Abantu abadumileyo - oobani noobani ke? Abantu abadumileyo kwenkulungwane ye-19

Namhlanje, ingcamango "yabantu amanene" uye waba historicism. Kwaye kanye kwaba sisiqinisekiso bayahlelwa lomntu. Oku kunceda ukuphumeza kwizikhundla eziphezulu kurhulumente lokufumana osisityebi ikhazi, impumelelo, ubutyebi, kunye nokuhlonipha abanye.

Esiza kuxubusha ngayo kweli nqaku elifutshane, bonke abantu amanene. Ziziphi iingenelo ababenalo? Ziziphi iimbopheleleko baye abantu eziphawulekayo? Kwaye siphendu- kwimbali Russia ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Igama elithi "enhle"

Abantu basoloko baphathwa ezinye iindidi yoluntu. Ngoobani sathiwa silinene? izichazi Modern chaza intsingiselo ezahlukeneyo ilizwi. Kukho ukutolikwa zembali nowangoku. Ukususela ngokombono imbali, kokwabo kwintsapho yeengcungcu. Modernity yokuba aba bantu, edume ngokwemeko yazo (isichazi-SI Ozhegova kunye DN Ushakov).

Kakade ke, abanomdla intsingiselo yokuqala yeli gama 'nengqondo "thina. Abantu kubo ungenza isicelo ingqiqo - uhlobo kuluntu elite. Eyona lisahlulayo ilungelo labo ukudlulisela impumelelo yabo ilifa. Ngaloo ndlela, abantwana ilifa kuphela impahla abazali, kodwa izihloko zawo, ngamanye amazwi, iinkonzo zentlalo kunye nelungelo lokusebenzisa kubo.

beningazi njani?

Ezinawo iingangamsha yabunjwa kufikelela umva njengoko uluntu yamandulo, ukunika impembelelo yawo ulawulo karhulumente. Yena ugcina ukubaluleka kwayo bamandulo, oko baphulukana kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19. uluntu Modern ayisekho uyayixabisa basebukhosini njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili (nangona basebukhosini ngasentshonalanga igcinwe ngeziqu zabo kunye nezikhundla). Le imeko kungenxa yokuba namhlanje kubalulekile baphiwe iminyanya umntu, yaye ngokuzithandela kwaye ukukwazi ukuba athathe isikhundla esiphezulu eluntwini.

Umntu othile olinene kwi ubudala monarchism

Nokugqama eliphezulu yeengcungcu wafikelela ngexesha neNgonyama yaba inkqubo yezopolitiko ngokubanzi. Xa ihlabathi weRiphabliki, kwaba ngoko ukuba amandla yabantu basebukhosini baqala ukuncipha kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba inkosi ngokwaso kukho umntu ephakamileyo ngokwaseburhulumenteni, yena ke igosa lakomkhulu wokuqala kweli lizwe.

Isiseko ingcamango kobukhosi kunye ngabafo lobuntshatsheli kwingcamango yokuba amalungelo zikarhulumente ningabantu abanyuliweyo, umthanjiswa kaThixo, awathi uThixo uyiphathisiweyo ukulawula. Nabakhulu, ukubonisa ulawulo umsebenzi wokongamela abantu abaqhelekileyo, baya kugqitha phezu abantwana benu, njani kunyulo efanayo. Ngapha koko, nabo wakhetha iNkosi, wazithi azalwe yintsapho nozise amanene.

Hi ndlela leyi, sizimisele ukuba ukwazi iimpawu ezahlukileyo kumazwe awahlukeneyo waseYurophu naseRashiya. Yaba anobukroti wamajoni, ukukwazi ukuba bakhonze inkosi yakhe, ubutyebi eziphathekayo njalo njalo. ngcembe imali ngophakathi lithathelwe indawo bonke abanye, kwaye ekuqaleni ixesha unxulumano nkulu baqalisa ukuba ezixabisa ngaphezu zonke iintlobo izibizo amanene.

Wohlanga e Russia kwinkulungwane ye-19

Ngoobani bona, Amanene kwenkulungwane ye-19? ngabafo Russian yahlulwa iindidi ezimbini eziphambili: abucala njengelifa. Loo yesibini ukwazi ixesha. Oku kuquka zonke iintsapho odumileyo Russian yeengcungcu, abanye babo bahlala imbali yabo Rurik (ngabafo endala), yaye inxalenye mantshontsho Petra Velikogo (yezikhulu eyona).

Emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, la maqela mabini elite abachasene omnye komnye. On yezikhulu njengenkqubo serviceman wayekholose Pet Veliky, njengoko ngokungafaniyo kwisahlulo sakhe wonqena yaye zibandakanyeke kwiingxwabangxwaba kunye nempahla yabantu basebukhosini endala Russian. Noko ke, ukuze bonke ingatshintshwa nge ebukumkanini uCatherine Omkhulu, lowo waya kwetrone, inkululeko ngeenxa kwilifa amanene eRashiya, bamkhulula kwinkonzo esisinyanzelo kurhulumente. Ukususela ngoko, ndaqalisa kwisigaba entsha kwimbali ungunyana wabanumzana Russian, leyo yaphela xa iziganeko ebuhlungu ngoFebruwari nango-Oktobha 1917.

usapho Russian wohlobo lwe ngenkulungwane ye-19

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 izidwangube Russian wangena, ebonisa nje 1.2% yabantu iyonke bukhosi. Baba abameli iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, nabanako ukwahlulelana ngokwamaqela eziliqela.

1. Stolbovoye izidwangube yamandulo - le ezinawo mdala iingangamsha. Oku kuquka inzala ka Rurik neenkosana enkulu neendlalifa aphantsi kweenjengele Golden ngubani watshintshela inkonzo Russian. Amagama aba bantu ibhalwe encwadini ekhethekileyo - iikholam, kungoko ke imvelaphi yegama.
2. Abantu abadumileyo kunye nezihloko. Le yinxalenye yabantu basebukhosini nako kuqhayisa yinganga, Count izihloko baronial, wazibeka ookhokho babo ukuba ngumbandela ekhethekileyo eli lizwe kunye geqe.
3. iingangamsha ilifa ukuhlonipheka ezifunyenwe yi ekufumaneni izinyanya zabo patent ezikhethekileyo ndirongo emkhosini okanye yoluntu ngempumelelo.
4. ngabafo kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo kuquka abameli begazi iqhotyoshelwe ithi Russian kunye nemimandla (Georgia, Ossetia, Armenia, njalo njalo).
5. izikhulu Personal, wafumana iwonga iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo, kodwa bengenako ukuba uyidlulisele komnye ziindlalifa zabo.

Inzuzo ezisetyenziswa eyahamba

Yintoni umhlaba olawulwa iingangamsha? Baya singanakho? enye AS Pushkin wabhala ukuba eRussia ilungelo impahla kunye nenkululeko ekhethekileyo phakathi okulungileyo aziingangamsha. Ukongeza, ukuba imali abantu emihle ube asethi ezininzi ilandelayo ikharektha:

• amafa kunye needolophana abantu ngamakhoboka imiphefumlo (ngamakhoboka ayengavunyelwa ukuba zibulale intando umnini, kwakunye uzithengise ngokwahlukeneyo kwilali yabo);
• izindlu zemizi kunye nezinye ezithengiswayo.

Ukongeza, kuba abantu nelungelo iye kakhulu umyalelo yeshishini, ababanga nako ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo, abaxolelweyo emkhosini (de 1874), kodwa ukuba ufuna ukuba likhuphe wangena le nkonzo amagosa (ngokuchasiweyo abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba wabaleka engama-25 umtya ngenkani), njl

Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba sibona ngabafo imvelaphi phambi kwexesha elithile kwilizwe lethu nakwihlabathi jikelele oko kuthetha lukhulu. Umntu othile olinene wayephakamile oontanga kwabo iiklasi elula uze ufumane iintsikelelo ebomini, apho abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba amaphupha kuphela.