Usomachiza Swedish Nobel Alfred: Biography Ukuveliswa dynamite, umseki i-Nobel Prize

Nobel Alfred --nzulu obalaseleyo Swedish, lo Umsunguli dynamite, academician yemichiza experimenter, Ph.D., academician, umseki i-Nobel Prize, iye yabangela ukuba udumo ehlabathini lonke.

ebuntwaneni

Alfred Nobel, ogama engobomi i umdla wokwenene zesizukulwana sangoku, wazalwa e Stockholm ngo-Oktobha 21, 1833. Waye ngozalelwe kuloo kwisithili esemazantsi abalimi Swedish Nobelef, leyo igama esukela yaziwe ehlabathini lonke. Entsatsheni, ngaphandle kuye, wazala oonyana abathathu. Uyise Immanuel Nobel yaba usomashishini owathi, wonakele, nobuganga ukuzama luck kwakhe eRashiya. Wafudukela ngo-1837 ukuya eSt Petersburg, apho wavula masifundisane. Emva kweminyaka 5, xa izinto kakuhle, wafudukela nentsapho yakhe.

Yemifuniselo lokuqala yemichiza Swedish

Kanye eRashiya, Nobel Alfred oneminyaka eli-9 ubudala ngokukhawuleza kakuhle ulwimi Russian, nto leyo ukongeza abasazi IsiNgesi, Italian, isiJamani kunye isiFrentshi. umfana Education efika ekhaya. Ngowe-1849, uyise wamthuma naye uhambo Melika naseYurophu, eyathatha iminyaka emibini. Alfred watyelela Italy, Denmark, eJamani, France, eMelika, kodwa ixesha elininzi oselula elichithwa eParis. Apho wathabatha izifundo ngokoqobo zemvelo chemistry edume Isazinzulu Jules Peluso ilebhu, uphando ioli wavula nitrites.

Okwa ishishini Immanuel Nobel kaThixo - owenza izixhobo abanetalente of self-wafundisa - zaye naphaya: inkonzo Russian, waba abazizityebi nabadumileyo, ingakumbi ngexesha iCrimea War. imboni yakhe wavelisa imigodi ezazisetyenziswa ukuziphendulela inqaba Finnish Sveaborg, Kronstadt kunye Revel kwizibuko e-Estonia. Ukugqwesa Nobel uSister ndakhuthazwa imbasa komlawuli, leyo, njengokuba umthetho, iintlanga ezi abasinikwa.

Emva kwemfazwe, bayeka imiyalelo, inkampani bema bengasebenzi, abasebenzi abaninzi ngaphandle umsebenzi. Oku ngenkani go Immanuel Nobel emva ku Stockholm.

Yemifuniselo yokuqala Alfreda Nobelya

Alfred, Wayeqhogene edume semichiza Russian Nikolaem Zininym, elingumthombo, bayakuqonda ekufundweni iimpawu nitroglycerin. Ngowe-1863, lo mfana babuyela eSweden, apho waqhubeka imifuniselo bakhe. NgoSeptemba 3, 1864 kwakukho into embi: ngethuba amalinge kwi dubulo 100 buziikhilogram nitroglycerine abantu abaliqela babulawa, phakathi kwabo Emil oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala - umninawa Alfred. Emva kweso siganeko, uyise Alfred omzimba, yaye iminyaka 8 nyakenye, wahlala ngumlwelwe. Ngeli xesha, Immanuel waqhubeka isebenze: I wabhala iincwadi 3, yena wenza imifanekiso. Ngowe-1870, oko loselwa umbuzo yokusebenzisa inkunkuma kushishino iinkuni, kunye Nobel Omkhulu wasungula ngamaplanga, ngokuqulunqa indlela kuncanyatheliswe usebenzisa iperi amacwecwe ngamaplanga.

Ukusungulwa kwe dynamite

October 14, 1864 isazinzulu Swedish wakhupha ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ukuba avunyelwe ukuba nenxaxheba ekwenziweni neziqhushumbisi, eziquka nitroglycerin equkethwe. Alfred Nobel wasungula dynamite ngo-1867; imveliso yalo nzulu elizayo iza nobutyebi engundoqo. Esikumaphephandaba elo xesha wabhala ukuba iziphumo zophando lwakhe eyenziwe yasekhemesti Swedish ngempazamo: ukuba inkqubo yokuthuthwa webhotile eyaphukileyo of nitroglycerin. It iphalale amanzi, umhlaba nkxu, nto leyo i dynamite. Alfred Nobel abazange baqaphele uguqulelo phezulu, wanyanzelisa ukuba ngabom benza ekufuneni lunezinto xa zixutywe nitroglycerin kuya kunciphisa ubungozi dubulo. Le lokuguqulela oyifunayo waba umhlaba diatomaceous - rock, ekwabizwa ngokuba Tripoli.

Laboratory ekuveliseni semichiza dynamite Swedish eziququzelelwe phakathi elwandle kwi isikhephe, kude kwiindawo ezihlala abantu.

Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kokuqala-up kwelebhu ezidadayo lwe-anti Alfred wamsa umrhwebi evela Stockholm Johan Vilgelmom Smitom - Umnini million ithamsanqa. Nobel wakwazi ukweyisela Smith kunye nabanye abatyali-eziliqela ukuba azibandakanye neze ukwenza inkampani ukuze imveliso woshishino nitroglycerine, eyaqala ngo-1865. Eqonda ukuba lomenzi Swedish akuthethi ukukhusela amalungelo abo amazwe, Nobel amalungelo awodwa abenzi amalungelo ukuba ukwenza nitroglycerin ungathengisi ngayo kwihlabathi jikelele.

Le okuvula Alfreda Nobelya

Ngowe-1876, ihlabathi ndifundile kraca elitsha sisazinzulu - "umxube onokudubula" - a ambaxa nitroglycerin kunye collodion, uye explosiveness ngamandla. kwiminyaka elandelayo abazizityebi ezifunyaniswe nitroglycerin indibaniselwano kunye nezinye izinto: ballistite - yokuqala wompu msi, ngoko kwezintya.

Nobel izinto yayingengobantu umsebenzi kuphela izinto ezinokugqabhuka: sisazinzulu ngokukhanya bathabathekile, electrochemistry, amayeza, ibhayoloji, eyenzelwe ukukhusela boilers kunye neziqhoboshi automatic, uzama ukuvelisa ngumntu irabha, nitrocellulose ndifunda silk ngumntu. Kukho malunga nama-350 amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, leyo wathi ilungelo Alfred Nobel: olutshintshatshintshayo, yokuqhumisa, msi umgubo, imitha yamanzi, isixhobo okupholisa, ukulinganisa, kwakhiwa enomjukujelwa yokulwa, sokukhuphela igesi,

iimpawu sesayensi

Nobel Alfred wayengomnye wabantu abaninzi izifundiswa ngexesha lakhe. Le Isazinzulu ufunde kakhulu iincwadi zobunjineli, amayeza, intanda, imbali, fiction, wakhetha bexesha lakhe: Hugo, Turgenev, Balzac kunye Maupassant, yena wazama ukubhala. Ubuninzi imisebenzi Alfred Nobel (iinoveli, imidlalo, isihobe) kwaye khange ishicilelwe. Ifudusiwe ukudlala kuphela malunga Beatrice Cenci - "Nemizida" ukugqiba sele bafe. Le Intlekele izenzo 4 bahlangana kunye nentiyo yi-vange. Ngoko ke, lonke uhlelo yapapashwa, wakhululwa ekukhanyeni ngowe-1896, emva kokufa Alfred Nobel zitshatyalalisiwe ngaphandle iikopi ezintathu. Ihlabathi lwanikwa ithuba uqhelane nale mveliso ephawulekayo ngo-2005; Kuye wadlala kukhunjulwa nzulu enkulu Stockholm ndawo.

Ababephila ukuchaza Alfred Nobel njengendoda esuke yasemzini zasezidolophini kunye nenkampani ochwayithileyo lokuba wedwa cwaka emanzini rhoqo kumsebenzi izisebenzele,. Scientist wakhokela indlela yokuphila esempilweni, isimo sengqondo esibi ukuba ukutshaya, utywala nokungcakaza.

Iselugcinweni ngokwaneleyo, Nobel zazo kwamane ekuyeni yokuphila Spartan. Ukusebenza kwi imixube edubulayo xa zingangeni, yena ngokuchaseneyo ubundlobongela kunye nokubulala, ephethe umsebenzi omkhulu ukuze kubekho uxolo ehlabathini.

Yokusungulwa woXolo

Ekuqaleni yaqalisa yi yasekhemesti Swedish iziqhushumbisi zazisetyenziselwa iinjongo elinoxolo: ngokuba ukwakhiwa kweendlela kunye nemizila kaloliwe, imigodi, ukwakhiwa imisele namatonela (usebenzisa ukuqhumisa). Le iziqhushumbisi kaNobel iinjongo zomkhosi baqalisa ukuba kusetyenziswa kuphela Franco-Prussia War ka 1870-1871. Le Isazinzulu wayefuna ukuba zizakhele into okanye kumatshini lowo unamandla etshabalalisayo, zonke iintlobo imfazwe engenakwenzeka. Nobel wahlawula ngeenkongolo enikelwe uxolo ehlabathini, yaye wathabatha inxaxheba kuzo. Yena wayelilungu Paris Society of Civil Engineers, i-Swedish Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of London. Ndino iimbasa ezininzi, ezibandakanya a diki kakhulu.

Alfred Nobel: uthando ubomi

Abaqambi omkhulu - indoda enomtsalane - engazange atshate yaye kungekho bantwana. , Ulilolo, abantu ezivaliweyo enobukhwele, wagqiba ukufumana unobhala womncedisi ibekwe kwiphephandaba isaziso. oneminyaka engama-33 ubudala basabela Contessa uBerta Sofia Felichita - ukusekwa, imfundo kakuhle, umfazi yeelwimi ezininzi, nto leyo yaba Bespridannitsa. Wabhala Nobel, wafumana impendulo yakhe; a imbalelwano leyo eyabangela novelwano efanayo macala omabini. Kungekudala kwabakho intlanganiso Albert and Bertha; abantu abaninzi abatsha behamba, ukuthetha, kunye incoko nge Nobel Bertha bazisa kakhulu. Kungekudala Albert wayehambe ishishini, kwaye Bertha wayengakwazi ukulinda ukuba kude kuye, waza wabuyela ekhaya, apho elinde Graf Artur von Suttner - uvelwano kunye nothando yobomi bakhe, apho waqalisa intsapho. Nangona isibakala sokuba lokuhamba Bertha ngenxa Alfred waba hit omkhulu, kunye nembalelwano futh lobuhlobo kwaqhubeka de ekupheleni kwemihla Nobel.

Alfred Nobel and Sofi Gess

Kodwa, kubomi Alfred Nobel uthando. Unyaka-43 isazinzulu ubudala wamthanda Sofi Gess oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala - othengisayo kwevenkile intyatyambo, eyayihamba ukusuka eVienna eParis, ukuqasha igumbi ecaleni kwendlu kwaye ikuvumela ukuba uchithe uyathandeka. Sophie uthanda imali kuphela. Beautiful ubukeka "Mam Nobel" (njengoko kubhaliwe ngokuba ngokwakhe) ngelishwa unalo ivila ngaphandle zemfundo ezizodwa. Wala ukwenza kunye nootitshala, leyo yena waqesha Nobel.

sesayensi Unxibelelwano Sofi Gess ubukho kangangeminyaka eli-15, de-1891 - lo mzuzu xa Sophie wazala umntwana evela kwigosa Hungarian. Alfred Nobel ngoxolo Sahlukana nomhlobo entsha, nkqu ayo amisiweyo ukuba umxholo enesidima kakhulu. Sophie watshata wazala intombi yakhe, kodwa wayesoloko izibetho izicelo Alfred lonyuso umxholo, emva kokufa kwakhe ukuba inyanzelise kuyo, ukusongela xa kwimeko nokwala ukupapasha iileta zakhe banye. Belifa, abangazange ufuna igama kwinqununu yabo ruffled amaphephandaba, iminyinyiva: bathenga Sophie iileta kwaye olubhalwayo Nobel ndakumandisa yokuhlala.

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, Nobel Alfred waphawulwa ngenxa yempilo enkenenkene kwaye rhoqo yokugula; kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukuba bathuthunjiswe ebuhlungu. Ugqirha emiselweyo nitroglycerin Isazinzulu - kule imeko (a uhlobo isigqebelo) wamenza Alfred, ngubani wazahlulela ekusebenzeni kweziyobisi. Alfred Nobel umer10 Disemba 1896 ngo villa yakhe San Remo ukusuka Ukopha ebuchotsheni. Kwelabafileyo-nzulu enkulu kubekwe kwi amangcwaba Stockholm ngayo.

Alfred Nobel and umvuzo wakhe

Owasungula dynamite Nobel wabona ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekuncedeni uphuhliso inkqubela kwabantu, iimfazwe hayi ukuzibulala. Kambe intshutshiso yaqala phezu ezifunyaniswe eziyingozi ezifana kwakhokelela ekubeni ama-Nobel ingcamango ukuba kuyimfuneko ukushiya ngasemva ezinye ubukho, kwakuphawuleka kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, umakhi Swedish yagqiba ukuba emva kokufa kwakhe intlawulo wesiqhelo abhalwe 1895 ukuthanda, ngokutsho nto-mali wadala ngokukhethekileyo ishiya isambuku yemali karhulumente - 31 million kroons. Ingeniso evela kutyalo-mali iya kwabelwa unyaka ngamnye iibhonasi abantu bazisa kunyaka ophelileyo, inzuzo enkulu kuluntu. Inzala yahlulwe 5 nzulu ekujongwe owenze ubhaqo ebalulekileyo kwinkalo chemistry, inzululwazi, uncwadi, amayeza kunye zomzimba, kwaye kananjalo wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ekugcinweni koxolo yehlabathi.

Special inqwenela Alfreda Nobelya ndingungantweni ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo uhlanga kwabaviwa.

Ibhaso lokuqala Alfred Nobel Prize kwenzeka ngo-1901: kwaba yemvelo Roentgen Conrad ngenxa ukufunyanwa yakhe kwimitha abathwele igama lakhe. Nobel Amabhaso esiphambili uzukile amabhaso ngamazwe, yaba nefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso wezenzululwazi noncwadi ehlabathini.

Kwakhona kwimbali Alfred Nobel, nto leyo womyoleli wambetha izazinzulu ezininzi ngokuba nesisa lwenzululwazi, wangena njengoko discoverer of "Nobel" - element imichiza, ogama njengentlonipho yokumbulela. Igama sisazinzulu obalaseleyo Stockholm Physico-Technical Institute kunye neYunivesithi yase Dnepropetrovsk.