Ukubunjwa, Indaba

IMfazwe: neminyaka. Ihlabathi ngexesha IMfazwe. nkqubo angaphandle ngexesha Cold War

Ungquzulwano phakathi Union of Soviet Socialist kunye United States of America ubukho kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-40 yaye wabizwa ngokuba "IMfazwe". Iminyaka ubude balo kuqikelelwa yi mbali ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, sinako ngokuzithemba ukuba longquzulwano yaphela ngo-1991, kunye ekuweni USSR. IMfazwe washiya uphawu abayibo- kwimbali yehlabathi. Naluphi na ungquzulwano kwinkulungwane edluleyo (emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II) oko kuyimfuneko ukuba ingqalelo ngalo bemilo ye Cold War. Kwaba nje ukungavisisani phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Yaba ukruthakruthwano phakathi iingcamango ezimbini elichasayo, umzabalazo kogonyamelo phezu kwehlabathi.

Izizathu

Unyaka ekuqaleni Cold War - th 1946. Kwaba emva kokoyiswa ngamaNazi eJamani vu imephu elitsha yehlabathi kunye azinakuze elitsha ukubusa umhlaba. Uloyiso phezu Wesithathu kunye namahlakani ayo baya igazi enkulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kwaye ingakumbi eSoviet Union. ungquzulwano elizayo esicaciswe ngakumbi kwi Nkomfa Yalta ngo-1945. Kule ntlanganiso adumileyo Stalin, Churchill kunye Roosevelt bagqiba okumiselwe post-imfazwe eYurophu. Ngeli xesha, i-Red Army uyeza Berlin, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba avelise ekuthiwa-division of iinkalo impembelelo. amabutho yiSoviet, enongwe xa besilwa nommandla wayo, bayithwala ukukhululwa kwezinye kwabantu baseYurophu. Kumazwe ukuba aye ahlala Union, laseka kolawulo friendly yobusoshiyali.

kwinkalo

Enye yezi yasekwa ePoland. Kulo mzekelo, urhulumente Polish wangaphambili eLondon yaye ingqalelo ngokwayo osemthethweni. amazwe Western inkxaso, kodwa ke abantu abanyulwe yi-Polish Communist Party de facto leliya lizwe. Kwi Nkomfa Yalta, umba yi amaqela ingakumbi sibi ngazo. Kwakhona, iingxaki ezifanayo babonakala kwezinye iingingqi. Akhululwe ezizweni yamaNazi wadala oorhulumente zabo, ngenkxaso ye-USSR. Ngoko ke, emva kokuba uloyiso phezu Wesithathu ekugqibeleni eveliswe imephu ikamva Europe.

Kwibhloko iphambili kobokuqala Amanyeneyo yaqala emva kulwahlulo eJamani. osempuma imikhosi Soviet ahlala, i-German Democratic Republic enziwe. Northwest Territories, abawabelwayo Amanyeneyo, yaba yinxalenye Federal Republic of Germany. Phakathi koorhulumente ezimbini nangoko baqala feuds. Longquzulwano ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ukuvalwa kwemida phakathi West kunye East Jamani. Waqala ekulihloleni kwaye yokuhlaselwa.

US impiriyali

Kuyo yonke le 1945 anti-uHitler angalawuliyo sizana kuqhubeka ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo. Ezi zenzo transfer amabanjwa emfazwe (owazeka umfazi phezu amaNazi) kunye nobutyebi. Noko ke, kunyaka ozayo Cold War. Iminyaka exacerbation yokuqala kanye kwisithuba kwempi. Waba ekuqaleni yokomfuziselo intetho Churchill kule US kwisixeko Fulton. Ngoko kukho lingumlungiseleli yangaphambili eBritani, wathi utshaba eziyintloko West ubukomanisi eSoviet Union, leyo imele. Kwakhona Winston wabongoza ukuhlanganisa zonke iintlanga IsiNgesi-ukuthetha ukujongana "isibetho ebomvu". iingxelo inkanuko kungona kodwa kunokubangela impendulo eMoscow. Emva kwexesha elithile, iosif Stalin wamnika-ndlebe Iphephandaba "PRAVDA", apho wathelekisa nkqubo IsiNgesi lukaHitler.

Amazwe kwi IMfazwe: iibhloko ezimbini

Noko ke, nangona Churchill wayengumntu labucala, oko ebhalwe kuphela ikhondo oorhulumente Koloni. United States landa nempembelelo yayo ehlabathini. Oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngenxa imfazwe. kokusebenza kwawo zange yenziwe kumhlaba American (ngaphandle Japanese ekuhlaseleni eS). Ngoko ke, imvelaphi States yahlasela iYurophu uqoqosho noko olomeleleyo emkhosini. Esoyika ekuqaleni wotshintsho kwabantu (eziza kuxhaswa yiSoviet Union) ime emdeni wayo, oorhulumente nkulu baqalisa abaye badibane, eUnited States. Kwaba ngo 1946 kuqala weva ingcamango emkhosini NATO. Ukuphendula, iSoviet wadala unit yabo - ATS. Kwathi, kuse yokuba amaqela sele isicwangciso kuqaliswa umzabalazo wezigalo kunye nabanye. Xa kwicala Churchill yaba icebo imfazwe kunokwenzeka kunye eSoviet Union. Izicwangciso ezifanayo yaye eSoviet Union. Oko laqala amalungiselelo emfazweni zorhwebo kunye nemibono.

iingalo uhlanga

Omakhwapheni uhlanga phakathi kwamazwe amabini wayengomnye nesenzeko kakhulu ukutyhilwa okunyusileyo kwiMfazwe Yomlomo. Iminyaka ingxabano ziye kukhokelele ekuyilweni iindlela ezizodwa imfazwe leyo basetyenziswa namhlanje. Kwisiqingatha sesibini-40 eminyaka i-US waba luncedo olukhulu - izixhobo zenyukliya. I okuqala kunye zikhali ziye ezisetyenziswa ngexesha Second World War. Bomber "Enola Gay" iwise zibhubhisa isixeko Japanese ka Hiroshima, leyo equalized phantse kwi phantsi. Naso xa ihlabathi wabona amandla etshabalalisayo izixhobo zenyukliya oko. I-US baqala ukwandisa ngokubonakalayo isitokhwe zabo izixhobo ezinjalo.

Xa imeko ilebhu ekhethekileyo ngokufihlakeleyo zadalwa New Mexico. Ngokwesiseko inzuzo yenyukliya kunye nokwakha nezicwangciso-qhinga neentlobano elizayo ne-USSR. Tips, nto, waqalisa ukuba ngokubonakalayo inkqubo yayo yenyukliya. America babekholelwa ubukho nokudleka ngenxa uranium aphuculweyo, inzuzo enkulu. Ngoko intelligence esenza wakhupha onke amaxwebhu kuphuhliso kwezixhobo zenyukliya ukusuka kummandla Germany yisiwe 1945. Secret yasungulwa kungekudala isicwangciso "Dropshot". Olu luxwebhu qhinga, nto leyo Kujongwe loqhankqalazo enyukliya eSoviet Union. Ngokutsho iingxelo ezithile mbali, iinguqulelo kwesi sicwangciso Truman thaca izihlandlo eziliqela. Ngoko laphela ixesha lokuqala iminyaka Imfazwe Yomlomo, leyo aba bumuncu ubuncinane.

Union izixhobo zenyukliya

Ngowe-1949, i-USSR kuqhutywa ngempumelelo uvavanyo lokuqala ukuqhushumba yenyukliya kwisiza e Semipalatinsk, yintoni ngoko nangoko wathi onke amajelo eendaba Koloni. Dala RDS-1 (ibhombu yenyukliya) yenziwa becala Bulelani ukuba izenzo intelligence eSoviet leyo yayize kuquka umhlaba ucikido lwasekhusini Los Alamosse.

Olu luphuhliso olukhawulezayo izixhobo zenyukliya Kwaba yinto yokwenene eUnited States. Ukususela ngoku izixhobo zenyukliya yaba ndlela ingabizi engundoqo zongquzulwano ngqo zomkhosi phakathi kweenkampu ezimbini. Yayingaqali iHiroshima Nagasaki wabonisa ihlabathi ngamandla enkwantyisayo ka ezabo atomic. Kodwa yintoni unyaka lo kwiMfazwe Yomlomo yeyona ukrakra abanike ubomi?

Cuban lobunzima Missile

Kuyo yonke iminyaka Cold War, eyona intliziyo-kwanesandi kunye imeko ke ngo-1961. Ungquzulwano phakathi eSoviet Union kunye United States wehla embalini njenge "nokuqeqeshwa Missile Crisis". indawo bakhe elide ngaphambi kwale. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye ukutyalwa imijukujelwa yenyukliya US eTurkey. Imirhumo of "Jupiter" yalungiswa ukuze hit nayiphi ekujoliswe kulo kwinxalenye esentshona Russia (kuquka eMoscow). Le ngozi ayikwazanga kuphendulwa.

Kwiminyaka nje embalwa ngaphambi kokuba eCuba saqalisa revolution ethandwayo ikhokelwa yi Fidel Castro. Okokuqala, USSR akazange abone imibono qhankqalazo. Nangona kunjalo, abantu Cuban waphumelela abhukuqe le Batista urhulumente. Emva koko, amagosa US uthe akubanyamezeli ngaba urhulumente omtsha eCuba. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, phakathi eMoscow Liberty Island kwasekwa kubudlelwane obusondeleyo zokubonisana. Cuba iiyunithi Soviet wamajoni ngenqanawa.

Ukuqala ungquzulwano

Emva kokuba ukusasazwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya eTurkey, incwadi yesicelo wagqiba ukuba athathe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo ukulwa, ekubeni eli thuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukuphumeza lokwazisa imijukujelwa enyukliya eUnited States ukusuka kummandla Union.

Kwathiwa ke ngokukhawuleza liphuhlise ukusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo "Anadyr". Wempi yanikwa umsebenzi ukunikezela izikhali elide-uluhlu eCuba. Ngo-Oktobha, imikhumbi yokuqala zafika Havana. Oko laqala wayemenza pads. Ngeli xesha i-US hlola moya wenza moya phezu konxweme. AmaMelika wakwazi ukufumana kuqhume ezimbalwa iyantlukwano yamacebo okulwa, ogama izixhobo kwathunyelwa eFlorida.

Ukwenyuka

Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, i-US imikhosi exhobileyo wafuduselwa qwa eliphezulu. Kennedy kubanjwe intlanganiso likaxakeka. amagosa amaninzi aphezulu wabongoza umongameli ukuqalisa ngoko nangoko ukuhlasela Cuba. Kwimeko apho kukho uphuhliso enjalo, i-Red Army ange nangoko sungula enomjukujelwa-nuclear ugwayimbo kwi indiza. Oku kukhokelela kakuhle ukuya jikelele imfazwe yenyukliya. Ngoko ke, omabini amacala baqalisa ukukhangela izono kunokwenzeka. Ngapha koko, wonke umntu wayesazi imiphumo enjalo Cold War. Iminyaka ubusika yenyukliya neze nethemba engcono.

Le meko yaba nzima kakhulu, oko ngokoqobo ukutshintsha nangawuphi na umzuzu. Ngokutsho imithombo yembali, kweli xesha, Kennedy wada walala kwi-ofisi yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, amaMelika baye phambili mandikhethe - ukususa imijukujelwa Soviet ukusuka eCuba. Okulandelayo waqalisa kwafa yomkhosi wamanzi kwesi siqithi.

Khrushchev nayo intlanganiso efanayo eMoscow. iinjengele abaliqela eSoviet kwakhona waphikelela ukuba babanike loo nto bayifunayo Washington, yaye kwimeko apho amaMerika dudula. Umthwalo kweManyano inokuba ayikho Cuba, kodwa eBerlin elakuqondayo kakuhle White House.

"Black Friday"

Usongo olukhulu lezimangalo zenyukliya ehlabathini ngexesha IMfazwe yathotyelwa kwimeko nge-27 Oktobha, ngoMgqibelo. Ngale mini, i-American U-2 kwesimo indiza phezu eCuba waza wadutyulwa phantsi gunners anti-moya eSoviet. Kwisithuba seeyure yesehlo yaziwa eWashington.

Congress wacebisa umongameli ukuba ahlasele ngoko nangoko. UMongameli wagqiba ukubhala ileta eya Khrushchev, apho waphinda kwayo. Khrushchev waphendula kule leta kwaoko, ngokuvuma kubo, kutshintshiselwano njengesibambiso US ukuba ukuhlasela eCuba kunye ukususa imijukujelwa ezivela eTurkey. Ukuze umyalezo wafika ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka - isicelo senziwe ngalo kunomathotholo. Kule ntlekele enomjukujelwa Cuba yaphela. Ukususela ngoko ke ukwanda isimo siqala ukuba ukwehla kancinci.

ngxabano eceleni

nkqubo angaphandle ngexesha IMfazwe zombini iiyunithi waphawulwa yi hayi kuphela usukuzwano ukulawulwa imimandla, kodwa nzima ulwazi imfazwe. iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo babezama ukubonisa ihlabathi ukongama kwawo. EUnited States yayiyilwe yi edume "Radio Liberty", nto leyo yasasazwa kummandla eSoviet Union kunye namanye amazwe yobusoshiyali. Le njongo ichazwe ngentla apha yalo arhente iindaba yaba kumzabalazo wokulwa Bolshevism nolobukomanisi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba "Radio Liberty" isekho kwaye isebenza kumazwe amaninzi. ESoviet Union ngexesha IMfazwe nayo idale kwesikhululo efanayo, leyo usasaza kummandla mazwe nkulu.

Njalo umcimbi ebalulekileyo uluntu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane Eyokugqibela ingqalelo kwimeko Cold War. Umzekelo, lo moya va uYuri Gagarin kaThixo prepodneson elimiweyo ngoloyiso Socialist Yabasebenzi. Amazwe bachitha imithombo omkhulu ubuxoki. Ukongeza exhaswa kunye nenkxaso kwenkcubeko, kwakukho womnatha ezibanzi arhente.

umdlalo hlola

ZaseMelika agile ye IMfazwe ziye ngokubanzi kubonakala zobugcisa. INkonzo Secret waya ezahlukeneyo namacebo ube inyathelo elinye ngaphambi abachasi bakhe. Enye Kwiimeko ezininzi umxhelo - ngokusebenza "bavume," nto leyo ngakumbi njenge spyware ibali zokucupha.

Kwanasebudeni bemfazwe,-nzulu eSoviet Leo gama wadala samaza elikhethekileyo engadingi ukuba uyazihlaziya okanye umthombo wamandla. Yaba uhlobo kumatshini motion elingunaphakade kubo. isixhobo Ukumamela kuye ngokuba "Chrysostom". KGB ngokwemiyalelo lobuqu Beria isigqibo ukumisa i "Chrysostom" kwi laseMelika. Ukulungiselela le njongo yayiyilwe ikhaka yamaplanga kunye ingubo iingalo eUnited States. Ngexesha lotyelelo, unozakuzaku US kwimpilo yabantwana kweminquba "Artek" umgca amisiweyo yalungiswa. Ekupheleni oovulindlela wacula US umhobe wesizwe, kwaye ke yachukumisa Ambassador yanikezela ingubo ngamaplanga. Nabani suspecting iqhinga, abafake kwi-akhawunti yakho. Ngenxa kule minyaka eKGB 7 ukufumana ulwazi malunga onke emva kwengxoxo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo zivulelekile eluntwini nezisitheleyo, yaba okukhulu.