History of chess

Njengezinye imidlalo wabonakala emhlabeni kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo, ichess kokusungulwa ixesha elide eyadlulayo. History of itshesi, yi ezinye iingxelo, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama namawaka amathathu.

yobudala ntiyiso akukho namnye unako ngokuthembekileyo abekwe. Ngokutsho kwenye ntsomi abadumileyo kwimbali chess yaqala 1000 BC. e:. umlawuli ukuba omnye basungula Indian yezibalo omkhulu, ngubani wothulelw ulwakhiwo kunye nokuvulwa amanani isidanga. Ekuqaleni, lo mdlalo kwafuneka ukuba badlale ezine niwachithe onke yaziingceba ngumdlali welinye icala, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha iye aguqula kancinane, waza waqalisa ukudlala chess ukuze abadlali ababini.

Imbali ichess laqhubeka lisanda kulo lonke India yamandulo. Sele kunyaka 600 BC Bona ezikhankanywe kule mihobe basePersi. Arabhu ziye lugqibelele lo mdlalo. Ophumelele kwakujongwa lowo wabeka utshaba "ukhuko" - imeko emdlalweni, xa inani le "uKumkani" akukho ayisenawo ngesibetho free. Ezinye nokusasazwa kwalo mdlalo yengqondo yaqhubeka iinkulungwane eziliqela ehlabathini lonke. Imbali ichess eYurophu waqalisa kwi-owuva I. N. e., xa amaSilamsi babazisa eSpeyin. Ngaphezu koko, lo mdlalo yanwenwela eItali, France kunye Portugal. The Catholic Church akathandanga ukuba itshesi, yaye ixesha elide awawisa kubo. Iphuculwa Nangona intshutshiso ecaweni, baqhubeka ekuhambeni kwazo lobungangamsha ehlabathini jikelele kunye. Kukholelwa ukuba yi-X V apha. n. e. akufunda ukubonakala kwazo mihla. Imbali ichess eRashiya waqalisa ngethuba kuphangwa Tatar-Mongol, nkqu IX - X eminyaka n. e., yaye kamva zazisoloko nayo bevela ePoland. ibandla Russian wavalwa yonke imihla, umdlalo wechess, kodwa ngenkulungwane X VII ukuba wadlala izidwangube kunye abefundisi phantse yonke Russia.

Igama elithi "chess" ekuqaleni livela kwigama wasePersi "shah" (King), kunye yamandulo Arabic elithi "ukhuko" (wafa). Emva yimbonakalo chess eYurophu, iincwadi ezininzi zibhaliwe ngale game theory yayo. imithetho ngokomthetho mihla wechess zahluke kancinane kwabo apho wadlala umdlalo kwiminyaka 500 eyadlulayo.

umdlalo chess - ukhuphiswano apho okhuphisana amabini imithetho ethile nayo yisa iinyama ebhodini cell-64 kunye izikwere abamnyama nabamhlophe. Eyona abasingethe ngohlobo lwayo leyo eye yazibonakalisa wexesha le chess zakudala. Imithetho yalo mdlalo athathiweyo fide (World Itshesi Federation). Uninzi zokhuphiswano zezizwe ngezizwe omisiweyo Imithetho 2004 ezinyanisekileyo Congress 'ngayo wechess. " Ngokutsho kwabo, u endle wechess yebhodi ekuthiwa amhlophe namnyama. Ngako oko abachasi ukudlala iziqwenga itshesi (mnyama) imibala amhlophe namnyama. iibhodi umfanekiso eprintiweyo ekuthiwa chess umzobo. Ibhodi khuphiswano ibekwe kwiphiko lasekhohlo intsimi ikufutshane umdlali ngamnye, kwaba emnyama. umqolo ngqo longitudinal weeseli (fields), isiqalo nesiphelo kwi ngokugqithileyo (kumda) amasimi, ubizwa ngokuba nkqo. umqolo ezinqamlezayo kwamabala kuthiwa tye. A Inani kwamabala, ukubamba kuphela koqoqo, ebizwa oxwesileyo. series eziliqela kwiinkalo ohlanganisa ogama amaziko idityaniswe ingxenye eyodwa umgca othe ngqo kuthiwa umgca azizikweri.

Zonke iinyama chess igama labo, isikhokelo intshukumo kunye kwindawo yokuqala. Uhamba abhalwe kunye nemithetho ethile kunye nemiqondiso uhlobo lwesicatshulwa, ekuthiwa wechess notation. Zonke iinyama bangamalungu omnye iintlobo ezintandathu, nganye eneyazo iimpawu zayo, nto leyo azibonakalisa intshukumo yabo. Abachasi ekuqaleni komdlalo ngamnye iziqwenga-16. iseti epheleleyo olunye-umbala: King, uKumkanikazi, 2 indlovu kunye ihashe, ehlasela 2, 8 pawns. amanani umbala emiswe ngeqashiso. Indawo yokuqala eengoma chess usoloko umnye, kwiinkalo ezithile. Fields kunye namanani ekuthiwa exakekile, kwaye ngaphandle kwazo - free. Ezi pawns abasendleleni amasimi-2 no-7, tye; rook - emasimini kwikona ngeenxa - amahashe nangesemva - iindlovu. Queens ezibekwe kwiinkalo D1, d8, nookumkani - to E1, e8.

Kuba naluphi na Umdlali ichess kunokwenzeka omnye amaqela amathathu iziphumo: ilahleko, ukuzoba, ukuphumelela. Xa kokufaka i welinye icala eliphumelelayo ibhengeze isiphukuphuku "ukhuko", ngexesha draw uvakaliswa "ukuxinga."

theory ichess umzimba uphela ulwazi malunga nemithetho kunye awohluke ngulo mdlalo. Sihlola meko nganye kunye neengcebiso zonyuselo namanani ekujoliswe kulo. Ngaphandle ukufunda imfundiso wechess akunakwenzeka ukuba ukufunda ngokucokisekileyo lo mdlalo uze wenze ibe yimpumelelo.