Geology - inzululwazi ye yintoni? Yintoni na le zokuma? iingxaki Modern yokwakheka komhlaba

"Geology - indlela yobomi" - kungenzeka ukuba uxelele komhlaba, ephendula umbuzo malunga umsebenzi wakhe, phambi kokugqithela zome kwaye limbatshile amagama, echaza ukuba yokwakheka komhlaba - kwezesayensi malunga nesakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa komhlaba, imbali ukuzalwa yayo, ukubunjwa kunye nemithetho yophuhliso kanye ezingenakubalwa, yaye ngoku, yeha, "kuqikelelwa" ubutyebi ezibilinini yayo. Ezinye izijikelezi kwenkqubo elanga nayo into yophando zomhlaba.

Inkcazelo kwesayensi badla aqala kwimbali imvelaphi yayo kunye nokwenziwa kwanokuchithwa, engazi lutho yokuba ibali izele amagama ayicacanga kunye neenkcazelo, ngoko kuqala kwimfaneleko.

Amanqanaba zophando neznye

Iskim uqhelekileyo Ulandelelwano zophando, apho unako 'afunde' wonke umsebenzi yedeskthopi lujoliswe ekubhaqeni zezimbiwa (i-ISA), Luyimfuneko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Uphando zejoloji (ukuqulunqwa outcrops zamatye kunye namaqonga zejoloji), umsebenzi ukufuna , ingqondo, ubalo loovimba, ingxelo neznye. Ngokudubula, prospecting tona, neliya, Kakade, yahlulwe yaba ngamanqanaba, kuxhomekeke ububanzi bomsebenzi kunye ngokuphathelele ukufaneleka kwabo.

Ukwenza umsebenzi ezintsonkothileyo ababandakanyekayo umkhosi leengcali kuluhlu olubanzi yonke amakhono zejoloji, ezo ngokwenjenje komhlaba kufuneka babe ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kwinqanaba "kancinane yonke into," ngenxa yokuba lijongene umsebenzi ukuqulunqa lonke olu lwazi ezibanzi yaye ekugqibeleni bafika ukufunyanwa yedipozithi ( okanye ukwenza kube) njengoko yokwakheka - a isayensi ufunda izibilini emhlabeni kwindawo yokuqala ukwenzela uphuhliso lwezibonelelo kwezimbiwa.

Usapho of Sciences Geological

Njengezinye inzululwazi (physics, ibhayoloji, imichiza, ukwakheka, njalo njalo. D.), Geology imele iseti ziyadlelana ihlangene kunye nezinye iinkalo zenzululwazi.

Ngqo ezi zifundo zejoloji ziquka komhlaba jikelele nawommandla, mineralogy, zomhlaba, kubume, geochemistry, lithology, kwesayensi, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, yokuma zembali, crystallography, hydrogeology, yokuma zaselwandle, volcanology kunye sedimentology.

Xa isicelo, inzululwazi zejoloji ezinxulumene methodological, zobugcisa, ezoqoqosho kunye nezinye ziquka yokwakheka zobunjineli, ngezakhi, petrophysics, lomhlathi, ukuma, yokuma, iiminerali, Geophysics, inzululwazi umhlaba, geodesy, eliJongene, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, uluhlu esweni komhlaba, ulawulo lomhlaba, climatology, cartography, meteorology nenzululwazi esesibhakabhakeni series.

"Olunyulu", yokuma intsimi ngaphandle kolawulo olungqingqwa esichazayo, hlobo azibeka wegcisa imbopheleleko ethile yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko, ke ngoko, yokuma, baye ulwimi lwabo, efana nezinye izifundo zesayensi, ayikho ngaphandle philology, logic kunye neendlela zokuziphatha.

Ekubeni prospecting tona iindlela, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikude - phantse umsebenzi bengagadwanga, komhlaba kusoloko baboniswa ukuhendwa luluvo, kodwa thaca ngokuchanekileyo kakuhle ngokwamasiko okanye izigqibo, kwaye kunjalo, ngelishwa, kuyenzeka. "Impazamo" Iyingozi kunokukhokelela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ukuba zombini uphando kunye nemveliso, kwakunye ngokwemimiselo amalungiselelo kunye nezoqoqosho, ngoko ke, le komhlaba imane akukho ilungelo nenkohliso, ubugqwetha kunye imposiso ibe sapper okanye kugqirha.

Geoscience backbone wakha kuthotho oluneqela elinegunya (geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, yokuma yaye okunene kwesayensi kuquka zomhlaba, stratigraphy kunye yokwakheka historical), ebonisa lwemigangatho yabasemagunyeni ngokulandelelana ubuxhakaxhaka izinto nasekufundweni athom kunye iimolekyuli emhlabeni xa iyonke.

Nganye kwezi Sciences ezisasazwa branched kumacala ahlukeneyo, kwakunye yokwakheka ngqo iquka zomhlaba, stratigraphy yokwakheka zembali.

geochemistry

Ngenxa yale nesayensi iingxaki zokusasaza izakhi emoyeni, kunye nomaleko.

geochemistry Modern imbaxa lwamacandelo zenzululwazi, kuquka geochemistry lwengingqi, biogeochemistry kunye neendlela geochemical ukuhambahamba yesibambiso kwezimbiwa. Isifundo yokufunda kuzo zonke ezi nkalo ke imithetho yokufuduka lweziqalelo, iimeko zabo ukuzikisa ingqondo, ngokwahlukana kwakhona nokufumba-, kwakunye neenkqubo zazivelela na iindlela ingenzeka isiqalelo ngasinye okanye iimanyano iipropati ezininzi ezifanayo kakhulu.

Geochemistry esekelwe mihlaba kunye nesakhiwo atomic crystalline kweziyobisi data kwi thermodynamic parameters eziphawula yinxalenye eqweqweni okanye iqokobhe ngamnye, ngokunjalo iipateni jikelele eveliswa yi iinkqubo thermodynamic.

izifundo ingxaki geochemical ngqo yokwakheka - MPO angabonwa, ngoko ke umsebenzi wokuhlola phezu izimbiwa esikrwada ngaphambi kunyanzeleka ekhatshwa uvavanyo geochemical, iziphumo ezo zabelwe zibe uchithachitha ingxenye luncedo.

mineralogy

Esinye sezigaba eziphambili kwaye zindala nenzululwazi zejoloji, ukuhlola ihlabathi enkulu, entle, umdla kakhulu kwaye okuyimfihlakalo kwezimbiwa. Mineralogical izifundo, iinjongo, iinjongo kunye neendlela leyo zixhomekeke imisebenzi ethile yenziwa kuzo zonke izigaba prospecting kunye wokuhlola yaye ziquka uluhlu olubanzi iindlela zovavanyo zokubonwayo ubume izimbiwa ukuba Electron microscopy kunye X-ray uxilongo.

On ngokudubula ngezigaba, prospecting tona izifundo MPO ziqhutywa ukufumanisa yokucinga mineralogical kunye uvavanyo lokuqala ukubaluleka bobuqili iidipozithi ezinokwenzeka.

Ngexesha ukuhlola isigaba kunye nomsebenzi zejoloji kuvavanyo koovimba esikrwada kunye neeminerali non-ebuntsimbi yasekwa epheleleyo loqobo nelomyinge bezimbiwa nokubunjwa kwayo zokuqatshelwa ukungcola yingenelo kwaye kuyingozi apho data zithathelwa ingqalelo xa ukhetha i ubuchwepheshe okanye isiphelo malunga nomgangatho izinto ekrwada.

Ukongeza uphando olunzulu ukwakhiwa zeengxondorha, iinjongo eziphambili zezi isifundo lweepateni mineralogy izimbiwa indibanisela kwi nemibutho zendalo nokuphucula imigaqo systematics kweentlobo kwezimbiwa.

crystallography

Xa kuqwalaselwa njengenxalenye crystallography mineralogy, nekhonkco phakathi bendalo ezicacileyo, kodwa namhlanje yinto inzululwazi ozimeleyo isihloko kunye nophando zakhe iindlela zalo. Imisebenzi abakulo Crystallography uphando olunzulu isakhiwo, iimpawu zomzimba nezibonwa yonke le ziikristale ngexesha nokudaleka kunye neempawu yentsebenziswano kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwakunye ezenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo kwiimpembelelo zendalo ezahlukeneyo.

Science ziikristale liyohluleka ngo crystallography physicochemical ukuba izifundo neepateni ukubunjwa kunye nokukhula ziikristale, ukuziphatha kwabo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke imilo kunye nesakhiwo kunye crystallography zejiyometri, ezo ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho zejiyometri elawula imilo kunye wolingano yikristale.

zomhlaba

Zomhlaba yenye izihloko ezingundoqo komhlaba lowo ufunda isakhiwo kwesikhoko ngokoMthetho lwesakhiwo, iimpawu lasungulwa kunye nophuhliso sizoku lwisana kwezindululo multiscale, deformations, iziphene kunye dislocations ezibangelwa iinkqubo ezinzulu.

Tektonika yohlulwe zemimandla, noshowo (morphology), lwembali isicelo namasebe.

ulwalathiso Regional usebenza izakhiwo ezifana amaqonga, iipleyiti, iibhodi, isongiwe yodwa mmandla misinga kweelwandle neelwandlekazi, uguqule iziphene, ummandla ingxabano kunye t. D.

Ngokomzekelo, isicwangciso lommandla zesakhiwo ziitectonic plates, nto leyo luphawulwa yokwakheka of Russia. Inxalenye yaseYurophu weli lizwe kubekwe eqongeni East-Yurophu, eyakhiwa kwintabamlilo Precambrian kunye namatye aguquka-imilo. Indawo ephakathi Urals kunye Yenisey ise eqongeni West yaseSiberia. Ukusuka Yenisei ukuya Lena akunika Siberian Platform (Central Siberian Plateau). Le ndawo esongiweyo thaca phambene-Mongolian, Pacific nebhanti ngokungaphelelanga Alpide.

zomhlaba Morphological kuthelekiswa nezifundo zommandla nesakhiwo esiphambili ekwizinga eliphantsi.

History of the imvelaphi kunye nokusekwa iintlobo ezisisiseko iintlobo noshowo elwandle kunye amazwekazi kwi Geotectonics imbali.

indawo Ukusetyenziswa zomhlaba ezinxulumene kunye nokuchongwa regularities yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ISA ngokunxulumene neentlobo ezithile zezakhiwo morphological kunye neempawu uphuhliso lwabo.

I "Mercantile" iziphene ingqiqo zejoloji umhlaba ngamandlakazi zithathwa namajelo rudopodvodyaschie kunye imiba ekrwada-ukulawula.

kwesayensi

Meaning ngokoqobo "inzululwazi yezidalwa zamandulo ', kwesayensi izinto izifundo efosili intsalela yabo imizila yobomi, ikakhulu ngenxa hlulo stratigraphic ye nasemaweni noqweqwe. Kwekhono kwesayensi ziquka umsebenzi wokubuyisa imizobo, ebonisa inkqubo kwemvelo ngokusekelwe data afunyenwe ngenxa yokuba ngokutsha lo mfanekiso, iimpawu zebhayoloji, iindlela kufuywe mxhesho eziphilayo yamandulo.

Iimpawu ezicacileyo of kwesayensi sahlulwe paleozoology kunye paleobotany.

Eziphilayo ecingela utshintsho kwi parameters physical-eekhemikhali engqongileyo, ngoko ke zizalathisi oluthembekileyo iimeko apho emaweni kwakhiwa. Ukususela oku kulandela uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo komhlaba kunye kwesayensi.

Ngokusekelwe izifundo zokubasa kunye neziphumo umiselo abaneminyaka elililo kwingxelo zejoloji yabhalwa isikali geochronological, apho kwimbali Umhlaba wohlulwe zaphawula zejoloji (archaea, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, kunye Mezozoic Cainozoe). AD zahlulwe ixesha, kwaye nabo, yena, zahlulwe phakathi ubudala.

Sihlala kule Pleistocene (kwiminyaka 20,000 eyadlulayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku) ixesha koqeqesho, olwaqala malunga 1 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

petrography

Isifundo bezimbiwa nokwakhiwa kwintabamlilo, zixelwe kunye kumatye awenziwa ludaka, iimpawu zabo textural beemeko ababandakanyekayo ngokusekwa petrography (petrology). Uphando lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ngemicroscope wokohlula kwi imisebe idlula okukhanya. Ukulungiselela le njongo iisampuli iliwa kunqunyulwa ezingcakacileyo (0,03-0,02 mm), kwipleyiti (amacandelo ezingcakacileyo), ngoko unamathela nembasa yeglasi Canada yebhalsam (iimpawu ezamehlo le intlaka kufutshane nezo kwiglasi).

LeziMbiwa zibe ngaphaya (uninzi), kunye neempawu zazo enombala, ukukhangelwa izimbiwa kunye nasemaweni amagama. Ukuphazamisa kwicandelo imifanekiso ezingcakacileyo bafana iipateni bhuqe.

Indawo ekhethekileyo kumjikelo of Sciences Geological ithatha petrology ilitye lentlenga. ukubaluleka kwakhe okukhulu ithiyori kwaye aluncedo ngenxa yokuba umbandela kophando (efosili) imvula mihla yamandulo, leyo abahlala malunga ne-70% ye ngaphantsi komhlaba.

yokwakheka engineering

Engineering yokuma - kwezesayensi malunga iimpawu iimpawu zesakhiwo, physico-eekhemikhali ukuyilwa, isimemezelo kunye Dynamics kweemaleko eliphezulu kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, nto leyo enxulumene kwezoqoqosho, ubukhulu becala zobunjineli kunye nokwakhiwa umsebenzi lo mntu.

Engineering kunye nophando zejoloji ejolise ekuphunyezweni uvavanyo edibeneyo neyindibanisela yeemeko zejoloji ezibangelwa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu ngokudibene neenkqubo yemvelo.

Ukuba khumbula ukuba, ngokuxhomekeke indlela yokulawula iinzululwazi zendalo zahlulwe zibe ezichazayo nezichanekileyo, indlela yokuma ubunjineli, Kakade, ibhekisela nevuthisayo ngexesha ngokuchaseneyo abaninzi bakhe 'namaqabane evenkileni. "

yokwakheka Marine

Bekuya kuba okungalungile ngoyaba isebe ebanzi komhlaba ukuba lifunda kubume zejoloji kunye iimpawu kuqweqwe lomhlaba, kwicandelwana ezantsi elwandle. Ukuba ulandela kwenkcazelo imfutshane kwaye capacious, nto leyo isenza yokwakheka komhlaba (ekufundweni Umhlaba), i-Marine Geology - inzululwazi kolwandle (ocean) ezantsi, ezifikelela kuzo zonke amasebe "umthi zejoloji" (zomhlaba, petrography, lithology, zembali kunye yokwakheka koqeqesho, paleogeography , stratigraphy, kubume, geochemistry, Geophysics, efundisa izimbiwa, njl ..).

Uphando kwiilwandle kunye neelwandle lluqhutywa neenqanawa ngokukodwa axhotyiswe, iiyunithi eziziimobhayili kunokwembiwa kude nonxweme kwakunye pontoons (kwi kwithala). Ukukhiwa, ukongeza ukubhola, esebenzisa zibuya, zibuya emele-uhlobo kunye ngqo-flow ityhubhu. Abanezixhobo lokuzimela ithwalwa kwaye mfutho lokufota obubobu kunye ngokuqhubekayo, umabonwakude, seismic, kunye ukudubula sendawo magnetometric.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, ezininzi iingxaki bezenzululwazi okwangoku yasonjululwa, kwaye ziquka iimfihlelo engekasonjululwa yolwandle kunye ongaphantsi yayo. Marine Geology imbeko nje kuphela ngenxa inzululwazi, "imfihlelo ekucaciseni", kodwa uyoyiswa izimbiwa omkhulu izibonelelo kwezilwandle.

Umsebenzi ophambili lesebe mihla theoretical component yokwakheka baselwandle ekufundweni kwimbali uqweqwe yolwandle kunye nokuchongwa imithetho eziphambili lwesakhiwo yayo zomhlaba.

Geology yeMbali - inzululwazi imithetho elawula uphuhliso kuqweqwe umhlaba liphela kwi kwangoku ngokwembali ezipaswe ukusukela ngo nokubunjwa kwayo namhlanje. Ukufunda imbali lokusekwa isakhiwo lithosfere kubalulekile kuba ezenzeka iintshukumo zomhlaba kunye deformations bamele izinto ezibalulekileyo igalelo kuninzi iinguqu ezenzeka Emhlabeni kule zaphawula elidlulileyo zejoloji.

Ngoku, ngamagqabantshintshi yokwakheka komhlaba, sikuncede iingcambu kuyo.

Trip kwimbali Earth isayensi

Kunzima ukuba sikuphendule kukude kangakanani zeminyaka ibangelwa ngembali komhlaba, kodwa indoda Neanderthal babesazi oko kwenza imela okanye izembe, esebenzisa lenyengane okanye obsidian (iglasi mlilo).

Ukususela ngexesha yomntu zakudala phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII sagcina ibakala nokwanda ukuyilwa ulwazi yedeskthopi pre lwenzululwazi-, ikakhulu ekrwada zesinyithi, ukwakha amatye, iityuwa kunye komhlaba. Kwi ezingxondorheni, izimbiwa kunye neenkqubo zejoloji ekutolikeni ixesha ethetha sele kumaxesha amandulo.

Ngenkulungwane XIII kumazwe Asia ziye ekuphuhliseni bezandla entabeni futhi ivela iziseko ore imigodi kunye nolwazi.

Xa Renaissance (XV-XVI iinkulungwane.) Ivunywe imbono heliocentric zehlabathi (Yoh. Bruno, uGalileo, uCopernicus), owazalwa umelo yedeskthopi N. Stenon, uLeonardo da Vinci kunye G. Bauer, yaye yaqulunqa isigama cosmogony P . Descartes ne Leibniz.

Kweli xesha komhlaba njenge inzululwazi (XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane.) Ngaba hypothesis cosmogonic of Laplace kunye kant kunye neengcamango zejoloji M. V. Lomonosova, G. Buffon. stratigraphy Born (I. Lehmann, G. Fyuksel) kunye kwesayensi (JB Lamarck, B. Smith), kakhulu ekuphuhliseni crystallography (RJ Haüy, MV Lomonosov), mineralogy (JJ Berzelius, A. Cronstedt, VM Severgin, K. F. moos et al.), imaphu neznye iqala.

Uluntu lokuqala zejoloji kunye neenkonzo zejoloji zesizwe wadala kweli xesha.

Ekubeni Kwisiqingatha sesibini XIX kwinkulungwane yokuqala XX iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezo imigqaliselo wejoloji Charles Darwin, ukusekwa imfundiso kumaqonga kunye geosynclines, ukuvela palaeogeography, isixhobo uphuhliso petrography, mineralogy yemfuza, kwakunye nemiqathango, ukwenzeka kweekhonsepthi iziqina kunye neemfundiso nsimbi. Oyile yaqala ukuvela komhlaba kunye Geophysics kuzuze amandla (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry kunye ngezakhi). Ngowe-1882, iKomiti Geological eRashiya yasekwa.

ixesha Geology Modern yophuhliso yaqala ngenkulungwane XX phakathi, xa inzululwazi komhlaba iye yamkela ubuchwepheshe be-computer kunye ifumene izixhobo ezitsha zaselebhu, izixhobo kunye hardware, ukuvumela ukuba ukuqhubeka nezifundo zejoloji kwaye yesimo ezilwandle kunye iiplanethi ekufutshane.

Impumelelo ubalaseleyo enzululwazi imfundiso metasomatic yokwahlulwa Korzhinsky, imfundiso theory facies metamorphism Strakhov phezu iintlobo Lithogenesis, intshayelelo iindlela geochemical ye prospecting khona imali ekrwada kunye nabanye.

Phantsi kwesikhokelo AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo kunye A. A. Bogdanova wamenza ubuke imephu ziitectonic plates of Europe kunye Asia, wenza phezulu atlasi paleogeographic.

Yasungulwa ingqiqo a zomhlaba elitsha kwihlabathi (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. Hain etc ...), kusasele Wasondela geodynamics, yokuma lobunjineli kunye hydrogeology, wachaza indlela entsha yokwakheka - eziphilayo, apho namhlanje iye iphambili.

iingxaki Modern yokwakheka komhlaba

Namhlanje, imiba emininzi esisiseko imiba nenzululwazi owayephila sisombululo, kwaye le miba hayi ngaphantsi kwe kwekhulu. Sithetha isiseko zebhayoloji osezingqondweni, iimfihlelo inkumbulo, uhlobo ixesha nondiliseko, imvelaphi iinkwenkwezi, imingxuma emnyama kunye nohlobo kwezinye izinto yesiqalo. Phezu komhlaba share lehla iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu ukuba abe kodwa ukuqonda. Oku kuphathelele kakhulu ukwakhiwa kunye nokwakhiwa iphela, kwakunye neenkqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi Umhlaba.

Namhlanje value Geology kunyuka ngenxa imfuneko yokulawula kunye nokunik'ingxelo ingozi ekhulayo engozini enkulu wejoloji umsebenzi bangazinzi yezoqoqosho, iingxaki inkunzi zokusingqongileyo.

owabumba yokwakheka eRussia

Ukuqulunqwa nokusekwa zejoloji mihla eRashiya linxulunyaniswa ukuvulwa St Petersburg Corps zenjineli imigodi (Ikamva Institute Mining) kunye nokusekwa kwe-University Moscow, ndingenalo yaqala xa ngowe-1930, yasekwa eLeningrad, ize ke idluliselwe Moscow Institute of Geology (ngoku igin AH CCCP).

Namhlanje Geological Institute ke amaziko ophando okhokelayo kwinkalo stratigraphy, lithology, zomhlaba kunye nembali wejoloji kumjikelo of Sciences. Imisebenzi ephambili enxulumene nophuhliso iingxaki ezinzima angundoqo lwesakhiwo kunye nokusekwa uqweqwe yolwandle kwaye yelizwekazi, isifundo ngendaleko eribyeni ukubunjwa amazwekazi kunye neentlenge elwandle, geochronology, kungqinelwano jikelele iinkqubo zejoloji ngezimanga, kunye nabanye.

Hi ndlela leyi, owandulela igin yaba Mineralogical Museum, igama ngo-1898 kwi-Museum of igeology, uze emva koko ngo-1912 kwi-kwiGeological kunye Mineralogical Museum. Petra Velikogo.

Ukusukela ekusungulweni isiseko ukuyilwa zomhlaba eRashiya yayisekelwe kumgaqo zintathu: isayensi - ukufundisa - practice. Lo mgaqo, nangona ingxokozelo perestroika, komhlaba zemfundo kufuneka kube namhlanje.

Ngo-1999, sisigqibo seBhodi le-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo kunye Natural Resources of Russia yamkela ingqiqo ukuma yedeskthopi ethe idlule approbation kumaziko emfundo kunye namaqela emveliso, "ikhula" abasebenzi neznye.

imfundo Namhlanje ephakamileyo nokwakheka ifumaneka kwiiyunivesithi ezingaphezu kwama-30 Russian.

Ulundulule 'ukuhlola hlathi "okanye ashiye" kwi emathafeni zibukele "kweli xesha lethu - ayikho nje kangaka nje kube kanye, umsebenzi, komhlaba ukhetha naye kuba" banoyolo, umntu uqhelene ingqiqo kabuhlungu lendlela "...