Nitrate nitrites. Le yokubola nitrate. Nitrate e ukutya namanzi. Nitrate - a ...

ebomini bakhe bajamelana ngamnye kuthi ubuncinane kanye kunye nesohlwayo ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ngezithako. Ngokuba umntu loo ntlanganiso yaqhubeka disorder kancinane isisu, kwaye umntu wakwazi ukuya esibhedlele ixesha elide wajonga ngononophelo na iziqhamo kunye nemifuno bathenga emarikeni. Usinga-yesayensi indlela kunye nokungabikho ulwazi wenziwe rhamncwa Nitrate, ekwaziyo nditsho ukubulala, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba aqhelane la magama ngcono.

Nitrate nitrites

Nayitrayithi - a netyuwa nitric acid, ukuba ifomu ziikristale. Zifikeleleka lula enyibilikayo emanzini, ingakumbi ashushu. Xa isikali mveliso lungiselela nokufunxwa neegesi oxide. Isetyenziswa ukuze bafumane idayi njengoko oxidizing arhente kumashishini eyolukiweyo kunye intsimbi ukubola.

Nitrate - a ityiwa-nitric acid, ngaphambili waba igama nitrate. Bona efunyenwe emva kokuba sesichengeni zesinyithi,-nitric acid, bakuba bodwa ukuba iioksidenti beqine kunene. Lula enyibilikayo emanzini. siqala nayitreyithi kwenzeka lobushushu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu ° C. Izicelo eziphambili nitrate - na ezolimo, kodwa ezinye khompawundi ezisetyenziswa umdlalo njengoko iziqhushumbisi, kwakunye amacandelo amafutha irula.

indima nayitreyithi ebomini lwezityalo

Esinye izinto ezine ezisisiseko ezenza umzimba ophilayo initrogen. Kulindeleke ukuba Yindibanisela iimolekyuli protein. Nitrate - a iimolekyuli wetyuwa eziquka imali efunekayo-nitrogen kwisityalo. Lilo iseli, liye lancitshiswa netyuwa nayitrayithi. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, ngenxa yezinto ekudibaneni kwemichiza kufika ammonia. Kwaye yena, naye, kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe ngokuba yiklorofili.

imithombo yendalo nitrate

Lo mthombo uphambili nitrate na uhlobo umhlaba ngokwawo. Xa izinto eziphilayo equlethwe kuwo, mineralizing - bakha nitrate. Isantya yale nkqubo kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba, imozulu kunye lomhlaba nohlobo. Ilizwe ayiqulathanga eninzi initrogen, ngoko kwezenkolo asizikhathazi yi ukuyilwa isixa esikhulu nitrate. Ngakumbi njengoko umsebenzi yezolimo (engathandekiyo, disking, ukusetyenziswa esisigxina izichumisi yezimbiwa) ukunciphisa ubungakanani organic nitrogen.

Ngoko ke, imithombo yendalo aziyi kuqwalaselwa ukuba ezingcolisa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye ukuqokelelana nitrate izityalo.

imithombo anthropogenic

imithombo ngokuqhelekileyo anthropogenic lungohlulwa lube kwezolimo, kwimizi-mveliso, yaye eluncedo. Udidi lokuqala luquka izichumiso kunye inkunkuma yezilwanyana, okwesibini - amanzi kwimizi inkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma. ifuthe lazo kwi kongcoliseko bume akufani kwaye kuxhomekeke nkcukacha ka kummandla othile ngamnye.

Ukubekwa nitrate organic izinto wanika ezi ziphumo zilandelayo:

- ngaphezulu kwe-50 ekhulwini - kusisiphumo kube sekuvuneni;
- malunga nama-20 ekhulwini - umgquba;
- 18 pesenti ukuya inkunkuma ezidolophini kamasipala;
- yonke into - oko inkunkuma yemizi-mveliso.

Umonakalo kakhulu owenzeke izichumisi nitrogen, ebiqaliswe emhlabeni ukuze kwandiswe isivuno. Yokubola nitrate emhlabeni kunye nezityalo, zenza isixa elaneleyo nitrites ukuba ityhefu ukutya. Ukukhuthalelwa kwezolimo kuwuvule kuphela ingxaki. Inqanaba eliphezulu nitrate isaziso emijelweni eziphambili leyo eziqokelela amanzi emva ukunkcankcashela.

Impembelelo emzimbeni womntu

Nitrate nitrites kuqala sengozini kwabo phakathi yoma. Emva koko, kule oogqirha Central Asia kwabhalwa ukuqhambuka ivatala ityhefu. Ekuhambeni uphando kwafunyaniswa ukuba iziqhamo baphathwa kunye ammonium nitrate kwaye mhlawumbi kancinane qisa. Emva kwesi siganeko, ekhemisi kunye zebhayoloji baphendule isifundo intsebenziswano nitrate kunye eziphilayo, xa indoda ethile.

1. Le nitrate igazi basebenzisane kwalo, yaye oxidized intsimbi alo. Oku kwenza methemoglobin, nto leyo akakwazi ukuthutha ioksijini. Oku kukhokelela ekuphazanyisweni kwenkqubo internal yeselula kunye namachibi yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi.
2. Ukuphazamisana homeostasis, nitrate igalelo ekukhuleni microflora yingozi ethunjini.
3. Kwizityalo, nitrate kuncitshiswa isiqulatho vitamin.
4. An libanda nitrate kunokubangela isisu okanye kwekhono ngokwesondo.
5. Ukonakalisa ezingapheliyo ngu ngezithako ukuncipha ubungakanani ayodini kunye nokwanda lengqula zembuyekezo.
6. Nitrate - asibambe factor sophuhliso yamathumba kwinkqubo yokwetyisa.
7. Uninzi nitrate ulapha ngaxeshanye kunokukhokelela ekuvalweni ngenxa yokwanda ngokukhawuleza iinqanawa ezincinane.

Yokucolwa nitrate emzimbeni

Nitrate - silufumana ammonia, leyo, Esiwaphantsi umzimba ophilileyo, okuzinziswe kulo ukutya uze shintsha. Ngezixa ezincinane, bona ndingamkhubekisi inkathazo. Ukutya kunye namanzi nitrate ukuba wendele ethunjini, ukususela wegazi sisibindi kwaye idubule yi nezintso. Ukongeza, nabanyisayo nitrate ukungena ubisi lwebele.

Ngexesha ngezithako nethe ndobuyela nitrites, oxidized intsimbi kwi kwemolekyuli haemoglobin baphazamise kwikhonkco sokuphefumla. Ukuze zenze methemoglobin grams amabini, ngokwaneleyo omnye kuphela mlligrams sodium nayitrayithi. Ngokwesiqhelo, le boxinzelelo methemoglobin kwi-plasma angabi ngaphezu isibini seepesenti. Ukuba le nani kuyenyuka ngaphezu amathathu, kukho yityhefu, ukuba ngaphezulu amahlanu - kuba phantse lonke siyabulala.

Ukulawula umgangatho methemoglobin emzimbeni abe metgemoglobinreduktaza. Le enzyme zesibindi ethe yaveliswa emzimbeni, ukusukela kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuya kuphila.

izinga kuvumelekile nitrate

Kakade ke, kokufanelekileyo ukuba umntu - ukuthintela ukuwa nitrate nitrites emzimbeni, kodwa oko akuthethi kwenzeka ngokoqobo. Ngoko ke, isikhululo sanitary-epidemiological, oogqirha ziseke norms ezi izinto, ezingenako umonakalo umzimba.

Ukuze umntu omdala kunye ubunzima ngeekhilogram ngaphezu asixhenxe igqalwa ithamo kuvumelekile na milligrams 5 ikhilogram ubunzima bomzimba ngalinye. Ngaphandle zinganeziphumo ezibi kakhulu impilo abadala kuginya ukuba isiqingatha gram nitrate. Xa abantwana, eli nani ngaphezu komndilili - 50 milligrams, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bubunzima okanye ubudala. Ngelo xesha linye i ityhefu usana bekuya kuba ezaneleyo, kwaye isahlulo sesihlanu kulo idosi.

Routes lokuNgena

Fumana yityhefu ngu ngezithako inokuba kwindlela alimentary, okt nge ukutya, amanzi, amayeza kunye nokuba (ukuba ziqulathe nitrate, ityuwa). Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha idosi yemihla ngemihla ye-nitrate engena umntu kwemifuno kunye nempahla okugcinwe. Intsalela iidosi ingena ukubhaka, iimveliso zobisi kunye namanzi. Ukongeza, inxalenye encinane na nitrate kunye pathways eziveliswa endogenously.

Nitrate emanzini - yinto ithuba lokuthetha. She - isinyibilikisi jikelele, ngoko ke iqulethe izimbiwa kuphela siphande izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze ubomi obuqhelekileyo bomntu, kodwa ke buthi, ubuthi, iintsholongwane, helminths, ezo agents causative le izifo ezinobungozi. Ngokutsho kwe World Health Organization, ngenxa mgangathweni kwamanzi kunyaka ngamnye wagula malunga neebhiliyoni ezimbini, yaye iyafa ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu.

kwezichumiso eziyimichiza equlathe neetyuwa percolate phakathi emhlabeni size ke sisifikele amachibi komhlaba. Oku kukhokelela ukuqokelela nitrate, kwaye maxa wambi inani labo ifikelela milligrams ezimakhulu mabini ilitha nganye. amanzi nokususa icocekile, njengoko itsalwa ingxenye yaso, kodwa ukuze afumane abulale. Abahlali lweendawo zasemaphandleni ngamanzi kakuhle kufumana milligrams imihla asibhozo nitrate ukusuka ilitha nganye amanzi okusela.

Ukongeza, isiqulatho nitrate kwi yecuba eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze abatshayayo nge kudala abangele ubuthi ezigulo ezondeleyo. Le yenye impikiswano obuxhasa ekulweni mkhwa yingozi.

Nitrate ukudla

Ngeli ukupheka isixa nitrate kwezi mveliso liyehla, kodwa ngaxeshanye ukugxojwa imithetho yokugcina kunokubangela nomkhwezeli. Nitrites, izinto iyityhefu abantu, kwakheka kwiqondo lobushushu elibekwe ngaphezu ukusuka kwishumi ukuya kumashumi amathathu anesihlanu, ingakumbi ukuba indawo yokugcina ukutya apho umoya na amahlwempu, yaye kukho umonakalo kwi imifuno okanye aqalisa ukubola. Nitrites kwakhona kwasekwa imifuno zinyibilikisiwe, kwelinye icala, ukuqanda enzulu kuthintela ukuyilwa nitrites kunye nitrate.

Phantsi kweemeko yokugcina kangangoko unako ukunciphisa isixa nitrate kwi imveliso ukuya amahlanu ekhulwini.

nitrate ityhefu

Iimpawu yityhefu ngu nitrate:

- Imivumbo imilebe, ubuso nezikhonkwane;
- Isicaphucaphu kunye nokugabha kunokuba neentlungu esiswini;
- yellowness ze abelungu yamehlo, ilindle igazi;
- intloko ebuhlungu ukozela;
- ukuphelelwa olubonakalayo ngumphefumlo, iyangongoza, kunye nokulahlekelwa sezingqondweni.

Ubuntununtunu bokuba le ityhefu yomelele phantsi kweemeko hypoxia, umzekelo ezintabeni okanye carbon monoxide okanye ukunxila esinamandla ezinxilisayo. Nitrate faka emathunjini, apho microflora yendalo metabolizes ukuba nitrites. Nayitrayithi ifunxwe kulo kwegazi kwaye zichaphazela yetekisi. Iimpawu zokuqala Ityhefu ingathathelwa indawo iyure kwi idosi phezulu okokuqala, okanye iiyure ezintandathu ukuba imali nitrate yayincinane.

Khumbula ukuba etsolo eziyityhefu ngu nitrate obubonakala ngendlela efana ukunxila okanye utywala.

Akwenzeki ukuba ukwahlula ubomi bethu ukusuka nitrate, kuba oku kuya kuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu, ukusuka ukutya ukuvelisa. Noko ke, sinako azame ukuzikhusela ngokwabo kubathengi ngokugqithiseleyo, elandelayo imithetho elula:

- iziqhamo Hlamba kunye nemifuno phambi kokuba uzitye;
- Gcina ukutya iifriji okanye kwizibonelelo ngokukodwa axhotyiswe;
- amanzi okusela nyulu.