Uxolo Augsburg ngo-1555

Le Luxolo Ceduma ka-Augsburg watyikitywa emva kokuba waqala ekusasazeni imfundiso entsha zamaKristu eYurophu. Le nkqubo, esifakwe 1555, lweminyaka engama-60, de ekuqaleni kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi.

neNguquko

Ngowe-1517 kwidolophu German ka eWittenberg isiganeko ebalulekileyo. Indela noMyalelo avgustiniantsev Martin Luther ufakwe kwi emnyango iphepha ibandla lendawo kunye 95. Kubo, wakukhalimela ukuze elaye loyisa ngayo Roman Catholic Church. Ngaphambi nje oku, ithuba kuthenga kwezono (uxolelo lwezono) ngenxa yemali.

Urhwaphilizo kunye ukunxaxha imigaqo yevangeli ngesibetho zaziligezela eli iwonga yamaKatolika. Martin Luther yaba ngunozala neNguquko - inkqubo lomzabalazo utshintsho kwihlabathi lamaKristu. abalandeli bakhe babebizwa okanye yamaLuthere (kule kota emxinwa ngakumbi, ukongezelela yamaLuthere amaProtestanti, umzekelo, nazo bakaCalvin).

Isimo Germany

UHlaziyo yayiliziko eJamani. Eli lizwe yayingeyonto bengatshatanga. ummandla wayo yahlulwa phakathi iinkosana ezininzi abo ilawulwe umlawuli oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Igunya lo kumkani ophakamileyo ayizange monolithic. Abathetheli babeye nkqubo basekhaya ezimeleyo.

Abaninzi kubo inkxaso zoHlaziyo waza waba amaProtestanti. Intshukumo entsha zaye zasasazeka phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo eJamani - baloo dolophu kunye nabalimi. Oku kwakhokelela kungquzulwano neRoma, yaye ekugqibeleni kunye gunya (abalawuli yaba Catholic). Ngowe-1546-1547 gg. Kwalo imfazwe schmalkaldic. It elidlavula lizwe waza wabonisa nokungasebenzi komyalelo endala. Kukho imfuneko ukufumana kwizibhambathiso phakathi kwamaqela ephikisayo.

iintetho Long preliminary

Phambi amaqela zisayiniwe Uxolo ka-Augsburg, kwathabatha ixesha elininzi thethwano, leyo yayiqhubeka iminyaka eliqela. Yokuqala impumelelo kukuba phakathi kwabalawuli kunye electors abo wavuma ukuba abameli phakathi amaKatolika namaProtestanti. Umlawuli yamaRoma aNgcwele Karl V Gabsburg ngeli xesha baxabana i Pope, nto leyo eyenza amathuba nangakumbi yokuba lweshishini ngempumelelo.

Uxolo Augsburg wenziwa nako kuba nomdla amaKatolika baqalisa ukumela ukumkani isiJamani uFerdinand I. Eli gama becala kungajongwa esesikweni, kodwa wazala umzalwana komlawuli, uCharles, lowo yakhe indoda lasekunene-lesandla. Intloko amaProtestanti kwi-thethwano yenziwa yi-Elector Morits Saksonsky.

abalawuli cala Abathetheli zentsimbi kunye elinye kunye nezinye isebe lamaKristu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abalawuli yaseBavaria, Trier, Mainz (Roman Catholic), kunye Württemberg kunye Palatinate (amaLuthere). Phambi kokuba iintetho eziyintloko, esatyikitywa Uxolo Augsburg, kananjalo kwabakho intlanganiso wabaphathi Hesse, Saxony kunye Brandenburg. Kwavunyelwana indawo, nayo leyo abaqalise umlawuli. Ngelo xesha uCharles V, wala ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ezingxoxweni. Akazange afune ukwenza umnyinyiva ukuya amaProtestanti kunye nenkcaso kwiinkosana. Ngoko ke, umlawuli onikwe amagunya akhe kumzalwana wakhe kuFerdinand. Ngeli xesha, uCarl waye izinto zakhe Spanish (i Habsburgs elawulwa kwiindawo enkulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu).

Intlanganiso ye Reichstag

Ekugqibeleni, 5 Februwari 1555 Augsburg yasingatha i Reichstag of the Empire, apho badibana onke amaqela kunye amaqela ungquzulwano. KuFerdinand ndzi ri wayengusihlalo kwakhe. Le ntetho yabanjelwa curiae eziliqela ngaxeshanye. Phakathi ngokwabo wavuma ngokwahlukeneyo electors isixeko abalawuli okhululekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ngoSeptemba, Uxolo Augsburg watyikitywa ngu uFerdinand kwiimeko apho kwakukho abaninzi iminyinyiva amaProtestanti. Oku akuzange ukuyikholisa uCharles. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba wayengakwazi ngabom inkqubo, kungekhona ukuze uqalise imfazwe, wagqiba ukuba uyayityeshela iintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kokusayina isivumelwano. Isiphelo Augsburg emhlabeni yenza September 25, 1555.

Imigaqo kunye nexabiso Augsburg World

Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa iindwendwe avumelene ukuba iimeko abhalwa kolu xwebhu. Uxolo Augsburg yabelwa nawo ibakala elisemthethweni ubukhosi. Noko ke, le kuqulunqo inamathandabuzo ezinzulu.

Useka-siseko enkululeko ngokwenkonzo. Oku kusebenza kurhulumente komlawuli ekuthiwa-, eziquka amalungu anelungelo oluntu: abathetheli, i Electors, Imperial Knights nabemi izixeko simahla. Noko ke, inkululeko yonqulo ayizange kuchaphazela abahlali Feudatories kunye nempahla zabo. Ngoko, kwi uBukhosi Waloyisa Umgaqo "endihleli ezweni, kunye nokholo." Xa sithe isikhulu wayefuna ukuba babuyele nawo, ebengenakwenza nto, kodwa ke oku akunakwenzeka, umzekelo, abalimi owayehlala umhlaba wakhe. Noko ke, Uxolo Augsburg wavumela ukhetho umlawuli ababengaxolanga ukuba iya ku kweminye imimandla ubukhosi, apho inkolelo nezivakalayo bayarhaneleka.

Kwangaxeshanye, amaKatolika wenza iminyinyiva ngakwicala amaLuthere. Isiphelo Augsburg hlabathi kukhokelele kwinto yokuba abbots noobhishopu abakhetha ukuya NgamaProtestanti, ndayihluthwa bamandla ayo. Ngoko Katolika akwazi ukugcina onke amazwe ibandla eyabelwe kubo phambi kwentlanganiso ye-Reichstag.

Njengoko ubona, ixabiso Augsburg ihlabathi omkhulu. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala amaqela alwayo yakwazi ukusombulula imbambano ngenxa thethwano, hayi imfazwe. Kananjalo yena boyise amaqela ezopolitiko oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma.