-X-reyi

-X ray esafunyanwa yi IVEKI Roentgen ngo-1895 yaye igama le X-reyi. Kule minyaka mibini izayo, isazinzulu inxaxheba kuphando lwabo. Ngeli xesha, owokuqala zadalwa neetyhubhu ze X-ray. Zezona mthombo oqhelekileyo radiation.

Kuye watyhila ukuba nzima X-ray bakwazi ukungena ezahlukeneyo izinto, kwakunye sithambile inyama yabantu. Into yokugqibela ngokukhawuleza wafumana isicelo amayeza.

Ukufunyanwa kwe-X reyi Ubanjwe ingqalelo izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke. Oku kulandelayo emva ifunyanwe, isixa esikhulu lomsebenzi izifundo zabo kunye nokusetyenziswa sapapashwa.

izazinzulu ezininzi wafunda iimpawu-X-reyi.

J .. Stokes kwangaphambili indalo yazo umoya, ozinzisiweyo ngokomfuniselo Charles eliseBarkley, ngubani wavula kunye nokwehlukana. yemvelo German Knipping, Friedrich, Laue diffraction kutyhilwa (i nesenzeko ezinxulumene ukutenxa zityalwe rectilinear). Ngowe-1913, i-elizimeleyo enye kwenye yaye Bragg Wolfe zafumana ubuhlobo elula phakathi kwamaza, diffraction-engile kunye umgama phakathi moya olukufutshane atomic kwi njengekristale. Wonke umsebenzi ngasentla yenza isiseko uhlalutyo X-ray noshowo. Ukusebenzisa spectra uhlalutyo iziqalelo izinto yaqala kwi 20. Ekuphuhlisweni isifundo kunye nokusetyenziswa radiation badlale indima enkulu Physico-Technical Institute, leyo yasekwa A. F. Ioffe.

Lo mthombo umqadi iqhelekileyo i tube X-ray. Nangona kunjalo, le mithombo ukuze izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ngabanye eqhumayo. Kanjalo ihlaba ngqo -X-reyi, kwaye neminye imitha nuclear (a-amasuntswana okanye electron) ikhupha imitha ngemibuzo le kwensimbi. Ityhubhu uba ngamandla radiation kakhulu mkhulu imithombo isotopic. Ngelo efanayo xesha, ubungakanani, iindleko, ubunzima evela kwimithombo isotopic ngaphantsi lee kunye ithumbu ufakelo.

Imithombo soft X-ray isenokuba synchrotrons kunye ngemoto elektroniki. Ngobunzulu radiation synchrotron kwi odolo ezimbini okanye ezintathu wukulu swinene ku tlula ityhubhu radiation kwi uluhlu kwindawo ethile.

Imithombo yendalo, eziqhuma-X ray ziquka Ilanga kunye nezinye izinto yonke.

Ukungqinelana indlela ingenzeka of amadlozi spectra ngokwabo kunokuba uphawu (walawula) kunye waziqhekeza (eqhubekayo).

Kwimeko yesibini, X-ray spectrum ekhutshwa yi amasuntswana ukuzila (icala) ngenxa inhibition yabo inkqubo yentsebenziswano kunye athom target.

Line mhlobo into eyenziwe ngenxa ionization atom kunye electron ejection ukusuka kwenye kweqokobhe ye atom. Le nto inokuba ngenxa kungquzulwano, kunye amasuntswana atom fast, umzekelo, kunye ovela (primary X-ray), okanye atom kukufakwa a photon (fluorescence X-ray).

ray Ukudibana ne lombandela ukudala isivamvo okuhambisana Absorption okanye ukusasaza. Le meko ibanjiwe kwimeko apho kukufakwa a photon kunye atom ikhala ngendlela enye yokuqala electron embilwini. Mhlawumbi ke kwenzeka nokuba utshintsho radiative kunye ukukhutshwa uphawu ezikhupha atom photon okanye ejection of a electron yesibini akutshintsho radiationless.

Phantsi kwimpembelelo i X-ray crystal nonmetallic (umz, Iliwa ityuwa) kwezinye iindawo kwi emkhusaneni atom of ion kwakhiwa, nokuba intlawulo eyongezelelweyo ezilungileyo, yaye phantse kubo kukho electron kwemfuneko.