Ngubani na Timur? Iminyaka yobomi bakhe, engobomi, iimfazwe kunye zoloyiso Tamerlane

Igama elipheleleyo uza koyisa enkulu yamandulo, nto leyo eza kuhamba intetho kwinqaku lethu, Timur bin Taragay Barlas, kodwa uncwadi ke udla ngokubizwa ngokuba Tamerlane, okanye Iron Hromets. Kufuneka sicacise ukuba oko uWele Iron iimpawu zobuqu nje kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yokuba Liguqulwe lithatyathwa ulwimi Turkish igama lakhe Timur. Ekuqhwaleleni kubangelwa amanxeba nanako edabini. Kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba olu inkokeli obufihlakeleyo odlulileyo inxaxheba egazini omkhulu eliphalala kwinkulungwane XX.

Ngubani Tamerlane yaye apho avela khona?

Ekuqaleni, amagama ambalwa malunga ikamva lomntwana ye-Khan Great. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Timur Tamerlane wazalwa Aprili 9, 1336 ngomhla kummandla Uzbek kwisixeko Shakhrisabz, owayesakuba ngelo xesha kwilali encinane ebizwa Khoja-internet. Uyise - umninindlu isizwe yendawo Barlas - Muhammad Taragay, ababezibiza Islam, yaye ndakhulela ukholo unyana wakhe.

Emva eli siko elo xesha, wafundisa esemncinane inkwenkwe izisekelo ngamachule okulwa imfazwe - ngokukhwel, ukutola, nenkcula ophosayo. Ngenxa yoko, phantse ikhule, wayesele iqhawe onamava. Oko ke ngoko wazuza ulwazi exabiseke lo moyisi elizayo Tamerlane.

Biography yendoda, hayi kanye mandithi, ukuba inxalenye eliye laba yinxalenye imbali, ngokuqala yokuba ebuntwaneni bakhe ukuzisondeza Tuglika Khan - umlawuli Chagatai ulus, omnye uRhulumente Mongolian enihleli kummandla indawo awazalelwa kuyo ngqwayi.

Ukuze siqonde iimpawu ekulweni, kwakunye ubukrelekrele ezimangalisayo Timur, Yamzisa ukuba inkundla ngokwenza umkhapheli unyana wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, i-bume umthetheli, ukoyika ekuphakameni kwakhe, yaba kukwakha i oliqhophololo nxamnye naye, yaye ngenxa yoko, esoyikela ubomi bakhe, utitshala obuqwalaselwe-owazalelwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba babaleke.

Xa intloko squad nanceba

Tamerlane iminyaka yobomi ungqamene na ixesha xa Central Asia yaba yemiboniso rhoqo yemfazwe. Zahlukane States ezininzi, oko rhoqo eqwengiweyo khans zasekuhlaleni imbambano, rhoqo ukuzama ukufaka kumazwe asebumelwaneni. Kuxhotyiwe imeko zabantu umphangi gang - dzhete, kungekhona nayiphi na igunya yaye ayephila kuphela nokuphangwa.

Kule meko, ukuba utitshala bedidekile Timur Tamerlane wafumana ubizo lwakhe lokwenyaniso. Ngokuhlanganisa gulyams elinesibini ezininzi - amajoni zobungcali baqesha - wadala iqembu iimpawu zakhe zokulwa kunye nenkohlakalo olungaphaya zonke ezinye imigulukudu angabamelwane.

I ukoyisa lokuqala

Kunye asandula kuzalwa namatshijolo engemveleli wakhe wenza isibindi behlasela kwiidolophu neelali. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1362 yena nkobe iinqaba eziliqela ngoweqela Sarbadars - nxaxheba intshukumo kazwelonke ngokuchasene Mongol ulawulo. Ukufakwa kubo, wayalela ukuba kodonga le abavikeli Abasindileyo iindonga. Yaba sisenzo ngezikweko zonke iintshaba elizayo, yaye loo inkohlakalo wayengomnye iimpawu eziphambili ubuntu bakhe. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, malunga ngubani na Tamerlane, ndiye ndafunda yonke East.

Yaba ke omnye esilwa waphulukana iminwe emibini isandla sakhe sokunene, walimala emlenzeni. imiphumela yayo aye alondolozwa kwaze isiphelo sobomi yaye ayila isiseko lweziqhulo - Timur i Lame. Noko ke, le ukwenzakala akuthinteli ukuba ube isafobe owayedlala kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane XIV indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali kuphela Central, West ne South Asia, kodwa ke eCaucasus naseRashiya.

Leadership italente kunye nokuzithemba obungaqhelekanga wanceda Tamerlane koyisa wonke ummandla Ferghana, Samarkand yayoyisa waza wenza isixeko esilikomkhulu kwilizwe elalisandul 'ukusekwa kaRemaliya. Ngokubhekele phaya, umkhosi wakhe wabalekiselwa kwintsimi omelwe ukwenziwa Afghanistan yangoku zonakale ezikhukhula ibhokile apho ikomkhulu yamandulo Balkh, apho Uemir - Hussein - waxhonywa ngoko nangoko. Isiphelo sakhe bubahlulile kwaye uninzi lentendelezo.

Unya njengesixhobo kaJuni

Le ulwalathiso elandelayo ngeempembelelo umkhosi wakhe waqalisa ukuya kumzantsi Balkh Isfahan kunye Fars, nabanegunya abameli yokugqibela Muzaffarids indlu wasePersi. Elokuqala wayesendleleni eya Isfahan. Bayithimba, waza walinika aphange mercenaries zabo, Timur neziqhwala wayalela yokufaka intloko yazo babulawa iphiramidi, ukuphakama oluthe lwagqitha ukuphakama ngamnye. Oku phambili amaqhinga akhe oluqhubekayo zogrogriso yabadlali.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba imbali emva koko yonke Tamerlane - koyisa kunye jikelele, ephawulwe izenzo zobundlobongela obukhulu. Inxalenye kokuba kuchazwe yi yokuba waba bathinjwa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yayo. Uzobe umkhosi yobungcali kakhulu, Lame ukuba ahlawule rhoqo mercenaries zabo, kungenjalo scimitars zabo ayeza kuye. Oku ukuba bafune uloyiso ezintsha kunye yokoyisa ngayo nayiphi na indlela ekhoyo.

Ukuqala umzabalazo kunye Golden mkhosi

Ekuqaleni-imi- 80 kwinkulungwane XIV isigaba esilandelayo ekoyiswa Tamerlane waye onyuka Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, okanye ngenye indlela Jochi Ulus. Kuyo ukususela kwixesha elilawulwa kudaladala yi emathafeni nenkcubeko Euro-Asia kunye nenkolo yabo polytheism, abangenanto iyinto yakwenza Islam, ababezibiza luninzi amajoni ayo. Ngoko ke ukulwa, eyaqala ngo-1383, waqala sathanda nje kuphela alwayo, kodwa phakathi kweenkcubeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Orda Khan Tokhtamysh, lowo ukuba 1382 waya eMoscow, zokufuna ukuba phambi nommangaleli wakho kunye ugwayimbo yokuqala, wenza uhambo lokuya Harezm. Ukuba waphumelela yethutyana, naye wasebenzisa ummandla enkulu langoku Azerbaijan, kodwa kungekudala imikhosi yakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele emva ukubandezeleka okukhulu.

Ngowe-1385, sibambe yokuba Timur kunye nemikhosi yakhe ePersi, waphinda wazama, kodwa eli xesha akuphumelelanga. Ekubeni yayisazi ayehlasela mkhosi mkhulu kunene, alimwi lungenakoyiswa nangoko babuyela bakhe Central Asia kwaye wahlasela utshaba, atsho yena Tokhtamysh abalekele Western eSiberia.

Ukuqhubeka kumzabalazo ochasene nangezinto

Nangona kunjalo, ngeli ukoyisa iGolden anayo iye akukagqitywa. ukoyiswa lwakhe lokugqibela kwakhokelwa kwiminyaka emihlanu, ezele amaphulo nokusingelwa emkhosini kwegazi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba hlokondiba Khan ngo-1389 baze bakwazi ukuba inyanzelise ukuba imfazwe amaSilamsi ukuba uxhaswe guards Russian.

Yena negalelo kokufa Grand iNkosana Moscow Dmitriya Donskogo, emva koko, unyana wakhe, indlalifa, Basil kwafuneka ukuba aye anayo ukuze ilebhile ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe. Tokhtamysh waqinisekisa amalungelo akhe, kodwa ukubandakanyeka imikhosi Russian xa dudula ukuhlasela Muslims.

Ekubulaleni Golden mkhosi

Prince nguVasili wavuma, kodwa kwaba ezikumila esemthethweni. Emva kokuba boyisiwe, uchinonnogo Tokhtamysh e Moscow, omnye Russian wayengafuni ukuba baphalaze igazi yona. Ngenxa yoko, kweli dabi yokuqala kondurcha lomlambo (isebe iVolga) bazilahla nangezinto wawelela kunxweme olungaphesheya, uhambe.

Ukugqitywa eloyisile Golden mkhosi waye Battle of the Terek River, apho Aprili 15, 1395 kumeke amajoni Tokhtamysh kunye Timur. Iron Hromets ikwazile a rhanga a elihlazo ukuba umchasi wakhe yaye ngaloo ndlela aphelise kuphangwa ukubola kummandla phantsi kolawulo lwayo.

Intsongelo emazweni Russian kanye ehlasela of India

Kuvuthelwa elandelayo ekulungiseleleni kwabo intliziyo Russia. Injongo yeli phulo okucwangcisiweyo baba eMoscow Ryazan, ubengamazi de ngoko ngubani Tamerlane, kwaye sinika imbeko iGolden mkhosi. Kodwa, yona, ezi zicwangciso azizange umiselwe ukuba baqaphela. Misa imvukelo kwiiOssetian kunye Circassians, yaqhambuka Ezomva abendlu ka Timur kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba babuye umva kusoyisa. Ixhoba kuphela koko waba berhaxwa emzini wakhe ngendlela Elec.

Kule minyaka mibini izayo, umkhosi wakhe wenza iphulo noloyiso eIndiya. Ukufakwa Delhi, amajoni Timur kaThixo baphangwe Bawutshisa umzi ngomlilo, kunye ne-100 lamawaka. Defenders zafakwa, wambulala, ngenxa yokoyika yokuvukela unako-lwabo. Xa sifika kweenxweme iGanges, wazithabatha indlela eziliqela iinqaba ezinqatyisiweyo, umkhosi amawaka amaninzi babuyela Samarkand kunye maziphangwe izityebi nabathinjwa abaninzi.

Ukoyisa ezintsha negazi ezintsha

Ilandelwa yi-India, kwaba Ekuveleni sultanate Ottoman angenise ikrele Tamerlane. Ngowe-1402, waza woyisa eliGorha kude Janissaries Sultan Bayezid, waza yena wasiwa banjwa. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi kolawulo wakhe wonke ummandla ka-Asia Minor.

Thina engomelele phambi komkhosi Tamerlane and Knights nentlaka elalisiba iminyaka emininzi ezandleni zakhe inqaba kwisixeko samandulo aseSmirna. Ingafani nje kokuhlaselwa Turkish phambi kokuba kwiNgxowa Ukoyiswa usisiqhwala. Bathi bakufika uncedo imikhumbi yelo kwaye ngamaRoma kunye ukusekelwa, abaphumelele aziphose ngaphandle isilinge nqaba ndanahlula iintloko abavikeli.

Ingcamango leyo Ibingenakuba Timur

Ngobomi yale umphathi etyalwayo kubungqondi embi yobudala bakhe, yokugqibela igqityiwe iprojekti sebhongo, baqala iphulo layo China, eyaqala ngo-1404. Injongo walithimba Enkulu Silk Road, nto leyo enika ithuba lokufumana irhafu ekuyigqithiseni abarhwebi lomelezwe kwi ngeendleko zengcebo zabo sele nophuphumayo. Kodwa ke ukuphunyezwa kuhlelwa kuthintele ukufa ngesiquphe uyinqumle ubomi umphathi ngoFebruwari 1405.

Great Emir Timurid Empire - phantsi kwesi sihloko wehla embalini yabantu bakhe - wangcwatywa yamangcwaba of eGure Emir e Samarkand. Zokungcwaba wakhe legend, isuka kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ithi xa Tamerlane sarcophagus iya kuvulwa, kwaye uthuli lwalo aphazanyiswa, ngoko isohlwayo oku kuya kuba yimfazwe ezoyikekayo kunye wamagazi.

NgoJuni 1941, e-Samarkand ukulungiselela ukukhutshwa izidumbu umphathi kunye nophando hambo ye-USSR Academy of Sciences ayalwe. Ukuvulwa selabafileyo wenza ngobusuku kuJuni 21 yaye ngemini elandelayo, njengoko siyazi, Enkulu Patriotic War.

Okunye okunika umdla. Ngo-Oktobha 1942, nxaxheba ezo ziganeko intatheli Malik Kayumov, yokuhlangana Marshal zhukov, wamxelela malunga isiqalekiso kwaye azalisekise wacela ukuba abuyele iintsalela Tamerlane endaweni yayo. Oku kwenziwa ngoNovemba 20, 1942, yaye loo mini ilandelwa lutshintsho olukhulu ebudeni Idabi Stalingrad.

Abagxeki badla ukuxambulisana ukuba kule meko kwabakho uthotho ngamabona, kuba uhlaselo isicwangciso eSoviet saphuhliswa kudala ngaphambi kokuvulwa engcwabeni abantu, leyo, nangona babemazi ngubani Tamerlane, kodwa, Kakade ke, akazange athathe ingqalelo gravitated phezu necebo lakhe ingcwaba. Ngaphandle ningena mpikiswano, ngaphandle ukuba uthi wonke umntu unelungelo lokuba ngesi sihlandlo kuluvo lwabo.

umnqobi ekhaya

Of umdla kubaphandi aba abafazi kunye nabantwana Timur. Njengabo bonke abalawuli baseMpuma, lo moyisi enkulu elidlulileyo waba nentsapho enkulu. abafazi nje esemthethweni (hayi namashweshwe nokubala) waba abantu 18, luthandwa leyo kuthathwa ukuba uSarayi అసోసియేషన్ indibanisela Khanum. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nenekazi kunye negama lwesihobe onjalo ludlolo, yena thembi uMnu ekukhuliseni abaninzi oonyana babo kunye nabazukulwana. Yena waya ezantsi imbali sinoMthetheleli ubugcisa nenzululwazi.

Iyaqondakala into yokuba loo mali abafazi namaqadi ebantwaneni iye yaba abanakuswela. Nangona kunjalo, ezine kuphela oonyana bakhe kwenzeka ezazibonisa ukuba imvelaphi omkhulu onjalo, waza waba abalawuli bukhosi wadala nguyise. Xa ubuso imbali yabo Tamerlane wafumana phambili yayo.