Crystals ulwelo

Ziikristale alulwelo - ezi izinto abakulo mesomorphic (i-avareji, esiphakathi) phakathi ulwelo isotropic kunye crystalline okuqinileyo. Ezi zinto bayakwazi flow, kunokuba sibe kwimo zamathontsana. Kunye ngokubonakala ezi zakhiwo, i ziikristale ulwelo ukubonisa anisotropic owahluke ngokwemvelo, umbane, enombala, kunye nezinye iipropati ezinxulumene odolo eziphilayo yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto aneempawu zodidi. Xa kungekho ziikristale yangaphandle ulwelo impembelelo anisotropic e conductivity thermal, lombane, susceptibility Imagnethi, kwaye rhoqo Heating. Izinto ziphawulwe dichroism kunye birefringence.

Kuxhomekeka phezu kokufumana ngokweendidi ziikristale ulwelo lyotropic kunye thermotropic. Kukho ukwahlukana lweendidi kwi imbalelwano kunye isakhiwo iimolekyuli.

Kwakheka Smectic Ulwelo

Okokuqala wafumanisa nabo isepha (kungoko igama - "smegma" - isepha). Iziphelo molekyuli njengoko olusisigxina ngamazembe longitudinal iinqwelomoya nkqo. ziikristale ulwelo Smectic luphawulwa isakhiwo sekhombuya. Ezi zinto ziquka izisombululo zolwelo of iisepha, ethyl Ester azoksibenzoynoy.

'Ingqalelo iklasi elikhulu Smectics' ziikristale lulwelo. Ezikhethiweyo iintlobo yaye babonise ferroelectric (phambi nokwehlukana zidityaniswe kuluhlu ethile lobushushu). viscosity High akavumelekanga ukuba ukufumana ukusetyenziswa kwezi ziikristale ulwelo smectic kwimizobo.

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ziikristale ulwelo Nematic ezi orientation ezahlukeneyo nezamazembe longitudinal beemolekyuli ethile ukhokelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba luphawulwa ixesha elide ukuze orientational. Igama crystal ovela nkcazelo yesiGrike "sisidenge" - ngentambo. Disinclinations (zixhobo) abe ukushukumiseka eziphakamileyo ukukhanya nobushushu bendalo, ukuba ibonakala ngokucacileyo.

ziikristale Cholesteric ulwelo kunye nokusebenzisa kwabo

Ifom molekyuli kwezinto kule hlobo yahlulahlulwe enxuseneyo elongate nembasa. Cholesterics ukunika propyl kaEtere cholesterol holesteriltsinnamat, ezinye avela cholesterol.

Thermoindicators ziikristale ulwelo cholesteric ezisetyenziswa kakhulu dianostike zonyango kunye nobugcisa. Uvakalelo ezi mathiriyeli lobushushu ivumela nokuthelekelela lonikezelo ubushushu phezu komhlaba. Oku, isetyenziswa umfanekiso (kwiinkqubo ubonwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni, optically ngaphaya), ekufumanekeni zizifo ezithile, ngokunjalo abenzi obushushu. Ezi ziikristale akhiwa ipateni lobushushu ngokohlobo kwitshati umbala. Cholesterics nayo kusetyenziswa xa sinikela emasimini microwave. Iimpawu ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa isiphumo ukukhanya kwelifu olutshintshayo. Xa uboniso olunombala wamanzi akhazimlayo iyasetyenziswa sokukhanya okukufutshane. Oku unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngenxa yoko, LCD emandleni asezantsi kakhulu kunokuba zefilimu kunye nomgubo phosphors di-, imiboniso obhobhozayo igesi. Cholesterics ezisetyenziswa inguqu esekelwe kumfanekiso infrared ibe abonakale.

Ngembonakalo yikristale cholesteric ulwelo (ngokungafaniyo nematic) kwelifu Ukukhanya ezitshintshayo babe inkumbulo - karhulumente, ukukhanya ukusasazeka zinokuzingisa nasemva kususwa yasendle. Kulo mzekelo, iimpawu ezithile cholesteric kuba nempembelelo ixesha karhulumente. Ngoko ke, lo memory ongasindiswayo ukusuka kwimizuzu embalwa ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi. In isimo sokuqala (non-kwelifu) iziphumo ombane cholesteric nokuxuba. impahla uthe isetyenziswa ekubunjweni memory iiseli.