Iipropati kunye neempawu zentsimi yombane zifundiswa phantse zonke iingcali zezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa iklasi yeyunivesiti ibhalwa ngokubhaliweyo ngolwimi olunzima nolungaqondakaliyo. Ngoko ke, ngaphakathi kwinqaku, iimpawu zamagumbi ombane ziya kufumaneka, ukuze umntu ngamnye aziqonde. Ukongezelela, siya kuqwalasela ngokukodwa iingcamango ezihambelanayo (ukugqithisa) kunye namathuba okuphuhliswa kweli nqanaba le-physics.
Ulwazi jikelele
Ngokweengcamango zanamhlanje, iintlawulo zombane azibandakanyi ngqo ngqo. Kule ndlela kulandela umdla othakazelisayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngalinye iqumrhu elinyanisiweyo linommandla walo wombane kwindawo ejikelezileyo. Ichaphazela ezinye izifundo. Impawu yamagumbi ombane anomdla kuthi, ukuba abonisa umphumo wensima malunga neentlawulo zombane kunye nomkhosi owenziwa ngawo. Yiyiphi na into enokuthi yenziwe? Imizimba ehlawulweyo ayinayo impembelelo ngokuthe ngqo. Izixhobo zombane zisetyenziselwa oku. Bangaphandwa njani? Ukwenza oku, ungasebenzisa umrhumo wokuvavanya - intonga encinane yeengqungquthela, ezingayi kuba nempembelelo ebonakalayo kwisakhiwo esele sikhona. Ngoko ziziphi iimpawu zendawo yombane? Kukho ezintathu kuphela: ukuxhatshazwa, ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokwenzeka. Ngamnye wabo unempawu kunye nemigangatho yempembelelo kwiincinci.
Inkalo yamandla: yintoni na?
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuqhubela phambili kwisifundo esinqununu senqaku, kuyimfuneko ukuba ube nolwazi oluthile. Ukuba ngaba kunjalo, le ngxenye inokuthi iqhekeke ngokuzithemba. Ekuqaleni, makhe siqwalasele isizathu sokuba khona kwenkundla yombane. Ukuze kube njalo, udinga inkokhelo. Ngaphezu koko, iipropati zendawo apho umzimba ohlawulwayo ohlala khona kufuneka uhluke kwiindawo apho zingekho khona. Nantsi kukho into enjalo: ukuba ubeka inkokhelo kwinkqubo ethile yokulungelelanisa, utshintsho aluyi kuvela ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kuphela kwisantya esithile. Baya kuthi, njengamaza, basasaze endaweni. Oku kuya kuhamba kunye nembonakalo yombutho osebenzayo kwabanye abathwali kule nkqubo yoqhagamshelwano. Kwaye siza kule nto ephambili! Imikhosi ephakamileyo yiphumo lokungabikho mpe mbelelo ngqo, kodwa ukusebenzisana kwimeko yendalo, eyatshintshile ngekhwalithi. Indawo apho ezi tshintsho zenzeka khona zibizwa ngokuba yintsimi yombane.
Izixhobo
Umrhumo okhoyo kwintsimi yombane uhamba kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo, esenza ngayo. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza imeko yokuphumla? Ewe, yinyani. Kodwa ngenxa yoko, amandla ommandla wombane kufuneka alinganise enye impembelelo. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba kukho ukungalingani, umrhumo uqala kwakhona. Ulwalathiso kule meko luya kuxhomekeka kumandla amakhulu. Nangona zininzi zazo, isiphumo sokugqibela siya kulungelelanisa. Ukumela bhetele oko kufuneka kwenziwe, imigqa yamandla iboniswe. Izikhokelo zazo zihambelana nemibutho yabasebenzi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imigqa yamandla ibini isiqalo kunye nokuphela. Ngamanye amazwi, abazivali. Baqala kumaziko atyala ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ekupheleni. Oku akusiyo yonke into, siya kuthetha ngokubanzi malunga nemigca yamandla, iimpawu zabo zokufunda kunye nokuphunyezwa okusebenzayo, ngokukhawuleza kwithekisi kwaye ziqwalasele kunye nomthetho we-Coulomb.
Amandla egesi
Esi simpawu sisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa intsimi yombane. Oku kunzima ukuyiqonda. Esi simpawu sendawo yombane (ukuxhatshazwa) ubuninzi bomzimba obulinganayo nomlinganiselo wesandla senzathelo kumrhumo wokuvavanya, okhoyo kwindawo ethile kwindawo. Kukho enye into ekhethekileyo. Ubuninzi bomzimba buyi-vector. Ulwalathiso lwayo luhambelana nesikhokelo sombutho, osebenza kwimeko yokuvavanya. Omnye kufuneka aphendule umbuzo owodwa oqhelekileyo kwaye uqaphele ukuba ukuxhatshazwa okuyinxalenye yamandla kwintsimi yombane. Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kwizifundo ezingahambelaniyo nezingatshintshiyo? Intsimi yabo yombane ibonwa njenge-electrostatic. Inzala kwimeko yokuhlawula kwaye uphando loxinzelelo lunikezelwa ngamagunya okusebenza kunye nomthetho we-Coulomb. Ziziphi iimpawu ezikhoyo?
Umthetho we-Coulomb kunye nemigca yamandla
Ubunzima bamandla kwintsimi yombane kweli phepha lisebenza kuphela kwerhafu yebala, ekude kumgama othile. Yaye ukuba sithatha le xabiso i-modulo, ngoko siya kuba nenkundla ye-Coulomb. Kulo, ulwalathiso lwe-vector luxhomekeke ngqo kumqondiso werhafu. Ngoko ke, ukuba kudibanisa, ke intsimi iya "kuhamba" kunye nomda. Kwimeko echaseneyo, i-vector iya kubhekiswa ngqo kwi-intlawulo ngokwayo. Ukuqonda okubonakalayo noko kwenzekayo, unokufumana nokufunda imidwebo, apho imigqa yamandla iboniswa khona. Iimpawu eziphambili kwintsi yamandla kwiincwadi zezifundo, nangona kunzima ukuchaza, kodwa imidwebo, kufuneka banikezwe ngetyala, ziyimfanelo. Enyanisweni, kufuneka kuqatshelwe into enjalo yeencwadi: xa kwakhiwa imidwebo yemigudu yamandla, ubuninzi babo bunqamle kwi-modul of vector tension. Le nto yinkcazelo encinci enokuba luncedo olukhulu ekulawuleni ulwazi okanye iimviwo.
Inokwenzeka
Ihlawuliso isoloko ishukunyiswa xa kungekho kubhaliswa kwemikhosi. Oku kusitshela ukuba kulolu hlobo umbane ugesi unako amandla. Ngamanye amagama, unokwenza umsebenzi othile. Makhe sibone umzekelo omncinci. Intsimi yombane ihanjiswe inkokhelo ukusuka kwinqanaba A ukuya ku-B. Ngenxa yoko, amandla angasensimini ayancipha. Oku kubangelwa kukuba umsebenzi wenziwe. Uphawu lobunzima lombutho wombane aluyi kutshintsha ukuba ukunyakaza kwenziwe phantsi komphumo wecala. Kule meko, amandla angenako ukuhla, kodwa ukwanda. Kwaye oku kubonakala kwimihlaba yamandla kagesi kuya kutshintshwa ngokumalunga nokusebenza kwangaphandle, okuye kwashukumisela inkokhelo kummandla wombane. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kulo mzekelo wonke umsebenzi owenziwe uya kuchitha ekunyuseni amandla angako. Ukuqonda isihloko, makhe sijonge kulo mzekelo olandelayo. Ngoko, sinentlawulo efanelekileyo. Itholakala ngaphandle kwendawo yombane, eqwalaselwa. Ngenxa yoko, impembelelo encinci kangangokuthi inganakwa. Kukho amandla angaphandle azisa inkokhelo kummandla wombane. Uwenza umsebenzi ofunekayo ukuhamba. Ngelo xesha, imikhosi yentsimi iyanqotshwa. Ngaloo ndlela, inokwenzeka yezenzo zivela , kodwa sele zikhona kwintsimi yombane ngokwawo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le nto ingabonakalisa isalathisi. Ngoko, amandla, anxulumene neyunithi nganye yexabiso elihle, ubizwa ngokuba yintsimi ekhoyo kule ndawo. Ilingana ngokulinganayo nomsebenzi okwenziwe ngumbutho wesithathu ukuhambisa isifundo kwindawo ethile. Ubungakanani bentsimi bubalwa kwi-volts.
Iqondo
Kuyo nayiphi na intsimi yombane, umntu unokubona ukuba iindleko ezintle "zifuduka" ukusuka kwiindawo eziphezulu ezinokuba nazo eziphantsi kweeparameter. Ukungalungi kulandele le ndlela kwindlela eyahlukileyo. Kodwa kwimeko zombini le nto iyenzeka kuphela ngenxa yamandla angako. Ukusuka kuyo, i-voltage ibalwa. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ixabiso apho amandla angasensimini encinane. Umbane ulingana nomsebenzi okwenziwe ukuhambisa ixabiso elifanelekileyo phakathi kwamacandelo amabini athile. Kule ngqalelo unokubhala incwadi enomdla. Ngoko, umbane kunye nokungafani kwale meko kuyinto efanayo.
Ukuqulunqwa kwemimandla kagesi
Ngoko, saqwalasela iimpawu eziphambili kwintsimi yombane. Kodwa ukuze siqonde kangcono isihloko, siyancoma ukongeza ukujonga ezinye iiparitha ezingabalulekanga. Kwaye siza kuqala ngeendawo ezingaphezulu zombane. Ngaphambili, saqwalasela imeko apho, ngokwemeko, kwakukho icala elilodwa kuphela. Kodwa kukho ezininzi kwiindawo! Ngoko ke, xa sicinga ukuba imeko iya kuyenyani, makhe sicinge ukuba sinamacala amaninzi. Emva koko kuvela ukuba isifundo sovavanyo siya kuthatha izinyathelo eziphantsi komgaqo wongezwa kwezilwanyana. Kwakhona, umgaqo wesingqungquthela ukhombisa ukuba ukunyakaza okunzima kunokwahlula zibe zimbini okanye zilula ngakumbi. Akunakwenzeka ukuhlakulela umzekelo wokunyuswa ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo kwi-akhawunti. Ngamanye amazwi, i-particle ephantsi kwengqalelo phantsi kweemeko ezikhoyo ichaphazeleka ngamatyala ahlukeneyo, elowo eneendawo zalo zombane.
Sebenzisa
Kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba ngoku iimeko zentsimi yombane ayisebenzisi ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuchanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo, simele sisebenzise amandla awo. Njengoko kuqinisekiswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamathuba enkonzo yombane, umntu unokuzisa isikhamo seChizhevsky. Ngaphambili, phakathi kwekhulu lokugqibela, uluntu lwaqala ukuhlola indawo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba izazinzulu zazikho ezininzi iingxaki ezingaphendululwanga. Omnye wabo umoya kunye nezinto zalo eziyingozi. Ukuxazulula le ngxaki, isazi senzululwazi waseSoviet u-Chizhevsky, owayenomdla ngokufanayo kumbane wamandla kagesi, wathabatha ingxaki. Kwaye kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba unentuthuko enhle ngokwenene. Esi sixhobo sisekelwe kwindlela yokudala umoya ohamba nge-aeroionic ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwamancinci. Kodwa ngaphakathi kwesikhokelo kwinqaku, asinomdla kwi-device ngokwalo mgaqo wokusebenza kwayo. Ingongoma kukuba i-chizhevsky's candle yayingasetyenziswanga umthombo wamandla, kodwa kwintsimi yombane! Ukugxininisa amandla, ama-capacitor akhethekileyo asetyenziswa. Ngokuphawulekayo, impumelelo yeso sixhobo sathonywe yimimandla yamandla yendawo yamandla yommandla ojikelezayo. Oko kukuthi, le divayisi yenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo imishini yesikhala, eyaziwa ngokugqithiseleyo nge-electronics. Kwakhona kwondla ekusebenzeni kwezinye iifowuni ezixhomekeke kwizibonelelo zamandla angunaphakade. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isalathiso asizange sishiywe, kwaye ukufumana amandla kummandla wombane kuphandwa ngoku. Enyanisweni, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubela phambili ayikwenziwanga. Kwakhona kunyanzelekile ukuba uqaphele umlinganiselo omncinci wophando olwenziwe, kunye nenyaniso yokuba ininzi yabo eyenziwa ngabaqashi-abavolontiya.
Ziziphi iimpawu zombane wamanzi?
Kutheni sifuna ukuwafunda? Njengoko kuthethwe ngaphambili, iimpawu zentsimi yombane ziyi-voltage, amandla kunye namandla. Ebomi babantu abaqhelekileyo abantu abaqhelekileyo, le parameters ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa impembelelo enkulu. Kodwa xa kukho imibuzo malunga nento ekufuneka yenziwe into enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi, ke ungayifaki ingqalelo - i-luxury inadmissibility. Inyani kukuba inani eligqithisileyo leenkcukacha zekhompyutha (okanye amandla abo angaphezulu) likhokelela ekubeni kukho ukuphazamiseka ekuhanjisweni kwempawu zeteknoloji. Oku kukhokelela ekuphazamiseni ulwazi oludlulisiweyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oku akuyona yodwa ingxaki yale hlobo. Ukongeza kwingxolo emhlophe yeteknoloji, iindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zekhompyutha zingathintela kakubi umsebenzi womzimba womntu. Kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba ionismzation encinci yegumbi iyaqwalaselwa njengento, kuba igalelo ekukhuliseni uthuli kwiindawo zokuhlala kwabantu. Kodwa ukuba ukhangele iindlela ezininzi ezihlukeneyo (iifriji, ii-televisions, iibilisi, iifowuni, iinkqubo zombane, njl njl.) Zihlala emakhayeni ethu, ngoko sinokugqiba ukuba oku, i-alas, ayiyiluncedo kwimpilo yethu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iziganeko eziphantsi zemithombo yamanzi ayinakuyingozi kuthi, kuba umntu sele ejwayele ukukhanya kwelanga. Kodwa kunzima ukuthetha nge-electronics. Ngokuqinisekileyo, awuyi kukwazi ukuyeka konke oku, kodwa ungaphumelela ukunciphisa impembelelo embi yamasimandla emzimbeni womzimba. Ngenxa yoko, ngokwaneleyo, kunelungelo lokusebenzisa imigaqo yokusebenzisa ngamandla iteknoloji ngamandla, oku kuquka ukunciphisa ixesha lokusebenza kwezixhobo.
Isiphelo
Sihlolisise ukuba bunjani ubungakanani bendawo yombane, apho kusetyenziswa khona, yintoni inokuphuhliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabo kwimihla ngemihla. Kodwa ke ufuna ukufaka amagama ambalwa okugqibela ngesihloko. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba banomdla kwinani elikhulu labantu. Enye yeendlela eziphawulekayo kwimbali yayisisunguli esidumile saseSerbia uNicolai Tesla. Wakwazi ukuphumelela ngempumelelo kule nkalo ngokubhekiselele ekuphunyezweni kwesicwangciso, kodwa, hayi, kungekhona ngokusebenza kwamandla. Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho umnqweno wokusebenza kulolu hlobo - kukho ezininzi ezingenakufunyanwa.