Nakubeni imbambano eqhubekayo malunga mzuzu ingenzeka nganye kwilali yamandulo, kukho uluhlu ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ekuvunyelwene equka imizi kakhulu ehlabathini, apho ubomi, bamana behamba, kwaye ngoku zimiwe.
Enye endala
Nedama uluhlu eYeriko, hayi kanye okhankanywe eBhayibhileni, "isixeko semithi," nangona ukususela igama lesiHebhere lithetha "Isixeko eNyangeni." Ababhali-mbali bathi umhla imvelaphi yayo njenge kokuhlaliswa BC ngenkulungwane VII, nangona ezinye imizila ezifumaneka ziphantsi IX yokuhlala. Oko kukuthi, babehlala apha abantu ebudeni Chalcolithic okanye Neolithic ukuya yodongwe. Kwathi ukuze indawo eYeriko ukusuka kudaladala phezu warpath kwakhona, iBhayibhile inkcazo wokuthathwa mzi. Yena ngonaphakade udlule isandla ngesandla, wokugqibela kwenzeka ngowe-1993, xa iYeriko waya ePalestina. amaxesha amaninzi phezu zeminyaka babahlali zayo ngasekhohlo, kodwa wabuya kwaye yakhiwe. Ngoku ibekwe km-10 ukusuka Dead Sea iYeriko ngokuzithandela abakhenkethi njengokuba zizityebi ngabakhenkethi (umzekelo, kukho intendelezo kaKumkani uHerode). Ukongeza, le sixeko sidala kweli hlabathi ukhetheke ukuba, ngokungathi kunjalo, kukho indawo zinzulu njengoko ibekwe 240 eemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle.
Ngubani na lo mdala
Le yesibini (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha olwaba ubuntshatsheli) kuluhlu "ezininzi izixeko yamandulo sehlabathi ' eDamasko, ikomkhulu Syria yanamhlanje. ukubukeka kwawo ibhekisela amaxesha ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali, kodwa iba sisixeko enkulu emva kokuba ngokuhlaselwa ngesiAram, imvelaphi yayo elandwa 1400 BC. Enye imizi umdla kuMbindi Mpuma, luzele ezinika. Yini na ukuba kuphela Umayyad Mosque, ilungu uluhlu yeetempile ezinkulu ehlabathini, apho igcinwa intloko Ioanna Krestitelya. ubudala kangangokuba kukho inkolelo, ukuba udonga yokuqala eyakhelwe emhlabeni emva koMkhukula A umzi, kwaba udonga waseDamasko. Town Old, nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane abaninzi ukutshintsha ifomu yalo, kananjalo engqongwe ngodonga, kodwa elimiswe ngexesha eRoma yamandulo.
Kwakhona elidala
Siqukumbela zokuhlala ezithathu zokuqala uluhlu "ezininzi izixeko zamandulo ehlabathini," leSe Byblos. Akubuzwa ukuba kwezinye izintlu kwayo owesibini nkqu yokuqala ngubani omkhulu. Ezi imizi emithathu kwavela elide phambi kokuba yeBronzi Age, kodwa ekubeni rhoqo elakhiweyo. Byblos ise kwimimandla Beirut. igama laloo mzi ithi xa lowo umzi yeBhayibhile, wambiza Banj. yokuhlala yaseFenike kumaxesha amandulo yayiliziko yeengcongolo yorhwebo, kwaye ngoku kukho indawo yokhenketho odumileyo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kukho inani elincinane zemibhalo afumaneka kwi izinto zakudala, okwangoku ziqala, kuba olu hlobo protobibleyskogo ncwadi akukho zikhewu. Gns malunga 100, kwaye le leyibhile akwanelanga. Umhla yesixeko olandelayo eSusa yi olwaba, njengoko sixeko sikhulu yanamhlanje Syria Aleppo - umntu ucinga ukuba i-BC VII kwinkulungwane, le mizi sele likhona, umntu - akukho.
Ukuvala uluhlu lwe 'yamandulo'
Ukuzalwa isixeko olandelayo lisukela emva nkulungwane BC-4. Asingabo bonke badla ezicatshuliweyo uluhlu osihloko sithi "Esi sixeko sidala kweli hlabathi" ekuthethwa Krymskaya Feodosiya, ngoxa eRashiya kucingwa i "sixeko obungunaphakade", njengokuba kubhaliwe isekelwe, ngokutsho kwabanye, kwi BC ngenkulungwane VI yaye yaziwa ngokuba Ardabra . Enye ezilishumi endala kuquka kwiindawo ezifana eTsidon Lebanese (4 th. BC). Ixesha esifanayo umhla ukuvela umYiputa Fayum (Greek Krokodilpolya) kunye Bulgarian Plovdiv. Turkish Gaziantep kunye capital Lebanese of Beirut amakhulu embalwa. Okulandelayo kuluhlu imizi zilandelayo ezikhankanywe kakhulu rhoqo: iYerusalem, Tire, Arbil, Kirkuk, waseJaffa. Bonke bavela kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambi kwexesha lethu, ube lilungu lawo "endala".
Endala Russia
Ezi zintlu zixhaphakileyo osihloko sithi "Izixeko Isixeko Yehlabathi" asiyiyo inxalenye Derbent, okanye Zurich, okanye Ningbo, nangona emagxeni abo ubuncinane imbali kunyaka-6000. Ngoko ke, Derbent (Arabic Bab al-Abvab - igama layo - eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "ISango" okanye "esangweni enkulu"), ngokutsho kwabanye, iye iyihlawule ngewaka BC-4. Nguwo lowo umzi sisemazantsi kwi Russian Federation sele sikhona kakade yeBronzi Age. Iguqulwe ulwimi Azerbaijani igama layo kuvakala ngathi "emfihlekweni". Le ise zirhuqwe phakathi eCaucasus uluhlu kunye elunxwemeni esentshona oLwandle lweCaspian. Le dolophu yamandulo bekusoloko gateway umendo indlela umkhoko ukusuka eYurophu ukuya Asia.
Too, "mandulo"
Kuba abantu abaninzi, ingqikelelo Europe yamandulo enxulumene ikakhulu ne eGrisi. Kodwa Swiss Zurich apho yamandulo. Zokuhlala zokuqala endaweni yayo intsukaphi kwiminyaka 4430-4230 BC, oko kukuthi, kule nkulungwane 5. Futshane maxesha wethu, oko woyisa kumaCelts, ngoko ke lali yaba yinxalenye uBukhosi baseRoma, kwaye kula maxesha ekhankanywe phantsi kwegama Turikum. isixeko chinese of Ningbo, eyichaphazelayo ngqo kwi Hemudu inkcubeko, apho yayikhona leminyaka BC 5, ngokutsho kwezinye amabango, yayisele omiweyo kwixesha Neolithic. Archaeology ayikho indawo, kunye noluhlu imizi yamandulo ihlabathi liya ufake igama elitsha.
Futshane maxesha yethu
Uluhlu "Isixeko samandulo zehlabathi" ibanzi kakhulu kwi "yamandulo" kuba 2 leminyaka BC bangamalungu impucuko ezininzi. zokuhlala Indawo evelayo kwezi iinkulungwane, kungaphezu eMiddle East. EYurophu, ukuba ngokuyintloko isixeko yamandulo eGrisi naseRoma. Kule ndawo, intloko kuluhlu "izixeko abahlala kweli hlabathi mandulo," eAthene. Amanqaku ngalo mzi-karhulumente, kakhulu, aqala amazwi abantu ezi iindawo kweli xesha Neolithic. Kodwa eAthene ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha, ukususela kwixesha pozdneelladskogo, okt iminyaka 1700-1200 BC. Golden Age kule nkqubo enamandla yaqala phakathi kwenkulungwane 1st, ngexesha lolawulo Pericles. zesikhumbuzo Legendary yaziwe ehlabathini lonke, zakhiwa ebudeni beli xesha, nto leyo olufundwa kakuhle kwaye ocaciswe ezakudala zamandulo zamaGrike. ubungqina zembali ezifana njengoko kubhaliweyo kwimipapiri isebenza Vakhelida, Hyperides, Menander kunye Herodes, zisekhona. Isebenza kamva, ababhali Greek edumileyo wabumba isiseko "Iintsomi Amabali" ethandwa N. Kuhn. bulumko yamandulo yamaGrike, inzululwazi, kunye nenkcubeko sisiseko ulwazi mihla.
uluhlu olubanzi
Amagama izixeko zamandulo ehlabathini uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu, emi iphepha ngaphezu kwesinye, ngenxa yokuba ixesha yamandulo lufikelele esiphelweni maxesha wethu, kukho umhla oluthile - 476 AD, ebonisa ukuwa Western uBukhosi baseRoma. Eli xesha sele bafunda kakuhle, kwaye ubukho izixeko ezininzi elixwebhu. Ngoko ke, ezinye iindawo zokuhlala ukuze kubizwa kuluhlu elikhulu zonke ezaziwayo ngokoqobo wonke. Ngena kuyo, yaye isixeko shwaka ebusweni bomhlaba, kodwa eseleyo ubungqina zembali okanye inkumbulo mva. Ezi ziquka izixeko ezikhulu zehlabathi yamandulo, iBhabhiloni, yaye Palmyra, iPompeii IThebes, Chichen Itza, kunye iUre, ePergamo and Cusco, yesiGrike Knossos wamandulo kunye Mycenae, izixeko ezininzi Asia kunye nezinye amazwekazi. Iimfihlelo amabhodlo mizi kodwa ukusonjululwa. Umzekelo, yalahleka kumahlathi eyimfihlakalo Angkor - Cambodia ezilulwalwa intliziyo, ukuba avule kwihlabathi phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX, nangona imbali imvelaphi yayo iya emva kwinkulungwane yesibini. Okanye akhiwe encotsheni yentaba, emi ezinobude ka 2450 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, akukho imfihlakalo ngaphantsi Machu Picchu. na esi "sixeko esibhakabhakeni" yamandulo ibekwe ePeru.
Eyona nto iyimbalasane kule isixeko
Kwidolophu endala Demre xa kuthelekiswa nabantu ezi ngongoma zingentla nje abatsha. Sisihlandlo sokuqala it fanele kwinkulungwane V (hayi yeminyaka) BC. Kodwa sisixeko lamandulo. Yaziwa kumaxesha amandulo phantsi igama World, oko odumileyo kuphela zesikhumbuzo ezingaqhelekanga, kodwa okokuqala zonke yokuba wafunda, babehlala yaye waduma St Nicholas, okwabizwa ngokuba Nicholas Ugodnik, Ummangaliso Worker, aka St. Nicolaas, kunye Santa Claus. Isithethe esibalulekileyo yokunika izipho zeKrismesi weza evela kanye kulo mzi. Umqalisi waba Saint Nicholas, ubhishophu yokuqala eMira. Isixeko samandulo Demre i umdla kubakhenkethi ithandwa kakhulu.
indlela wafuna kakhulu "Demre-Kekova-World." Isixeko ugcinwe ngokugqibeleleyo yeqonga yamaRoma, enkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze bagwebe intsingiselo yalo iziko engaselwandle ezinkulu kumaxesha amandulo. Kekova - siqithi. Yena ubonakala ngenxa yokuba elunxwemeni yalo nokuqhubekeka iindonga zesixeko ezazikayo ngenxa yenyikima. isixeko esihle kakhulu namhlanje Demre, Turkey na iziko lephondo homonymous.
uluhlu ngamafuphi kakhulu
imizi yamandulo ehlabathini Ifihlakele ezintle. Uluhlu kakhulu kakuhle eyaziwayo yile: IBhayibhile, kwiYeriko, Aleppo, kulandele Sousa, eDamasko, El-Fayoum kunye Plovdiv. Kuyinto elungileyo, ukuba abonise Derbent kunye Zurich, esi "sixeko engunaphakade" eRoma, kwakunye zokuhlala eziliqela of China yamandulo (Ningbo, Changshu, Changzhou, kunye nezinye). Wanyamalala waseBhabheli, Palmyra, iPompeii, iUre Mycenae ugqibezele lo ngaphezu uluhlu wayengaphakamanga izixeko zamandulo. izinto Unique inama Persian Persipol yamandulo. Ngelo xesha lithile ikomkhulu loBukhosi Achaemenid, yasekwa kwiinkulungwane VI-V BC, urhulumente enkulu, kamva oyisa Aleksandrom Makedonskim. Zonke kwisixeko samandulo engqongwe amavo, kumkhawulela loo umdla kakhulu.