Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya kwiNorthern Caucasus kuma-1990s (ngokufutshane)

I-North Caucasus yintsimi ephakamileyo yamazwe aseRashiya. Into enjalo ibangele ingozi yomhlaba wongqibelelo kwimeko ye-interethnic, inkolo kunye neentlanga. Oku akunakwenzeka kodwa kubonakaliswe xa umgaqo-nkqubo waseRussia kwiNyakatho yeCaucasus yenziwa ngama-1990 ekhulwini lama-21.

Uhlobo lweSizwe lweNorthern Caucasus

I-North Caucasus inomnye wezona ndawo ezikhokela kuyo inani labantu abahlala kwintsimi yalo. Ukuhlalutya iinkcukacha zeenkcukacha zabantu, umntu unokufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba inani lamaCaucasian landa ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko, ngo-2002 kwakukho abantu abayizigidi ezi-6. Ubalo lwabantu base-2010 lubone ukunyuka okukhulu kwesi sibonakaliso kubantu abayizigidi ezili-14.8.

Ukwakhiwa kobuhlanga eNtshona Caucasus buhluke. Oku kubangelwa ukuba kubandakanya iindawo ezi-7 ezinkulu: i-Ingushetia, iChechnya, i-North Ossetia, i-Dagestan, iCzech, i-Kabardino-Balkaria, i-Stavropol Territory, iKarachay-Cherkessia. Ngelo xesha, abantu baseDagestan bangabantu abayizigidi ezi-3, i-Chechnya - abangaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zabantu.

Kwiindawo ezinjalo ezixubileyo zagxininisa iintlanga ezili-150, iintlanga kunye nabantu bezilwanyana. Ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwabemi beli ndawo kukho iingxabano ezinkulu eziba yimpikiswano engavumelaniyo. Ukongeza, emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, kwakukho ukuthambekela ekujonganeni nehlabathi lamaSulumane kunye neOthodox, eyabangela ukuphuma kwabahlali baseRashiya kwimimandla yaseCaucasus. Ngaloo ndlela, umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya eNtshona Caucasus kuma-1990 wawunezizathu ezifanelekileyo, ezifuna imvume yokukhanyisa umbane.

Izizathu zenkqubela ekhulayo eNtshona Caucasus

Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, iNorth Caucasus yayinemiba eninzi yeengxaki ezingaphendululwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezithintele ummandla wonke waseRashiya zadibana neengxaki ezininzi eziphazamisa ukuphuhliswa kommandla.

Okokuqala, umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya eNtshona Caucasus kuma-1990 awucingiswanga ngokupheleleyo. Nangona abemi bendawo bebenamalungelo onke ngokubambisana nabantu baseRussia, bekukho umbono ongagxininanga ngamandla ukuba abameli bezi zizwe bangakwazi ukuphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo wokubhala kwintsimi yesifundo. Ngamanye amazwi, amagunya aseburhulumenteni awazange athembele ngokupheleleyo amagosa asekuhlaleni ahlala eNtshona Caucasus. Indlela yodwa yokulungisa le meko ifumaneka kwifom yokulawulwa kwamaphabliki ngamagosa aseMoscow.

Ukongezelela, asifanele sikhohlwe ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wekhaya ongajongwanga kakubi kwiNorthern Caucasus uye waba isikhubekiso ekuphuculweni koqoqosho kweso sifundo. Uphuhliso lwezakhiwo zoshishino lwenziwa ngokuya kumgaqo wokushiya. Ukongeza, inani labantu laba ngumnini wesimiso sokusilala kwendalo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yendalo. Iziseko zeziseko zoluntu zommandla azange zabelwe. Uninzi lweedolophana kunye nemizana encinci yayingenazo izikolo nezibhedlele, ezishiye impembelelo kwimpilo yabantu. Yonke le nto yaba ngumphumo wokuba umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya kwiNorthern Caucasus awuzange usebenze ngokupheleleyo ngabasemagunyeni.

Okwesibini, bekukho iingxaki ezingaphendululwayo kwintsimi yommandla ochaphazelekayo ngabemi abemi baphantsi kweMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic. Abaphathi bamagunya kunye nabasemakhaya abathunyelwa eMoscow, abazange bazame ukusombulula isiganeko esinjalo, esenza ukuba imeko ivele idibeneyo.

Okwesithathu, ukubuyela emva kwezoqoqosho kwommandla kunempembelelo enkulu kuluntu loluntu. Ukungabikho kwentlawulo yomvuzo, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kuye kwaba yi-determinants of the development of drunkenness, delinquency, drug addiction kunye nezinye iingxaki zoluntu.

Okwesine, iingxaki zengingqi zaqala ukunyuka. Abantu abaninzi baqala ukufaka izicelo kwimimandla engumakhelwane, kwiindawo eziphikisanayo. Amangqina amaninzi ayenziwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo, aquka ama-Ossetians, iLezgins, iNogais kunye nabanye.

Okwesibini, ukukhula kokungabikho kwemisebenzi, okubangele ukukhula kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nobutyebi. Oku kuye kwaba yingxaki zombini kwinqanaba langaphakathi nakwimibutho. Ukutyekela ukuvela kwamaqela enkolo-aqala ukuqhuba impembelelo ngqo kumagosa, ukunyanzelisa iimfuno zabo, uye waqina.

Zonke ezi zinto zazifuna ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRussia kuNtshona Caucasus utshintshe. Izizathu azikhatywanga uluhlu oludweliswe, njengoko ulwahlulo lwandiswa minyaka yonke.

Ikhasi elimnyama kwimbali yeChechnya

Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya eNtshona Caucasus awubonakali uphelele ngaphandle kokuhlalutya kweemeko ezenzeka kuma-1990s e-Chechnya. Inkcenkcesho yobudlelwane kuloo ndawo yenzeke ngexesha lolawulo lukaDudayev, xa umgaqo-nkqubo wokubhubhisa abantu baseRashiya, abangamaYuda nabaseArmenia abahlala kule ntsimi wenziwa. Ekubeni ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kuphulwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nemigqaliselo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye noRashiya, umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlukumeza awuzange ungeniswe kumgangatho osemthethweni, kodwa awuzange ugxothwe ngabasemagunyeni abakhona kunye nee-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho.

Ukucocwa kwabemi baseRashiya bekubanzi kwiinkomfa zommandla-isixeko saseGrozny. Iintsapho zaziphantsi kokuphanga, ukuhlaselwa. Ibhizinisi lemihla ngemihla lalibulala. Oku kwaba sisiseko sokuphambukiswa koluntu oluthile, okwakusisigxina sokuphuhliswa koqoqosho, isayensi kunye nenkcubeko. Ngaloo ndlela, ixesha lolawulo lukaDudayev lungaqwalaselwa njengephepha elimnyama kwimbali yeNtshona Caucasus.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-Chechnya, okanye iiNqanaba zokuQala ukufikelela kwisisombululo semfazwe kwiNyakatho yeCaucasus

Umgaqo-nkqubo we-Dudaev okhuselekileyo awukwazanga ukuhlala ngaphandle kwempendulo yemikhosi yenkcaso, eyongeze impembelelo yawo. Ngentwasahlobo, inkcaso yayilungele ukubeka umvosa kuzo zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ubomi obungakumbi beChechnya. Nangona kunjalo, uDudayev wagqiba ekubeni ahambe kwiindlela ezinobundlobongela zokulwa nabaphikisi, okubangele ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi.

Inkqubo yamandla kaDudayev yayijoliswe kwisakhiwo samapolisa, esineenkcukacha zokubhenela kwangomso. Iitanks zonakalisa isakhiwo. Amapolisa abulawa. Le yayisiyinqanaba lokugqibela, eliqinisekisile ukuphela kwenkqubo yoxolo kummandla.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya eNtshona Caucasus uye waba nobudlova. Inkcaso yaqinisekisa inkxaso ye-Kremlin. Iinqununu zokuqala zezixhobo zempi zaseRashiya zafika kuloo mmandla, ziceba icebo elijongene nentloko yeChechnya. Nangona kunjalo, wahluleka ngokupheleleyo. UDudayev wayekulungele ukuhlaziya umkhosi wenkcaso. Imikhosi yokuchasana yabangela ukulahlekelwa kobugcisa kunye nokulahleka kwabantu. Umoya womkhosi wawucinwa.

Imfazwe yokuqala yaseChechen

Emva kokungaphumeleli kokusebenza e-Chechnya, umgaqo-nkqubo wase-Russia waseNorthern Caucasus watshintshwa, izizathu apho abathathi-nxaxheba babehlala beshintsha. Inxaxheba ephambili kwisebe elitsha lembambano idlalwe yimikhosi yaseRashiya, eyayingena kwingingqi yaseGrozny njengendlela yokugcina uxolo. Kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke.

Abaphathi kunye namagosa baphishekela iimfuno zabo. Imikhosi yemikhosi yaseRashiya yafumana ababambini babo kunye nabaphikisi abanzima. Phakathi komkhosi, isiqubulo esithi "amaRussia ngokuchasene neChechens" saqiniswa, yintoni eyona mpazamo ephambili yamajoni aqhelekileyo. Emva kwexesha, inkcaso eyayinceda iRussia yafudukela kwicala laseDudayev. Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, amandla amanani kunye nempi yamaRashiya ayenamandla amaninzi amaxesha.

Izigameko ezininzi eGrozny, ukutshitshisa kwabenza bakwazi ukuvakalisa ukulawulwa kwempi kwintsimi yaseChechnya, apho kuhanjiswe khona umlawuli. I-denouement enjalo yayingeyona inzuzo kwi-Kremlin, kuba kwakukho umngcipheko wokuqinisa amandla omkhosi wamajoni. Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya kwiNorthern Caucasus kwiminyaka ye-1990, ngokufutshane, wajika kwelinye icala. Ukuhlaselwa kukaBayeyev kwaqala, okwabangelwa ukulahlekelwa yimikhosi yaseRashiya kwaye, ngenxa yoko, isiphelo sesivumelwano seKhavyvyurt.

Iziphumo zeMfazwe yaseChechen yokuqala

Ngokuqinisekileyo, imfazwe yaseChechen ayidluli ngaphandle kokulandelwa. Utshintsho lwalumnandi kakhulu. Okokuqala, kwakukho ukulungiswa kwemibutho yezopolitiko kummandla. Iidemokhrasi zilahlekelwe ngokupheleleyo inkxaso kwiChechnya. Bonke abantu abachasayo babulawa ngexesha lokuxabana, okanye babalekela eMoscow. Ukongezelela, iinjongo zokuguqulwa kwentando yesininzi kwiphabliki yolondolozo, apho amaqela enkolo asebenza khona, awa.

Okwesibini, kwakungabikho ubunye phakathi kwamaqela ama-Islamist. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-oriented orientation ye-Islam - Uahhabism-isasazeke ngokubanzi. Abameli balo bavakalisa umgaqo-nkqubo we-jihad kwintsimi yaseChechnya. Umsekeli onamandla kunabo bonke nguBasayev, olandelwa ngabantu abancinci.

Ngaloo ndlela, kungathiwa umgaqo-nkqubo waseRashiya wangaphakathi kwiNorthern Caucasus ngexesha le-1990-2011 lazisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo ebomini bendawo.

Ngomhla wemfazwe entsha e-Chechnya

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, imeko yaseChechnya yayiphumelele. Iqela likaBayeyev laqalisa ukufumana igunya elininzi. IGrozny yaba yindawo yokuzalisa izigebengu. Isongelo sele sisamkela konke. Ngaloo ndlela, umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya eNtshona Caucasus, ngokufutshane, kufuneka uhlangabezane nemingeni emitsha kunye nosongelo.

Umzila wokugcina, owawudlala indima ebalulekileyo, wawuyi-Dagestan. Imikhosi ekhuselekileyo kwingingqi, ekhokelwa nguKadyrov, yomeleza. Baye bakwazi ukuphinda bacamngce ngcamango yesizwe saseChechnya, ukufakwa kweengcamango zobuxoki ze-Wahhabism kunye nomgaqo-jihad.

IMfazwe yesiTshake yesiBini

I-Chechnya ye-Conservative imikhosi, nangona iimbono zabo, zaziyokwazi ukuphinda zixubushe umanyano kunye ne-Russia. Umkhosi oqinileyo, amaqhinga asempilweni ayenzixhobo ziye zaba luncedo olukhulu ekulweni nama-radicals. Abalandeli baseKadyrov bazinikela ngokukhawuleza kwimihlaba yabo kwimikhosi yaseRussia, ngaloo ndlela banceda ngoncedo olupheleleyo kwi-conflict. Emva kwexesha, i-CRI yaba phantsi kolawulo lwezempi zaseRussia. UMaskhadov - inkokeli yeRiphabhlikhi - waya ngaphesheya kweWahhabis, ehamba phantsi komhlaba. Ngo-2005, yachithwa.

Iziphumo zemfazwe yaseChechen

Ngenxa yemfazwe yaseChechnya, u- Ahmad Kadyrov waba namandla . Ngowe-2003, emva kweziphumo zonyulwa lonyulo lwentando yesininzi, inkokheli yamemezelwa ngumongameli weCzech Republic. Ukubambisana kunye neRashiya uye wanika iingenelo zayo. Ukubuyiselwa kwezibonelelo zommandla kuqala. Abantu abanoxolo babekwazi ukufumana iinkonzo zentlalo ngokupheleleyo. Ukongezelela, kukho ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla. Amaqela eDemokhrasi, amaqela alondolozayo afika kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo, eziqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezopolitiko eCzechs.

Imiphumo emibi yemfazwe yaseChechen

Kwintsimi yaseChechnya, iinqununu zokubunjwa kwelizwe lombuso ziphawulwe. Ubuntu benkokheli yeRiphablikhi luyalinywa. Amaqela e-Gangster awazange apheliswe. I-North Caucasus isacingwa nje ngokuba yi "bhuyili" yobutyikityhi. Izenzo zokuzibulala zenza izinto ezininzi phakathi kwabantu.

Ngaloo ndlela, kunokugqitywa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we-Russian Federation kwiNorthern Caucasus uye watshintshwa ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxaki namhlanje. Ingqalelo epheleleyo kulo mbandela iya kuvumela ukuzinzisa imeko kwiindawo ezininzi zeRashiya.