XVIII - Yintoni na ubudala? Europe ngenkulungwane ye-18

Ngoko ke, ukuqala ukuphendula akukho umbuzo entsha khona ukuze abafundi abaninzi yaye hayi kuphela: "? XVIII - Yintoni le ubudala" Makhe sibone oko phandle kweli nqaku.

Imfihlelo yeendaba ezi amanani Latin, okanye impendulo yalo mbuzo: "XVIII - Yintoni na ubudala?"

Abantu badla bakhalazela ukuba neenyumerali baseRoma kubo intsonkothile kakhulu. Eneneni, akukho nto enzima apha. Yonke into ngokuxhomekeke logic eqondakalayo.

Ngoko, xa kunokwenzeka inani XVIII oko kuyimfuneko ukuze ziqonde, ukususela kwasekuqaleni. Ngenxa yoko, X - ngu ezilishumi. Ngako oko, inani mkhulu ngokucacileyo kwe-10, njengoko ukuya ngasekunene esingundoqo yonke imivo. Inyaniso yeyokuba xa saba inani IX, bekuya kuba 9 njengeyunithi kwi eliseleyo sisuswe 10. Ngoko ke, ziphandwa ngakumbi. I-V - yi-5, yaye inxalenye yokugqibela, ngokulandelelana, 3. Zonke izinto adityaniswe kwaye amanani ukulungele - 18 Kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye umbuzo, le XVIII - yintoni kwenkulungwane, kukho enye ubunzima. Yintoni unyaka kunganxulunyaniswa benkulungwane ye-18 --th 1750 kunye th-1829? Impendulo enye kuphela: 1750, ngokuba 1829 iya kuba kwinkulungwane yama-19.

Imbali ngenkulungwane ye-18. imfundo

Ngoku, xa sizicingele apho kwekhulu leminyaka, iza kugxila kwimbali yeli xesha. Masiqalise nesibakala sokuba Europe ngenkulungwane XVIII, waba isiganeko elikhulu kwimbali yawo - yiEnlightenment. Eli binzana uyiqhelile kwabaninzi. Usenokuba uyazibuza: XVIII - yintoni leminyaka, kodwa asinako ukwazi iimpawu isenzeko. Wonke lizwe kwenzeka ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Kodwa yintoni eqhelekileyo yonke - na ukuwa feudalism.

Imfundo - inkqubo zendalo ekugqibeleni yaqala kunye kokuwa kwenkqubo feudal. It ithande ukuba umthetho humanistic sesikweni, wabona isiqinisekiso inkululeko nobomi obungcono. Imfundo into ayikho kuphela kuchaphazela uphuhliso ngokwengqondo Europe. It ngesibindi wagxeka iifom lixesha lixesha yobomi kunye nendlela yokuphila, ezigcinwe ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Iimbono eziphambili IsiNgesi yiEnlightenment

Ngenxa yoko, Locke wabalaselisa iimpawu yokuziphatha kunye namazinga, ngokuqwalasela imeko nesivumelwano zabantu. Wayekholelwa ukuba kuphela umlawuli yendalo lobudlelwane zokunxibelelana nabantu kunye lwasentlalweni ukuziphatha, iinqobo kunye nokuziphatha.

Babeza kusekwa, ngokutsho sobulumko, "yi acquiescence jikelele." Imbali kwinkulungwane XVIII echazwe ngokupheleleyo umendo elizayo uphuhliso kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka i-UK. Amanani British of yiEnlightenment wayekholelwa ukuba njongo - hayi, uyolo kuluntu Unoyolo ke umntu, ukuphakama buqu.

Locke Kwakhona wagxininisa ukuba bonke abantu bazalwa kunye iseti amagunya kunye nobuchule eziya kubanceda ukuba bafikelele phantse bonke. Kodwa rhoqo kuphela imigudu njengoko sobulumko yakholwa, kuba negalelo ekuqondweni bathembisa kulwakhiwo nganye. Kuphela iinzame zokudala kuza kunceda umntu ukuba baphumelele ebomini. Uzithetha nje ezo zinto, zobulumko British kwenkulungwane ye-18, ngokuchanileyo kakhulu wayiqonda imfuneko yoluntu ngelo xesha.

The French Ukukhanya

Mu kuya kwa nshita nezimvo IsiNgesi yiEnlightenment, Rousseau kuzisa kwisicwangciso kuluntu, kunokuba umntu omnye. Ngokutsho izimvo zakhe, uluntu ekuqaleni ephethwe onke amandla, kodwa ke oko kunikelwa amandla abalawuli, ukuze senze izinto zabo. Rousseau wayebalaselisa zorhulumente wentando yesininzi-republic. ukulingana Civil iya kufikelelwa kuphela xa bonke ummi ziya kuba nako ukuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo.

UMontesquieu, ke, umi ukuba inkqubo yezopolitiko yalo naliphi na ilizwe kwaye kufuneka ukuqhelana nemozulu, kunye unqulo kunye umlinganiswa abantu. Njengoko sobulumko iqwalasela indlela engcono luhlobo republic karhulumente. Kodwa, ibona kumazwe mihla ithuba ukuze bona, kunqumama neNgonyama siseko. Kulo mzekelo, irhuluneli ziya kunikwa kuphela kwisebe yesigqeba kunye yowiso - akhethwe ipalamente.