Imbali ye-IGIL: usuku lwesiseko, uhlobo loorhulumente

Iqela lama-Islamist lamaphekula iGig ngeengcali ezininzi libhekwa njengesisongelo esikhulu kwihlabathi ngoku. Le ntlangano yavela njengeseli ehlukile ye-al-Qaeda, kodwa ke yaba ngumntu ozimele ngokupheleleyo. Ngoku iyona ntlangano enkulu kunazo zonke kwihlabathi. Imbali ye-IGIL iya kuba yintloko yesifundo sethu.

I-pre -istory ye-IGIL

Okokuqala masifunde ukuba yintoni imvelaphi ye-IGIL, yintoni imvelaphi yokubunjwa kwayo. Kule nto kuya kufuneka sibheke kwii-90 zekhulu lokugqibela.

Kwimvelaphi yeqoqo, eyagqitywa kamva ibe yi-IGIL, yayimisa uAbus Musab al-Zarqawi. Wazalelwa ngo-1966, ebutsheni bakhe, walwa nomkhosi waseSoviet e-Afghanistan. Emva kokubuyela eYordan, wayebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ejoliswe kulawulo olukhoyo kweli lizwe, apho afunyaniswe khona iminyaka engama-7 entolongweni ukususela ngo-1992.

Ngo-1999, ngokukhawuleza emva kokukhululwa kwakhe, az-Zakravi wadala inhlangano yamaSulumane eSalafi, eyathatha igama elithi "Monotheism and Jihad." Injongo yokuqala yeli qela yayikutshabalalisa ubukumkani basebukhosini eJordani, leyo, ngokutsho kwe-az-Zakravi, eyayiqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo wama-Islam. Yayiyo le ntlangano eyenza isiseko apho "isimo" se-IGIL sakhiwa kwikamva.

Emva kokuqala kokusebenza kweMerika e-Iraq ngo-2001, abameleli bentlangano "i-Monotheism ne-Jihad" baqalisa imisebenzi esebenzayo kwimimandla yelizwe. Kukholelwa ukuba u-az-Zarqawi waba ngolu hlobo omnye wabaququzeleli kunye namanye amaqela amakhulu "Ansar al-Islam". Yasebenza ikakhulukazi eKurdistan yase-Iraq nakwiindawo zaseSunni zase-Iraq. Inkokheli eqhelekileyo nguFaraj Akhmad Nazhmuddin, ohlala entolongweni yaseNorway kwaye ekhokela kulo msebenzi we-Ansar al-Islam. Ukususela ngo-2003 ukuya ku-2008, iqela lamkela igama elithi "Jamaat Ansar njenge-Sunna", kodwa yabuyela kwigama layo langaphambili. Emva kokungenelela kwemikhosi ehlangene e-Iraq ngo-2003, abaninzi abaphengululi bayo bajoyina inxalenye yentlangano ethi "Monotheism and Jihad." Okwangoku, i-Ansar al-Islam ingomnye wabambiswano abakhulu be-IGIL.

Umbutho kunye neAl Qaeda

Kwaye emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweNkokheli yase-Iraq uSaddam Hussein ngo-2003 ukuba inhlangano ethi "Monotheism neJizhad" yayisungulwe ngokuqinisekileyo kweli lizwe. Waqhuba uchungechunge lokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, i-chip yoluntu kunye nokubulawa kweentloko. Kamva, lesi siko sasizifa, esinesisongelo esasisongelayo, samkelwa yindlalifa yenhlangano ethi "Monotheism and Jihad" - ukuhlanganiswa kwe-IGIL. "I-Monotheism neJizhad" yaba yintloko yamandla karhulumente e-Iraq, enenjongo yokuguqula urhulumente wenguqu, utshabalalise abalandeli beShime kunye nokwakhiwa kwelizwe lamaSulumane.

Ngo-2004, u-al-Zarqawi ufungela ukunyaniseka kwintloko yenhlangano enkulu yehlabathi yama-Islam, i-Al-Qaeda, i-Osama bin Laden. Ukususela ngeli xesha, iqela elithi "Monotheism and Jihad" liye laziwa ngokuba yi "Al Qaeda e-Iraq." Imbali ye-IGIL sele iguqule ngokutsha.

Ukwandisa, iqela elikhokelwa ngu-az-Zarqawi laqala ukusebenzisa iindlela zobugandagri ezingabikho kwimikhosi yase-US, kodwa kubemi base-Iraq, ikakhulukazi kumaShiite. Oku kubangele ukunciphisa ekuthandweni kwe-Al-Qaeda e-Iraq phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni. Ukuze ibuyisele ukulinganisa kwaye idibanise imikhosi yokuxhatshazela kwimibutho yamanyeneyo, ngo-2006 az-Zarqawi waququzelela "uMhlangano weMujahideen", owaquka, ngaphandle kweAl-Qaeda, namanye amaqela angama-7 amaSilamsi amakhulu.

Kodwa ngoJuni ka-2006, u-Az-Zarqawi wabulawa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu nge-US. Inkokheli entsha yenhlangano yayingu Abu Ayyub al-Masri.

Isimo samaSulumane e-Iraq

Emva kokuphelisa i-AZ-ZARKAVI, imbali ye-IGIL yatshintsha isicwangciso sayo kwakhona. Ngeli xesha, kukho ukutyekela ukulwa ne-al-Qaeda.

Ngo-Oktobha 2006, "iNdibano yoBuququzeleli yaseMujahideen" yavakalisa ukudalulwa kwe-Islamic State of Iraq (IGI), kwaye yenze yona yodwa, ngaphandle kokulinda imvume kwi-Al-Qaeda. Kodwa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokugqibela kunye nale ntlangano yamaphekula bekusekude.

Inkunzi yale "rhu lumente" yavakaliswa isixeko sase-Iraq saseBaquba. U-Emir wakhe wokuqala wayenguAbou Umar al-Baghdadi, owaziwa ngaphambili eyaziwa nje ngokuba ungummi wase-Iraq kwaye ngaphambili wayehamba "kwiNdibano yokubonisana yaseMujahideen." Ngo-2010, wabulawa e-Tikrit emva kwesiteleka se-US-Iraq. Ngaloo nyaka, inkokeli yase-Al-Qaeda e-Iraq, u-Abu Ayyub al-Masri, nayo yabulawa, eyayijongwa njengenye yeenkokheli ze-IGI.

Omtsha wase-Iraqi wayengumhlali wase-Iraq uAbraham Bakr al-Baghdadi, owayesetolongweni kwinkampu yoxinaniso yase-United. Inkokheli yase-Al-Qaeda e-Iraq ngumntu wakhe wasekhaya u-Abu Suleiman al-Nasir. Ngelo xesha, waqokwa njengomcebisi wempi kwi-IGI, kwaye ngowama-2014 waba yinhloko yebhunga lezempi laseburhulumenteni.

Imfundo yeGIL

Ukuvela kwe-IGIL njengentlangano, njengoko sibonayo, ibuyele kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21, kodwa igama libonakala kuphela ngo-Ephreli 2013, xa iGI yandisa imisebenzi yayo eSiriya, oko kukuthi, kumazwe aseLevant. Ngoko ke, i-IGIL isichaza ngokucacileyo - ilizwe lamaSulumane lase- Iraq kunye neLevant. Igama le ntlangano kwi-Arabic transliteration yi-AAAA. IGIL phantse ngokukhawuleza, njengoko yaqala ukusebenza ngokusebenza eSiriya, yaqala ukutsala abaphangi abaninzi nakwabanye amaqela amaSulumane. Ukongezelela, ama-ambassador ase-EU, i-US, iRashiya kunye namanye amazwe aqala ukuhlutha kulo mbutho.

I-Siriya ibangelwa yimfazwe yembambano, eyenziwa phakathi kwemikhosi karhulumente kaMongameli uAsad kunye nenani lamaqela achasene noorhulumente weentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngako oko, i-Syrian Igil ikwazi ukulawula ngokulula indawo engundoqo yelizwe. Lo mbutho uphumelele ngokukodwa ngo-2013-2014. Inkunzi eyadluliselwa esuka eBaacuba ukuya kwisixeko saseSiriya sase-Er-Raqqa.

Ngelo xesha, ummandla we-IGIL wafikelela ukwanda kwawo okukhulu e-Iraq. Eli qela libeka phantsi kolawulo phantse lonke le-Anbar, kwakunye nezixeko ezibalulekileyo zaseTikrit naseMosul ngexesha lokuvukela urhulumente waseShiite wase-Iraq.

Ukuhamba kokugqibela ukusuka e-al-Qaeda

Ekuqaleni, "urhulumente" IGIL uzame ukwenza ngokubambisana namanye amabutho aseArmed ngokumelene nolawulo lwama-Assad, kodwa ngoJanuwari 2014 wangena kwimpi evulekileyo evulekileyo kunye neqela eliphambili lokuphikisa-i-Free Syrian Army.

Okwangoku, kwakukho ukugqitywa kokugqibela kwe-IGIL kunye ne-Al-Qaeda. Ubunkokeli beli lilandelayo ludinga ukuba i-IG ihoxise ama-anti-Syria avele e-Iraq. Ummeleli kuphela we-Al-Qaeda eSiriya wayemele amelwe kuphela yiqela lase-Front-Al-Nusra. Nguye owamisela ngokusemthethweni intlangano yeentlanga-mhlaba kummandla welizwe. I-IGIL yenqaba ukuthobela iimfuno zeenkokheli ze-Al-Qaeda. Ngenxa yoko, ngoFebhuwari 2014, i-Al-Qaeda yathi ayinanto enxulumene ne-IGIL, ngoko ayikwazi ukulawula le ntlangano okanye ixanduva lwezenzo zayo.

Kungekudala emva koko, kulwa imfazwe phakathi kwamajoni aseDaish kunye ne-Front of An-Nusra.

Ukumenyezelwa kwe-caliphate

Imbali ye-IGIL ifumana isilinganisi esahlukileyo emva kokumenyezelwa kwe-caliphate. Oku kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni 2014. Ngaloo ndlela, umbutho waqala ukubango nje kuphela ububungakanani bendawo, kodwa ububalulekileyo kwihlabathi lonke lamaSilamsi, elinethemba lokuseka i-caliphate yomhlaba jikelele. Emva koko, kwabizwa ngokuba yi "State Islamic" (IG) ngaphandle kokuchaza indawo ethile. UAbraham Bakr al-Baghdadi wathatha isihloko seCaliph.

Ukuvakaliswa kwe-caliphate, ngakwesinye icala, kwafaka isandla ekuqhubekeni ukuqinisa igunya likaGG emehlweni ama-Muslim radicals, okukhokelela ekunyuseni ukuqhuma kwama-ambulensi afuna ukujoyina iqela. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubangele ukulwa kunye neminye imibutho yamaSulumane eyayingathandi ukunyamekela i-IG's primacy.

Ukusebenza kweeLyunithi malunga neG

Okwangoku, uluntu lwehlabathi luye lwazi ngakumbi ingozi ebangelwa yi-Islamic state, kuba ummandla we-IGIL uye waqhubeka ukwandisa.

Ukususela phakathi ko-2014, i-US iqalile ukunika uncedo olusisiseko lomkhosi kurhulumente wase-Iraq ukulwa neG. Emva kancinci, iTurkey, eAustralia, eFransi, eJamani yaye yangenelela kwimpikiswano. Baququzelele ukuqhunyiswa kwebhombiso yendawo yamagosa aseGI kunyaka we-2014-2015, zombini kwintsimi yase-Iraq naseburhulumenteni baseSiriya.

Ukususela ngoSeptemba 2015, ngesicelo sikaRhulumente waseSiriya, iRashiya yaqalisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kumzabalazo wokulwa ne-IG. Imikhosi yayo yokuzikhusela nayo yaqala ukubetha kwindawo yeqela elixinzelelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukufikelela kwizivumelwano zokulungelelanisa izenzo phakathi kweRashiya kunye nokubambisana kwamazwe aseNtshona, ngenxa yokuphikisana kwamanani.

Uncedo lomkhosi lwamazwe ngamazwe lubangele ukuba insimu ye-IGIL e-Iraq yayincitshiswa kakhulu. Kwakhona, ukuxhatshazwa kwabasemagunyeni baseSiriya kwaxinwa, bakwazi ukuphinda bahlawule iindawo eziphambili kuzo. Intloko ye-IG Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi yalimala kakhulu.

Kodwa kusekuqaleni ukuthetha ngokusindiswa kwembambano kwilizwe lamaSulumane.

Ukusasazwa kweG

Inkundla ephambili yezenzo zesimo samaSulumane yintsimi yase-Iraq neSiriya. Kodwa intlangano yandisa impembelelo yayo kwamanye amazwe. I-IGIL ilawula ngokuthe ngqo indawo ethile e-Libya naseLebhanon. Ukongezelela, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iqela liqale ukusebenza e-Afghanistan, ukuqasha abaxhasi beTaliban. Iinkokheli zeqela lobugandane laseNigeria lama-Islamist "iBoko Haram" zifungela ukunyaniseka kwiCalph of state Islamic, kunye nemimandla elawulwa yile ntlangano, yaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yiphondo leGG. Ukongeza, i-IG inamasebe eYiputa, ePhilippines, eYemen nakwamanye amaninzi karhulumente.

Iinqununu zaseburhulumenteni zamaSulumane zenza ukuba zilawulwe yonke imimandla eyayiyingxenye yolawulo lwama - Arabhu kunye ne-Ottoman Empire, iindlalifa ezizicingela zona.

Isakhiwo sombutho wesimo samaSulumane

Urhulumente wamaSulumane ngohlobo loburhulumente angabizwa ngokuba ngukumkani. I-Caliph yintloko yelizwe. Umzimba, onomsebenzi wokucebisa, ubizwa ngokuthi yiSrara. Iimpawu zeeNkonzo ziBhunga loBulumko, ibhunga lezempi kunye nezomthetho, inkonzo yezempilo, njl. Inhlangano iqulethwe ubuninzi beeseli kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi, enokuzimela ngamandla ekulawuleni.

Intsimi apho i-IG isebenzayo, ihlulwe kwi-37 vilayats (iiyunithi zolawulo).

Ithemba

Umbuso wamaSulumane ungumbutho wamaphekula omncinci osasazeka kwiMhlaba ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Ibiza ukuba ayiyi kulawula kuphela kuMmandla ophakathi kweMpuma, kodwa kwihlabathi lonke lamaSilamsi. Inani elinyukayo labantu abaxhamlayo bajoyina iinqanaba zalo. Iindlela zokuqhuba umzabalazo we-IG zikhohlakele kakhulu.

Yeka ukuqhubela phambili kwelo mbutho kunokusebenza kuphela kunye nezenzo ezifanelekileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.