Njengoko kukho utshintsho ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kurhulumente eqinileyo

Naluphi na utshintsho kwimo umcimbi onxulumene lobushushu olukhulu uxinzelelo. Enye into kunokuba khona United zilandelayo udibaniso: eqinileyo, elulwelo, sukube.

Qaphela ukuba njengokuba leenguqu anayenza utshintsho ekwakhiweni eziphathekayo. Inguqu kulwelo ukuya kwimeko eqinileyo sikhatshwa kuphela utshintsho imikhosi intsebenziswano lungiselelo aphakathi neemolekyuli. Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye kuthiwa lenqanam lenguqu.

kwawe

Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuguqulwa isiqina kulwelo. Ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa kufuna ubushushu ephakamileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, umntu bagcine kwindalo yimeko yenkqunto. lula Physics ucacisa inkqubo ukunyibilika iqhwa phantsi intshukumo ye imisebe emthonjeni. ziikristale ice Small ezakha kwikhephu, emva ubilisa umoya ukuya zero ekuqaleni ukuyisonga. Yokunyibilika kwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe. Okokuqala, ice ngokubamba amandla thermal. Njengoko lobushushu utshintsho olupheleleyo conversion qhwa ukuba namanzi.

Oko kukhatshwa ukwanda okubonakalayo yamasuntswana uqina, amandla obushushu, ubukhulu namandla lwangaphakathi ukwanda.

Emva kokuba afike salathisi, ngokuba ubushushu iintsasa, kukho isakhiwo obuphathekayo isikhewu. Xa inkululeko molekyuli engakumbi, bona 'tsiba', abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. izinto otyhidiweyo na isixa-mali esikhudlwana wamandla kunokuba sikarhulumente esiqinileyo.

lobushushu bapholisa

Le nguqulelo ulwelo ukuya eqinileyo wenziwe kwiqondo elithile. Ukuba ubushushu alahlwa evela emzimbeni, ayaqina (crystallizes).

Ubushushu enganyangekiyo igqalwa enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo.

crystallization

Inguqu kulwelo ukuya kwindawo karhulumente eqinileyo kuthiwa crystallization. Xa transfer ubushushu ukupheliswa ulwelo waphawula lobushushu nciphisa de ixabiso elithile. Lenqanam lenguqu kwento ukusuka kulwelo ukuya esiluqilima physics ekuthiwa crystallization. Xa ucinga izinto hayi equlathe ubumdaka, indawo yokunyibilika ingqamana kwisalathiso crystallization.

Zombini ezi nkqubo ithathe ngcembe indawo. Inkqubo crystallization sikhatshwa ukuhla kwe-avareji lwamandla agciniweyo of iimolekyuli eziqulethwe engamanzi. Umkhosi enomtsalane ngalo amasuntswana ziyabanjwa ukuze engqongqo, ezendeleyo eziqinileyo, ziyanda. Emva kokuba amasuntswana kufumana ehlelekile, crystal kwakheka.

karhulumente aggregate ibizwa ngokuba sefomu ukwimo, enikwe kuluhlu ezithile yeengcinezelo kunye namaqondo. Lubonakala ngeempawu lobuninzi ezo zatshintshwa ngokwamakhefu ezikhethiweyo:

• inkqunto ukutshintsha imilo kunye nomthamo;
• ukungabikho (phambi) okanye umyalelo umqolo elide.

Inkqubo crystallization inxulunyaniswa entropy, amandla free, ukuxinana, nezinye izinto eziphathekayo.

Ukongeza ngolwelo, okuqinileyo, uhlobo sukube, bodwa ngomnye urhulumente ngokwasemzimbeni - plasma. Unokuwisa imimoya kwimeko yokwanda lobushushu kwi-njalo.

Izakhelo phakathi kwamazwe ezahlukeneyo zenkqunto akudingeki ingqongqo. Physics, waqinisekisa ukuba khona eziqinileyo amorphous, ekwaziyo ukugcina isakhiwo fluid ukuba fluidity encinane. ziikristale alulwelo ilifa ukukwazi ibangela yemisebe magnetic bekuza kubo.

isiphelo

Ukuze ukuchaza ithi ezahlukeneyo physics isicelo kwisigaba esithile thermodynamic. izenzakalo Critical ebizwa states ezichaza uguqulo kwisigaba omnye komnye. Okuqinileyo kwahluka ukugcinwa kwisithuba kwexesha elide isikhundla sayo ephakathi. Baya kwenza ukuhla minor (kunye namandla awo ubuncinane) ejikeleza indawo kuvuselele. Ingaba ziikristale ukuba imile ethile, nto leyo inguqu kwimeko engamanzi iya kutshintsha. Ulwazi malunga amaqondo okupheka (yokunyibilika) ivumela zesayensi zisebenzisa ukuguquka ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye ukwenzela iinjongo ezithile.