History of Lake izimvu kunye nemvelaphi yayo

Izimvu yenye bakaRafa amanzi endlwini kwiplanethi yethu. Akukho kwechibi ayinakuze ithelekiswe kuye ngokunzulu. Izimvu lube nesabelo enkulu oovimba behlabathi amanzi acocekileyo. enezityalo nezilwanyana zayo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. amanzi izimvu okumangalisayo ecocekileyo nengafihliyo. Imbali zophando chibi sele kuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane ngaphezu amathathu, ke, sihlale iimfihlelo ezininzi ezinxulumene ubudala bakhe ityala lemvelaphi.

nendawo

Lake izimvu ise emazantsi Eastern eSiberia, kumda ukuba yahlula ummandla yommandla Irkutsk kunye Republic of Buryatia. Eli chibi ibekwe engqongwe ematyeni neenduli ezibuhlazarha, ukanti imilo Crescent. Ubude bayo ngu-620 km, ububanzi isusela ukusuka 24 ukuya 79 km. Unxweme Eastern Etsolweni lengxondorha, ngaphantsi elide ngaphezu West. Le ndawo kwamanzi ifaniswa yemihlaba kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kuyinto 31722 km ^2. Kuba esi salathisi, i izimvu ibekwe yesixhenxe ehlabathini. amanye amachibi omkhulu Melika kunye Afrika kuphela udada oko kummandla phezu kwamanzi.

ukujula

Imbali wejoloji Lake izimvu yaba unobangela neempawu zalo ezahlukileyo. Uphando lwezenzululwazi kuqinisekisa ukuba eli chibi ngokunzulu ehlabathini. Kufuneka uthathe ingqalelo yokuba itafile yabo amanzi nomphakamo m 456 ngentla komgangatho wolwandle. Ophehlwa uhambo ushicilelo izotywe ubuninzi Lake ngo-1642 m ubunzulu. Ngoko ke, ubuninzi okude ukusuka kwindawo kumphezulu ukwakweli emazantsi 1187 leemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle. Eli nani rekhodi ikuvumela ukuba ziquka Lake izimvu kuluhlu lwe ezihlanjeni zinzulu ehlabathini. C kokuba kuthelekiswa kuphela Lake eTanganyika kumbindi Afrika nakuLwandle lweCaspian, ngokomthetho kugqalwa umzimba closed yamanzi, ngenxa yokuba akukho ukufikelela elwandle. Ubunzulu kunene 1000 m.

umthamo wamanzi

Imbali elide uphando izimvu thaca izimanga ezininzi. Kuye singqiniwe ukuba unawo oovimba ezininzi chibi ngamanzi amatsha ehlabathini. umthamo wayo 23615 km ^3. Oku malunga ne-20% ye-loovimba zehlabathi. Kuphela isixa oLwandle lweCaspian sidlula eli xabiso, kodwa ke amanzi kuwo ezinetyuwa, ngokungafaniyo idike. Imbali ukuvela nophuhliso enezityalo nezilwanyana kwelwandle ezizodwa wenze inkqubo ekhethekileyo eziphilayo. lake amanzi Fresh linikezela ntumbuluko esinqabileyo. Eli chibi yintshatsheli ehlabathini, hayi kuphela ubuninzi kodwa esemgangathweni.

feature amanzi

Nakule of Lake izimvu ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo ukufunda enezityalo nezilwanyana zayo. Kwathi kanti, amanzi eli chibi unetyala esimsulwa eyodwa enezityalo nezilwanyana zengingqi. Yonke le miba zeenkqubo yemvelo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye nempembelelo omnye nomnye. Lake amanzi kakhulu mpilo. Iqulethe isixa kakhulu izinto izimbiwa lichithakale kunye ukungcola organic. Nkqu ungcoliseko ezenzeka ngenxa zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, musa kungakhokelela ukonakala kakhulu umgangatho wamanzi. ayilwamkeli kuphuhliso lwamashisini kunye noshishino lokhenketho ilize ukuba urhulumente eziphilayo kwedike. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu alo bahlala kufutshane neyanamhlanje amanzi imveliso afunyenwe elebhu. Esinye sezizathu esimsulwa elihle yomphefumlo crustacean ngemikroskopu. Oku zezilwanyana ummeli adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali Lake zamanzi. iintlobo Crustacean yale mithi kwaye afunxa eziphilayo, ngokwendalo ohlambululayo amanzi kwedike.

hypothesis ingenzeka

Imbali imvelaphi izimvu ebangela impikiswano. Eli chibi ibekwe isitya esikhulu, Wabonakala ukwaphuka noqweqwe. Ukuvela izimvu ngenxa yezi zizathu ziitectonic plates. Abanye abaphandi ukubeka phambili inguqulo lweHo- akhiwa impefumlelwano iipleyiti ezimbini kumazwekazi - i yaseYurophu namaNdiya. Abanye bathi chibi ibekwe kwindawo le ukuguqula nandzu. Loo uhlobo uqweqwe discontinuity kwenzeka ngapha komda kwamacwecwe lithospheric. Ukongeza, kukho uyagwetyelwa okwanamhlanje esuka kwindawo imbono yenzululwazi, hypothesis malunga yimbonakalo nakujoliso olutsha na ongenawo ezibangelwa abalekela kumphezulu rock mlilo. Ngokutsho oluguqulelo, kwaba unobangela emikhumbini ukunqamka okunokwenzeka.

Iimbambano malunga ngembali ngemvelaphi Lake zamanzi uyaqhubeka. Noko ke, ukwanda ziintshukumo zenyikima kulo mmandla ushiya Akukho mathandabuzo mayela nohlobo ziitectonic plates ye imbonakalo emanzini.

yobudala

Ngokutsho oososayensi abavumelani kakhulu malunga ubude kwimbali Lake zamanzi. Inguqulelo yemveli ithi ukuba idike kukho abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-25 iminyaka. Le hypothesis iphakamisa ethile amathandabuzo. Ngokuqhelekileyo amachibi ezigcinwe kwimo yalo yantlandlolo ayikho ngaphezulu kwe 10-15 eliwaka. Emva koko, ngenxa sokuzuza emazantsi isixa esikhulu ngodaka, they jikisa kumgxobhozo. Nanku umbuzo: kutheni, nangona izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka yembali izimvu awehlelwa efanayo?

Kukho enye kuguqulelo lwe ngokungangqalanga kuqinisekiswa yi kwezinye izifundo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, i Lake ubudala malunga 8000 eminyaka ubudala. ukungangqinelani umdla omkhulu phakathi neemfundiso bemveli kunye nezinye. Okwangoku, lo mbuzo yobudala Lake izimvu uvuliwe.

qhwa

Ehlotyeni amanzi echibini akuxhaswanga utshiwe ngaphezu kwe-10 ° C. Iqondo eliphezulu kuphawulwe ebudeni kwimbali yonke nimana kuma-23 ° C. Ebusika, amanzi ngumkhenkce phantse ngokupheleleyo esipilini. I ice ubukhulu egqitha-1 m, kwaye kwezinye iindawo inokuba ukuya ku-2 m. Ebusika, intlanzi chibi unesifo oksijini intswelo. Ngenxa kuneqabaka kakhulu kule ice neentanda iimitha eziliqela ububanzi. ubude yabo 10-30 km. Ngokusebenzisa sibange kwenzeka Ukwanda amanzi oksijini. Oku kugcina ekufeni inani elikhulu yeentlanzi. ukuqanda epheleleyo kwethuba chibi ngokuqhelekileyo ithatha ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya ngoMeyi. Lwabakhweli impahla yokukhangela iqala ngoJuni luze luphele ngoSeptemba.

Biota

Malunga nesiqingatha saliphilela iintlobo izimvu of eziphilayo zityalo azifumaneki nakwenye indawo apha emhlabeni. Oku kungenxa bodwa kunye nenkqubo yamandulo eziphilayo kwedike. Ngokutsho izazinzulu kuqikelelwa ukuba izilwanyana of Lake izimvu iqulathe kweentlobo-2,600. Isizathu soku ilele ukwahluka oksijini xi eliphezulu emanzini. Oku kwenza elwandle indawo yokuhlala entle kubo bonke zasendle. Ubukho isixa esikhulu mpilo ngisho kubunzulu ezinkulu.

Iintlanzi ezihlala echibini yeyona idumileyo zamanzi omul. Waba uhlobo uphawu kwedike. column Water ahlale amakhulu kweentlobo flatworms, molluscs ezineqokobhe. Emazantsi kukho iziponji egubungela emaweni excrescence okuqinileyo. Bathi zinika indawo enhle ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo.

zokuhlala

Imbali kuphuhliso izimvu waqalisa malunga kwi BC kwinkulungwane II. Sisihlandlo sokuqala eli chibi uqulathwe-ngqangi yaseTshayina yaloo xesha. Ngokutsho zakudala, kwiminyaka 3000 eyadlulayo, ummandla izimvu kwakuhlala izizwe Mongoloid, lusungulo Evenk. KumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni emazantsi eSiberia ubuzwe, nto leyo ke imithombo ezibhaliweyo Chinese wabizwa ngokuba "guligan". abameli balo Sizibandakanye iinkomo kufuywe nezolimo, bakwazi lengca iintsimbi. Kwinkulungwane XVII ukusekwa Buryat uhlanga nezizwe Mongolian abaye bafudukela kumzantsi eSiberia ukuya ngasentshona.

Imbali Russian ngexesha lokufunyanwa Lake izimvu edibene igama Cossack Kurbat ivanov. Le hambo phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe bafika chibi ngo 1643. Afunyenwe iingxelo karhulumente tsarist malunga ubutyebi mmandla kwangaphambili uphuhliso ngakumbi imbali Lake zamanzi. Ngokufutshane chaza chibi ngo 1665, umbingeleli odumileyo uHabhakuki, abo batyelela Ugu endleleni yakhe ekuthinjweni.

uphando

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII kwakukho iimaphu Lake zamanzi. Ngokomyalelo Peter I eSiberia ndathunyelwa uhambo yenzululwazi ikhokelwa ngugqirha Daniel Messershmitdom. Waba umthombo wokuqala inkcazelo enokuthenjwa edikeni nakwimimandla ekufutshane apho. Igalelo lakhe ekufundweni Lake izimvu ukuba izazinzulu aba yinxalenye Great Northern qembu ekhokelwa yi Vitus wethu. Benza inkcazelo eneenkcukacha elwandle yaye siqokelele ubutyebi ulwazi malunga enezityalo nezilwanyana zayo.

Isikhululo lokuqala zemozulu kwi izimvu yasekwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX. umsebenzi wabo ukuze aqhube esweni gqolo ukuhla iqondo lobushushu le amanzi echibini, kunye neenguqu kulo. Kuloo minyaka kwakhona waqalisa isifundo mphandle ezantsi.

sezulu

Ukongezelela kwezinye iimpawu ezininzi ezizodwa, izimvu idume iimeko zayo zemozulu engaqhelekanga. Lo mmandla Etsolweni lengxondorha, phambi nobunzima kakhulu amanzi echibini zinyibilike imozulu East yaseSiberia yezwekazi. Iqondo lobushushu lomoya edikeni endhawini uzinzile. Ihlobo kummandla wonxweme, nge-avareji ezipholileyo ngaphezu kwiindawo ezisingqongileyo, yaye akukho kuneqabaka kakhulu ebusika. Kuba izimvu kwemozulu uphawuleka ekwindla elide ibambezele ukuqala entlakohlaza.