Imbali yeposi: ukusuka kathathu ukuya e-mail. post ivukuthu. Makhadi. kweposi

Abantu basoloko kufuneka abelane ngolwazi. Kungenxa yoko le nto imbali yeposi baqalisa kudala ngaphambi kokufika yokubhala kunye neeleta eqhelekileyo ukuba umntu mihla. Kumaxesha amandulo, ukuba ukudluliselwa ilizwi iindaba esetyenzisiweyo. Le ndlela wahlala kwezinye iingingqi ukuya bamaXesha Aphakathi. Umzekelo, kwi-Inca kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, kwakukho iimbaleki-criers abasasaza iindaba kwikomkhulu, ihamba elizweni ngokusebenzisa uthungelwano lweendlela intaba branched. Kamva, babesebenzisa incwadi lenzeka, apho ophethe zolwazi ngeentambo neluhlaza.

amacwecwe abhalwe ngoonobumba

Inkqubo yokuqala lokubhala ngengqiqo wezinto ilizwi - ngoonobumba. Kunye ukubonakala kwayo malunga 3 iminyaka eliwaka BC. e. Imbali yeposi liyagungqa ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. twa ngoonobumba phakathi kwezizwe yamandulo kweMilambo: Sumerians, Akadi, amaBhabhiloni, namaHeti.

Ezincwadini zakhe wabonisa intonga ngomthi kumacwecwe odongwe, ngoxa udongwe igcinwe ukuthamba yayo. Ngenxa kwavela isixhobo esithile nesinqumka isici shtrishki. Enemali iincwadi ezifana ezenziwe ngodongwe. Ukuze ufunde umyalezo, umamkeli kufuneka ndiyeke "iphakheji."

Imbali yamandulo imeyile ixesha elide wahlala engaziwa. igalelo elikhulu phando yenze kuvulwa Library wokugqibela ukumkani waseAsiriya enkulu Ashurbanipal, owayelawula VII. BC. e. On nemiyalelo yakhe, loo backup wenziwa amacwecwe ngodongwe 25,000. Phakathi imibhalo ngoonobumba baba njengoko amaxwebhu karhulumente kunye imeyile eqhelekileyo. Ithala yavulwa kwinkulungwane XIX. Ngenxa ukufunyanwa ekhethekileyo bangasebenzisa yonke ezama olungileyo phambi abaguquleli bekuyekile.

Ekonookrwece nemizobo

Huron Indian isizwe kunyangwa amaso iqokobhe. Bona kwenziwa kwi ngomsonto, kwaye ngokunjalo wavuka yonke incwadi. ipleyiti ngamnye umbala ethile. Black kwakuthetha ukuba siza kufa, obomvu - imfazwe, emthubi - .. unikelo, njl Ukukwazi ukufunda ezi iibhanti bebala yayigqalwa ilungelo nobulumko.

Imbali yeposi kwenzeka kunye "Illustrated" eqongeni. Phambi ukubhala ileta, abantu baye bafunda ukuba ukuzoba. Rock ukupeyinta imizekelo yamandulo, apho namhlanje zifumaneka emiqolombeni ezikude, kukwayinto entle uhlobo imeyile, simatsha kwindawo mihla kwizizukulwana. iipateni zolwimi kunye tattoos nangoku ezigcinwe ezizweni zasePolynesia ekwanti.

Alphabet and mail ulwandle

inkqubo yalo unique bokubhala ngamaYiputa amandulo. Ngaphezu koko, baye ziqulunqwe ngeposi nevukuthu. Ukuze ukudlulisela ulwazi yakhona amaYiputa kusetyenziswa. Yobeka phi eyaziwayo kukuba olu hlanga kudale kwase yokuqala alfabhethi. Phakathi abalinganiswa ezininzi, izibalo baba ngabalinganiswa, ukuze adlulisele odiyo (bekukho 24).

Kwixa elizayo, lo mgaqo-encryption liqulunqe abanye abantu baseMpuma yamandulo. Oonobumba bokuqala efanelekileyo ingqalelo alfabhethi, owayebonakele kwisixeko eUgarit kwi kummandla Syria mihla ehlabathini kwinkulungwane XV. BC. e. Emva koko, inkqubo efana kwafikela nezinye iilwimi kwamaJuda.

alfabethi balo ukusuka ngawo. Le umthengisi abantu Zidume Abakhi abanezakhono. Oomatiloshe ke iposi kwi amathanga amaninzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo lweMeditera. Ngokwesiseko oonobumba yamaFenike isuka ezazibhalwa isiAramiki kunye nelesiGrike, zivela phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokubhala mihla kuzo.

angarum

Angarum - yamandulo Persian inkonzo yeposi, esekwe kwi Achaemenid yoMbuso VI. BC. e. Yaqala ukumkani wayo uKoreshi II Omkhulu. Phambi ukuba ukuhanjiswa imeyile evela kwelinye icala likarhulumente kwenye kungathatha iinyanga, engaquki okuhlangabezana abasemagunyeni.

Xa imihla kaKoreshi wabonakala hangars (okubizwa ngokuba izigidimi ihashe). deal Post yaloo maxesha wanika ziphakamiso zokuqala imeyile karate, namhlanje ekhoyo. Indlela angarum inde wabaleka ukusuka eSusa ukuya iSardesi, yaye ubude bayo ngumgama oziikhilomitha 2,500. indlela Huge yahlulwa amakhulu kwizikhululo apho amahashe watshintsha kunye zeposi. Nale nkqubo esebenzayo ookumkani basePersi kweziphazamiso ukudlulisela imiyalelo namabamba bakhe kumaphondo zikude mbuso omkhulu.

Xa ezihlangwini uKoreshi II kaThixo uDariyo I Kings Highway, nto leyo ebeka ekumgangatho ophezulu kangangokuba umzekelo yombutho wayo (kwaye angarum ngokubanzi) nakwimo babesebenzisa uAleksandr Makedonsky, bamaRoma, kwaye nkqu uCharles I, owayenguMlawuli amakhosi Empire aphakathi ngenkulungwane IX lakhiwa.

Le namaRoma

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, oonobumba zamaRoma kunye nembali yeposi kakhulu njenge wasePersi. KwiRiphabliki, yaye kamva kuBukhosi wayekho uluntu enxuseneyo nenkqubo imiyalezo yabucala. Le yokugqibela yayisekelwe umsebenzi abathunywa emininzi, abo bebeqeshwe (okanye kusetyenziswa amakhoboka) patricians sisityebi.

Yawo yokuvelela uBukhosi baseRoma ifihle kwintsimi enkulu kwi zahlulo zithathu zehlabathi. Umnatha olunye lweendlela branched sele AD I ngenkulungwane, kuphephe ukuthumela ileta evela iSiriya Spain okanye ukusuka eYiputa ukuya eGaul. station Small, apho kwakukho ihashe, ziye amalungiselelo kumgama ozikilometa eziliqela. Iiphakheji eyalo ngezigidimi zikhwele emahasheni, iinqwelo ezirhuqwa impahla.

Isithuba karhulumente kakhulu ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo yayifumaneka kuphela zeembalelwano ezisemthethweni. Kamva Baqala ke ukuba ukhuphe imvume esikhethekileyo ukusebenzisa inkqubo amagosa kunye nababingeleli zamaKristu abahambahambayo. State ophetheyo post kufutshane * kuKhesare nomthetheli lakomkhulu, yaye ukususela ngenkulungwane IV - Master officiorum.

ephakathi eYurophu

Emva kokuwa uBukhosi baseRoma inkqubo imeyile endala yehla. Yezithuba steel kunikelwa nobunzima omkhulu. Nqanda umda, ukunqongophala kweendlela kunye ukungahoywa, ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye yokuduka kagunyaziwe enye engundoqo. umyalezo ngeposi kuye kwaba kubi nkqu ukuvela feudalism. abanini ezinkulu badla iifizi enkulu babehamba nommandla wayo, nto leyo izithunywa ukusebenza nzima kakhulu.

Kuhlwe kuphela umbutho wangaPhakathi kancinane eYurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi kusasa, wahlala ibandla. Godlo, amathala eencwadi, iicawe kunye namabhunga olawulo kufuneka abe exchange rhoqo kolwazi kakhulu enkulu lahlulahlulwe Europe. Kuba lombutho iposi waqala ukuthatha umyalelo yonke ngokomoya. Amaxesha amaninzi, imbalelwano ebalulekileyo yeHlabathi Old uthuthwa iimonki nokutshutshiswa kunye nababingeleli, isivatho kunye nobume ngokomoya ogama yayisoloko iindlela ezingcono ukukhuselwa embandezelweni nabantu abangabazi.

kwabonakala nezithunywa yenkampani kule kwiiyunivesithi, ezitsala abafundi iintlobo ngeentlobo ezinemiphetho. Ingakumbi izigidimi famous izikolo Naples, Bologna, Toulouse kunye Paris. Baya kuqhagamshelana phakathi abafundi kunye neentsapho zabo.

Uninzi abadinga labarhwebi sithuba beeplani. Ngaphandle imiyalezo ebhaliweyo kunye namaqabane awo, ukuba kwakungafuneki bathobe- urhwebo. Wesuka Individual mail iinkampani zabarhwebi malunga zasungula nezinye iimanyano noosomashishini. Umgangatho kwenkqubo enjalo wadalelwa Venice, ogama urhwebo abafowunelwa ezinxulumene aphakathi pkwiRlphabhliki kuphela eYurophu kodwa kumazwe akude kwelinye icala lweMeditera.

Ngo-Italy kunye eJamani, apho iziko izixeko ezamahala wabumba, bandiselwa imeyile olusebenzayo ezidolophini. iimbaleki okukokwabo onamava ezibe Mainz, Cologne, Nordgauzena, Breslau, Augsburg njalo njalo. D. Yaye kuziswa iincwadi lolawulo, ngokunjalo ukuthumela abahlali eziqhelekileyo ukuhlawulela iinkonzo kwi lwamaxabiso ethile.

Coachmen and kathathu

Ngenxa "I Tale of Tsar Saltan" Aleksandra Pushkina ebuntwaneni bakhe bonke ibinzana elithi: "Goes incwadi nesithunywa." imeyile Domestic kwaqalisa ixesha Kievan Rus. Imfuno yenkqubo of exchange imbalelwano isoloko ezifanelekileyo kwilizwe lethu ngenxa kwintsimi zayo. BaseYurophu ezinkulu Western kwaye kubonakalise Ibanga Umgama abathunywa Russian kwaye ndenzile abasemzini.

Kumaxesha Ivana Groznogo izigidimi le tsar kwafuneka Kwathi ngomhla ikhulu khilomitha, ezibe kunzima ukuchazela abantu basemzini. Ngowe XIII - XVIII iinkulungwane. Izikhululo zeposi eRashiya babebizwa mihadi. Baqhubeka amahashe wasebenza zokulala.

Kwabakho inkonzo coachman ekuthiwa njalo-. Lithe laqhenqetha ukuba abemi bamazwe kwedrafti. Nabalimi bakhonza umsebenzi wabo, kwafuneka ukulungiselela ukuthuthwa ngamagosa karhulumente, oonozakuzaku kunye umthwalo. Eli siko lihanjiswa Tatar-Mongols ngexesha idyokhwe zabo izilawuli Mpuma Slavic. Kwinkulungwane XVI Yamskoy umyalelo wabonakala sikarhulumente Russian. Le Togu yoMphathiswa eganiweyo iposi kuphela kodwa imicimbi yerhafu. Ibinzana elifutshane: "Goes kunye umthunywa ileta" Asivumelekanga ukuveza ukuntsonkotha yeshishini okucacileyo eRashiya ephakathi.

Malunga namakhulu amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakukho raznoallyurnye edumileyo ekhwela amahashe ezintathu. Baye ofakelwe ngqo ukuhamba imigama emide. Asemacaleni uhanjiso amahashe wokuphalisa, kwaye central shaft-ihashe trotting lingashukumi. Ngenxa le uqwalaselo egqitha kumda yexesha isantya leekhilomitha 45-50 ngeyure nganye.

Ukususela kubaqeqeshi bamaqela zikaloliwe steamships

Iinkqubo ezingundoqo Royal Mail wabonakala eNgilani, eSweden, France kunye namanye amazwe aphuhlileyo kwi XVI-XVII iinkulungwane. Sifa kunye nemfuno ekhulayo i ginger izixhobo.

Ekuveleni kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye Modern Times eNgilani naa stagecoaches. Le Umqeqeshi ebegqwese andigweqe lwezigidimi ihashe elula. Ekugqibeleni, wafumana ihlabathi, wabonakala kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi, ukususela eOstreliya ukuya eMelika. Ukufika wenqwelwana iposi kwincwadi ye isixeko okanye idolophana, ingxelo kunye uphondo okhethekileyo.

Enye nqanaba kuphuhliso lweenkqubo zonxibelelwano kwenzeka kwinkulungwane XIX ekuqaleni nokufika zikaloliwe kunye neenkampani lokuthumela. A uhlobo entsha yokuhamba amanzi lusekiwe kakuhle nokucwangciswa British-Indian-imeyile. Ngokukodwa ukuba kube lula ukuhamba ukuya ngasempuma amaBritane ngemali ukwakhiwa Suez Canal eYiputa, apho iinqanawa azaba nakuya Afrika.

iibhokisi zeposi

Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi apho kwafika yeposi kuqala. On omnye kubo kuqwalaselwa njengoko esakhiweni ezinjalo, wazibeka Florence ngenkulungwane XVI ekuqaleni. Baye babekwa ecaleni amabandla - iindawo eziphambili zoluntu yesixeko. kwibhokisi eyenziwe ngeplanga kunye noqhoqhoqho phezulu yenzelwe ukudlulisa somgwebo engaziwa, ingxelo zolwaphulo kurhulumente ngayo.

Kwakhona kwinkulungwane XVI, ezi ntsingiselo zaba oomatiloshe. Kwimeko nganye kwezi amathanga British kwaye Dutch waba yeposi zabo. Ngoncedo bamazwe buchwepheshe wegqitha imbalelwano ezinye iinqanawa.

Umsunguli French ye yeposi ithathwa Renoir de Vilayat. Yaba nguye lowo isonjululwe ingxaki imbalelwano phakathi baseParis. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVII kwi komkhulu French kwakukho ofisi ezine post, kodwa ababanga nako ukumelana nokuqukuqela omkhulu imbalelwano abemi abaqhelekileyo. Renoir de Vilayat wayelilungu kaRhulumente kunye National Academy of Sciences. Ngokudibanisa nobuciko bayo kunye nezibonelelo zolawulo (resolution iNkosi uLouis XIV), ngo-1653 esungula ufakelo iibhokisi lonke eParis, nto leyo lula kakhulu ukuba inkonzo yeposi. I ezintsha ngokukhawuleza wabanjwa e eyinkunzi yandele kweminye imizi.

Imbali Russian-mail kwaba iibhokisi asekuhlaleni wabonakala kuphela ngo-1848. I ezinjalo ezimangalisayo lamiswa eMoscow St Petersburg. Ekuqaleni, uyilo zazenziwe ngomthi, ngoko ke zatshintshwa metal. Izimpahla ezingxamisekileyo kusetyenziswa iibhokisi zeposi, apeyintwe orange umbala eliqaqambileyo.

izitampu

Ixesha langoku inkqubo entsha yeposi ngamazwe line ezininzi. Key phakathi kwabo kukuba izityholo for iipasile ngokuthumela waqhubeka igqibe nangona naziphi ezintsha nenkxaso yezobuchwepheshe. Kuba okokuqala kule ngxaki sele isonjululwe kwi-UK. Ngowe-1840 Kwabonakala yokuqala zonke iintlobo ngoku eyaziwa kakuhle - "penny black". kokukhululwa kwayo ezinxulumene nokuqaliswa lweerhafu ukuthumela imeyili.

Kusungulwe ukudalwa uphawu waba Rowland Hill wezopolitiko. Eli nani akrolwa profile zomtshiso Queen Victoria oselula. Innovation kwahlala yaye ukususela ngoko yonke imvulophu unobumba yafakwa ezinegama okhethekileyo. Izitikha bavela kwamanye amazwe. Ukuhlaziywa iye yakhokelela ekwandeni kakhulu inani mithwalo yeposi kwi UK ngaphezu kabini nje kunyaka wokuqala kukho utshintsho epochal.

Ngo-Russia, i-brand wabonakala ngo 1857. Uphawu lokuqala zeposi exabisa kwi-10 eesenti. Okhozi Isitampu-headed baboniswa. Kuba ejikelezayo bakhetha olu phawu imbali, ekubeni ke ngumfuziselo yeposi yeSebe bukhosi. I-arhente wazama ukuba kunye neendlela zaseNtshona. Kwakhona Mail USSR wahlawula ingqalelo enkulu brand. ESoviet imiqondiso Intlawulo Shipping wabonakala ngo-1923.

makhadi

postcards Eqhelekileyo kuvele kakhulu kutshanje. Ikhadi yokuqala elolu hlobo wavela 1869 e-Austria-Hungary. Kungekudala, le fomati liyifumene ukuthandwa Europe-ngokubanzi. Kwathi ngexesha Franco-Prussia War ka 1870-1871., Xa amajoni baseFransi baqalisa kakhulu ukuthumela izalamane zabo kuboniswe makhadi.

fashion eziphambili ke ngoko nangoko abamba ngabarhwebi. Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa postcards baba ubunzima ziveliswa eNgilani, Denmark, Belgium nase-Netherlands. ikhadi yokuqala eRashiya yakhutshwa ngo 1872. Nasemva kweminyaka ezintandathu nkongolo ezizodwa ubukhulu ikhadi njengomgangatho yamkelwa e Paris (iisentimitha 9 ubude, cm-14 ububanzi). Kamva ke yatshintshwa izihlandlo eziliqela. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwakukho zenyathi postcards: wokubulisa, iintlobo, ukuzala, ubugcisa, izibhengezo, ezopolitiko, etc ...

iindlela ezintsha

Ngowe-1820, wenza nemvulophu e-UK. Emva eminye iminyaka engama-30, bekukho iipasile nestampu. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX, ileta sasinokuhamba ehlabathini jikelele iintsuku 80-85. Utyeshelo olukhawulezisiweyo xa Trans-Siberian sikaloliwe yavulwa eRashiya.

ngekhulu XIX yabalasela imbonakalo yesiriyeli kusungulwe, yomnxeba kunye nerediyo. Ukuvela iiteknoloji ezintsha ayipheli ngokubaluleka amelwe ngenxa iposi ngoko zabantu. Telegraph aze anike uncedo ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso yayo (kuwo onke amasebe yelizwe ngcembe zidityaniswe babejongene kwezi ntlobo zimbini lonxibelelwano).

Ngowe-1874, i-Universal Postal Union kunye Universal Postal Congress wabiza zadalwa. Injongo yalo mcimbi wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo eza zobunye iinkqubo zothumelo imbalelwano saa ehlabathini lonke. Kuloo nkongolo ebimelwe 22 ithi. Bona asayina isivumelwano jikelele yeposi enye, kungekudala uqambe Convention Postal Universal. Olu xwebhu kuthwa imithetho yokumka exchange ngamazwe. Ukususela ngoko, imbali postal of Russia uyaqhubeka ngokuhambelana nasekusungulweni ehlabathini inkonzo yeposi.

Uphuhliso Aeronautics yaqala ngenkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. indoda Conquest air kwakhokelela yokuduka nayiphi na imiqobo ebonakalayo izimpahla ehlabathini lonke. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, nkqu impucuko yamandulo yayisaziwa ngokuba yomoya layo - nevukuthu. Iintaka asetyenziswa ngabantu ukunxibelelana kwanaxa ukuphakama inkqubela. Ingakumbi amahobe baba buyafuneka ngexesha ungquzulwano wamagazi. imeyile ezinamaphiko asetyenziswa rhoqo imiphambili the First kunye iMfazwe Yehlabathi Second.

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Kule mihla, iqhelekile kwizizukulwana ezininzi yeposi iphepha kancane abantu unika indlela eya email. Endaweni kwibhokisi intsimbi iimvulophu weza e-mail, kunye social networking site bebonke zatshatyalaliswa yayo umgama. Ukuba kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo, kwabonakala kwi Internet njengoko chudacheskaya fun, ngoku ngaphandle kunzima ukuthelekelela umphefumlo womntu mihla. Ifumaneka njenge ie-mail elektroniki kumntu ngamnye Liquka zazivelela kwiinkulungwane-elide kunye phantse yonke uphakamisa zayo ezahlukeneyo iyaxhuma.