaphandi oluvakalisa oyintsobi yalowo 2.5 yezigidi kwabafileyo ababuleweyo, ubukhulu becala - abahlali.

SA iminyaka elishumi imfazwe, elahlekelwe kwamasoldati, yokuba angaba 26 amawaka. Imfazwe e Afghanistan, USSR ilahlekileyo, nangona ezinye mbali abathi ngenye indlela.

Iindleko ezoqoqosho USSR ngokunxibelelene imfazwe Afghanistan yaba yintlekele yodwa. Ukuxhasa urhulumente Kabul ngonyaka abelwe $ 800 million, xa umkhosi - $ 3 billion.

Ukuqala kwemfazwe e Afghanistan yaba ekupheleni yiSoviet Union, omnye kwamagunya emikhulu behlabathi.