I-Cathedral Square ye-Moscow Kremlin: isicwangciso, umzobo, inkcazo, imbali kunye nesithombe. Uphi iCathhedral Square?

I-Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yindawo ekhethiweyo yesikhumbuzo semvelo. Ixesha eliphambili lokubunjwa kweqela elihle-iXV-XVI leminyaka.

Kwenzeka njani konke

Ukuqiniswa kwezoqoqosho kwiMongameli yaseMoscow yazimisela ukuqala kokwakhiwa kwamabandla anamandla kunye namathredrals. Iikhomishana zikaDmitriy Donskoy no-Ivan Kalita zalela ukwakhiwa kweetempileni, ezaza emva koko zazimisela isakhiwo kunye nokubunjwa kwendawo. Ngelishwa, izakhiwo zangaphambili azizange ziphile. Ngethuba lolawulo luka-Ivan weThathu, amatempile amatsha awakhiwe kwiindawo ezifanayo, ofanelekileyo kwinkunzi enkulu yaseburusiya.

Nika into

Ukususela ekuqaleni kokubonakala kwayo, iCathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yayisetyenziselwa imikhosi eyahlukeneyo. Emishadweni yokulawula, ukulungiswa kunye neentsuku zeeholide ezinkulu zeeonto, imisebenzi emikhulu yahlelwa kwintsimi yayo. Indawo kwindawo yesango leCandelo eliPhezulu lalijoliswe kwingqungquthela yentlanganiso yamazwe angaphandle. Isikwere sasiwela ngaphaya kokulila ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela yokukhusela yabaphathi-patrari, ii-metropolitans, ookumkani kunye nezikhulu.

I-Cathedral Square eMoscow ngekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo elinesithoba elinesibhozo ayizange ibe yinto evuliwe ngamatye ayenziwe ngamatye. Kwiminyaka emininzi kwiminyaka yeshumi elinamashumi amabini inqunywe. Kwindlela yokuvuselela ngo-1955, le ndawo yaphinda ihlanganiswe ngamatye.

Izinto ezingasindanga nanamhla

I-Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yaguqulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ekuqaleni, izakhiwo ze-perimeter zakhiwe emthi. Omnye wabo wahluleka ukusinda kwimizila eqhubekayo emlilweni, abanye bavele bawa, emva koko bamisela amatsha kwindawo yabo. Phantse zonke iitempile, ngoku zimi kwiCathedral Square, zazingaphambili. Iyona edume kakhulu kwizinto ezingekho nto zikhona iCawe yoKuDlukiswa, iTempile ye-Solovki Wonderworkers, i-Archangel, i-Annunciation kunye ne-Assumption Cathedral, i-Old Patriarch Chambers.

Kwakukho izakhiwo ezonakalisa okanye zonakalise kakhulu iintshaba. Kwaye kwakukho ngexesha leengxaki ezinkulu (unyaka we-1612) kunye nokuhlasela kweBonaparte (unyaka we-1812). Ngokomzekelo, xa amabutho aseFransi abuyela kwi-capital, isihlomelo esiyingqayizivele seFilaretov ku-Ivan i-Great Bell Tower yabhujiswa. Kwakukuphela isithuba esifanayo esilindele i-three-span belfry eseduze. Icawa yaseSt. John yeLadder ayizange igcinwe. Yakhiwe ngummiselo ka-Ivan Kalita ngo-1329. Isakhiwo sasiyi-octagon kunye neentsimbi zeentsimbi, ezikwindawo yesibini. Kwagqitywa nje ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu ngenjongo yokukhulula intsimi yokwakhiwa kwensimbi yentsimbi ngokuhlonipha u-Ivan Omkhulu.

Ukubonakala kobugcisa beetempile ezakhelweyohlukahluka njengoko kufuneka ngexesha. Ezinye izakhiwo zongezwa ngezahluko ezitsha, iincwadi zemiqolo kunye nezinye izinto.

Iimpawu zendlela yokwakha

I-Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin (ifoto ifakwe kwinqaku) ineempawu ezithile eziqhelekileyo kwizikolo zokwakha zase-Vladimir-Suzdal kunye noPskov. Masters bamenywa ukusuka kumaziko amabini aseburhulumenteni baseRashiya, xa kwakhiwa iicawa kunye namathredrals, kungekhona nje ukuthobela iindlela zobugcisa, kodwa kwazisa ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwecawa yaseRopopolozhskaya okokuqala ngqa wenza ipodklet ephezulu. Isikolo saseSckov sineempembelelo enkulu kwi-design design of the facades. Ngoko, kwiitempile ezininzi kunokwenzeka ukubona izibhande, izibhanti zemihlobiso kwiigubhu zendlu, abagijimi, inketho emithathu yokuqedqa amaqhekeza. Ngokuphathelele isikolo saseVladimir-Suzdal, impembelelo yaso yayibonakala kakhulu xa ukuhlobisa i-Assumption Cathedral (iifestile ezincinci kunye nebhanti edibeneyo kwi-apses).

Isitayela esitsha

Ngenxa yesistim sezinto ezibalaseleyo zezikolo ezimbini zokwakhiwa kweemfuno zengingqi, ngekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu inqanaba lokuqala laseMoscow lavela, uphawu lwesakhiwo sokwakha izitye, esagqityiwe sonke-isiRashiya. Kwaye yahlukelwa yi kokoshniks enokwakheka kwinqwelo, kwiindawo ezikhulayo, eziphakanyisiweyo eziphambili kunye neengqungquthela. Ngelo xesha, idonga eliphambili ledome lalibhekiselele ngokucacileyo kwiphondo elisempuma yesandi sakhiwo.

Iindlela zengxande

Kwexesha elithile iCathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yakhiwa phantsi kweempembelelo ezinzulu zokwakhiwa kwe-Italia Yokuzalwa. Nangona into eyamema abacebisi belizwe lasemzini bazama ukuhambelana nezindlela zemveli zokumisela izakhiwo zamatye eRussia, ukuyilo lwezobugcisa zezakhiwo ezithile (i-Archangel Cathedral, iConeted Chamber kunye nabanye) iyahluke kwizinto eziqhelekileyo zakhiwo ze-Florentine. Phakathi kwabo, ukuyila kweefestile kunye ne-tympanum, kunye nemigangatho. Umzekelo, uBon Fryazin okokuqala ngqa baseRussia basebenzisa izixhobo zetsimbi kwinkqubo yokwakha. Emva koko, le nto ibonakala ingabalulekiyo inqanda ukuwa kweentsimbi zentsimbi ye-Ivan Omkhulu xa izama ukuyivuthela ngo-1812.

Ncinane malunga nabakhi bezakhiwo

Ngelishwa, kumaphepha ekhulwini leshumi elinesihlanu, kungekhona amagama amaninzi agcinwa, ngenxa yokuba iNtledral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yabonakala kuye. Kwiingxelo ezilandelwayo zikaKrivtsov kunye no-Myshkin - iinkokheli zabakhandi bezakhiwo ze-Crakov, zenza ukwakhiwa kwecawa ye-Annunciation kunye necawa yeRobbe.

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabakhi bezakhiwo, abavela kwamanye amazwe baqala ukumenywa eMoscow. Omnye weengcali zokuqala zase-Itali zaseAristotle Fioravanti. Wawongamela inkqubo yokwakha i-Assumption Cathedral. Ukwakhiwa kweChamberly Faceted Chamber yenziwa nguMarco Fryazin kunye noPeter Antonio Solari. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithandathu, ukwakhiwa kwe-Assumption Cathedral kwakukhokelwa ngu-Aleviz Novy.

Into eyimfihlelo yamakhosikazi aseItali abizwa ngokuba nguBona Fryazina. Ngokuphathelele ubomi bakhe kunye nemisebenzi akukho phantse ulwazi. Wayelawula ukwakhiwa kweelwimi ezimbini zokuqala kwi-Ivan the Great's bell tower. Kwenzeke ngo-1505-1508. Icala lakhe laqhutyelwa nguPetrok Maly - naye ongumTaliyane. Wasebenza kwiindawo zokwakha ze-Kremlin iminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe (ukususela ngo-1522), ubuchule bakhe obuphezulu kunye nesimo siqinisekisa ubungqina bombumbi wezakhiwo. Ukuqatshelwa okunjalo kunokuziqhayisa ngamanye amaTaliyane kuphela - iSlari kunye ne-Aleviz entsha.

Ixesha langoku

I-Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin ibonakala njani namhlanje ? Isikimu sokudibanisa , ngokuqinisekileyo, sitshintshile ngaphezulu kwexesha. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iimbali-mlando, i-restorers kunye nezinye iingcali zisebenze iminyaka emininzi ukubuyisela ukubonakala okubonakalayo kwizikhumbuzo ezininzi zenkcubeko kunye nembali. Okwangoku, iprojekthi evelele yeXV-XVI yeenkulungwane ivela ngaphambi kokubonga iindwendwe kuyo yonke inkazimulo yayo. Masiqwalasele ezinye zezinto zalo ngokubanzi.

I-Annunciation Cathedral

I-Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin (isicwangciso senxalenye esezantsi-ntshona sikhombisa oku) siyaziwa ngenxa yesikhungo esithathwe ngabaphathi be-Pskov ngo-1484-1489. Ukususela kokulawula kuka-Ivan weThathu kwaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe, i-Annunciation Cathedral yayiyonto yendlu yookumkani baseRashiya. Ithempeli, elithanjiswa ngumbumba wesihlanu, luyinto ehambelanayo kwindlela yokuqala yesikolo saseMoscow. Ngaphakathi kuyo unokumxelisa imizekelo yokuqhayisa imifanekiso yecawa yonqulo lwe-sixteenth century. Ngendlela ephikisayo yokucinga, iimbono malunga nomsebenzi weCawa yaseOrthodox eRashiya njengelungu eliza ngqo kwiByzantium.

I-Cathedral yeNtloko

Okwangoku, esi sakhiwo senza ingcwaba labalawuli abaninzi baseRussia. Itholakala kwicala elingasentla-mpuma kwendawo ephakathi. Imbonakalo yokuhlobisa itempile yayinempembelelo enkulu kwimigaqo yesikolo sase-Italiyali yokuHlaziya. Ihedareli eyayilungisiwe yayakhiwa kwisiza se-Archangel uMichael, owayesengozini enkulu yempileni (inkulungwane yeshumi elinesine). Isakhiwo sidibene kakuhle kunye neKremlin.

KwiCandelo leNkundla

Esi sakhiwo sasijoliswe ekuqhubeni iintlanganiso zeenkundla kunye nemikhosi emisiweyo. Yakhelwe phakathi kwe-1487 no-1491. I-Italiyali yakha iRuffo kunye no-Solari. Umhlobiso wesakhiwo esisempumalanga yesakhiwo kunye nokugqithwa kwesibhakabhaka kunye nokwakhiwa kweefestile ze-lancet zibangelwa yimpembelelo yezakhiwo zaseItali. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, u-Ushakov ngokwakhe watyhila iindonga zeNdlu.

Ivan Omkhulu weBell Belltower

Ingaphandle yesakhiwo yenzelwe ukufuzisela igunya elipheleleyo laseRashiya. Kwangexesha elide intsimbi yebell yayisakhiwo esiphezulu kwinqununu kwaye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo yenqaba yokulinda yaseKremlin. Yaba ngumgangatho xa ubeka insika enjalo-njengetempile kulo lonke elaseburhulumenteni.

I-Assumption Cathedral

Le yintloko ye-Orthodox e-Russia. Yakhelwe emva komzekelo wekontrare eVladimir. Iminyaka yokwakha - 1475-1479. Kwinqanaba elingaphakathi kwindawo ephakamileyo yamamitha angamashumi amane anesihlanu kukho umnqamlezo oboshwe. Kwiindonga zetempile abalawuli baseRussia babethelwa ngumbathiso kwaye abaphathi bama-Orthodox baphakanyiswa kwizinga. Namhlanje, oomatrika abaninzi kunye needolophu ezinkulu zeli lizwe bangcwatywa khona. Iholo eliphakathi eliqaqambileyo lathintela i-masters ezilikhulu lomsebenzi wabo.

Ndingafika njani?

Uphi iCathhedral Square? Iqela elikhethekileyo lifumaneka kwintsimi yaseMoscow Kremlin. Unokufika khona ngebhasi ye-6 okanye ngamabhasi e-trolley Nos. 1, 33 (ukuya kwibhasi lebhasi "iBorovitskaya Ploshchad"), kunye ne-metro (kwizikhululo "uAleksandrovsky Sad", "Borovitskaya", "Arbatskaya", " ULenin ").

Isiphelo

I-Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin (imephu edibeneyo ichazwe kwinqaku) yiprojekthi enkulu. Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu emininzi yembali, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ibe yindawo apho iziganeko zembali zentlekele zenzeka.