Uqoqosho Political. Inqubo - is ... (inkcazelo) inqubo: isikolo zeniyo-liberalism, abameli

inzululwazi Economic ixesha elide sele iwupasisile indlela elide kude kube namhlanje. iithiyori ezininzi kunye nemithetho aye Yawunqika, bafunda yaye iphuhliswe nesiseko sayo iindlela ezininzi ezifanelekileyo kulawulo imisebenzi yabantu. Uqoqosho Political uhlola izinto ezininzi ithiyori, elinobuchule kuyo. New iimfundiso, zengqondo, imithetho kunye nantoni na awayefike sele ufanelwe ingqalelo izazinzulu, kuba ichaphazela kakuhle-ntle yoluntu lonke. Inqubo - ithiyori kwezoqoqosho entsha, iimpawu kunye neendlela kwinkalo yophando walo ongundoqo ngokwenene, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo.

ukuvela

Inqubo ibizwa intsingiselo entsha kuqoqosho, leyo kwizinto umbutho eqhelekileyo yolawulo karhulumente non-uphazamiseko kwinkqubo yolawulo yonxulumano phakathi abalawulwa yorhwebo ubudlelwane, mveliso. Oku kwavela ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Imvelaphi yale mfundiso kwinkqubo zobunene zezazinzulu British Adam Smith kunye noDavide Ricardo. Ngokwembono yabo, urhulumente kufuneka ungenelele kwezoqoqosho kwezihloko engephi.

Inqubo - it kwakhona sisiphumo yesikolo lengqiqo eJamani, abameli ezibe phakathi bokuqala ukuqwalasela uqoqosho lwezopolitiko njengoko inzululwazi ukuziphatha yolawulo yesizwe yezoqoqosho.

Ukuphuhlisa nokuphucula, zeniyo-liberalism in kwezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho kwimimandla emininzi imiyalelo kunye neemfundiso zaba sisiseko uphando izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke.

Abameli edume

Inqubo, ogama amalungu ilungu lweentsingiselo mihla kwinzululwazi kwezoqoqosho, ngeliso abonakalisa Keynesianism. Ngokwembono yabo, indima karhulumente kuphela ukuba iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe ukhuphiswano kunye esweni kwimimandla apho ezi meko abangekhoyo.

Kuba neoliberals zizikolo ezifana neoavstriyskaya (V. Hayek), Chicago (Milton Friedman), Freiburg (Erhard L. kunye W. Eucken).

Ukwahluka Large izimvo kumiselwa nokuphuhliswa kwezikolo ezininzi iindlela ekufundweni kwimithetho ekhoyo kwezoqoqosho.

imigaqo

Kukho imigaqo eziliqela ezisisiseko inqubo. Zimisela ubume yokufundisa kule ndawo. inqubo Economic lusekelwe kwimigaqo efana amalungelo nenkululeko yomntu, konstitutsializm, ukulingana onke amalungu oluntu. Zinto zijongwayo ukuba uphuhliso neentlobano koqoqosho ipropati yabucala kunye noshishino.

Self-ummiselo rhwebo kufuneka kwakhona negalelo izenzo zolawulo esembindini kwinqanaba loluntu. Nokunikezelwa kwengeniso kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo iimfuno amahlwempu kwindawo yokuqala. Uqinisa ubulungisa kwezentlalo.

Ngokusekelwe kwi-siseko eziphambili liberalism, inqubo wakwazi ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokwamkela inani beengcamango olutsha neentsingiselo ezendeleyo kwezinye iinkqubo kwezoqoqosho (kuquka yobuSoshali).

School German Historical

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 eJamani classic Wayaneka isikolo asikayifumani. Ngoko ke, kwabonakala umkhwa zembali, leyo yayisekelwe eziliqela iingqiqo. abameli balo ababesithi imithetho yezoqoqosho jikelele kwimveliso kunye nokuhanjiswa - fiction, aze acacise uphuhliso efanele inqubo. School of neo-liberalism kweli cala babe noluvo lokuba umbutho zoqoqosho kwilizwe ngalinye kufuneka isebenze ngokungqinelana nemithetho yayo. Bona ukuchaza iJografi kunye nembali, inkcubeko kunye nezithethe zesizwe lizwe.

Ichaza izigaba ezithathu uphuhliso nkongomiso. Eyokuqala yomhla we-40-60 iminyaka mi ngenkulungwane ye-19. Oku njalo-ebizwa kwisikolo ubudala zembali. Isigaba sesibini wawukhona kusukela 70 ukuya 90 ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ngeli xesha kwasekwa isikolo esitsha nembali. Emva koko wadalwa apho lo mkhuba yakutshanje. Xa yokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-20 isuka ezintsha esikolweni zembali.

Isikolo endala zembali

Waseka isikolo kwimbali Liszt, ababemelene ezakudala IsiNgesi. Yena ichazwe nezimaphambili ezingundoqo okuluphawu inqubo. School of inqubo, ezisekelwe phezu kweli xesha, igcinwe imigaqo esisiseko izimvo zakhe.

ubutyebi Social, ngokutsho abaxhasi oku kuphunyezwa umsebenzi eququzelelweyo zabantu. Policy kulo mzekelo kumele ibumbane inyambalala nokufundisa uhlanga zentsulungeko zophuhliso mveliso. Kwisigaba ngasinye imveliso uneyona nkqubo yalo kufuneka sisetyenziswe, ivumela ukufikelela zonke iiklasi yoluntu-kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Urhulumente, ngokutsho Liszt, kufanele ukuba lubandakanye isizwe sonke, amacandelo apho zigaba okuzimela. It eqondisa umgudu omkhulu zamakhonkco ngamnye kwicala elifanelekileyo ukuphumeza iimfuno ixesha elide yoluntu.

isikolo New yomlando

Wafika emva ekuphuhliseni ingcamango neoliberal kule ndawo entsha. EJamani ngelo xesha sele zikhona njengesizwe esimanyeneyo, kodwa babezinikele kukarhulumente kunye ndlongo-nkqubo yangaphandle mood ophawulwe eli xesha.

Enye abameli Iqaqambe ngaphezu kwazo neo-liberalism ixesha waba G. Schmoller. Wathetha imfuneko yonxibelelwano le meko kunye ethics, kwabantu, imbali kunye nenzululwazi kwezopolitiko.

Ekusebenzeni kwezoqoqosho Schmoller Ichonge iindawo ezintathu komsebenzi: self-inzala, imigaqo zentlalo, nothando. Imisebenzi abameli karhulumente babona ezo mboniselo kuzixhalabisa ngemfundo, kwezempilo, kuphuhliso lobudlelwane lwangaphakathi yoluntu, abantu abadala, abantwana kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo. L. Brentano wabeka phambili ingcamango ekupheliseni ukungalingani phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Isikolo yembali yakutshanje

I inqubo yezopolitiko ifikelele ezinkulu kakhulu ngexesha pre-imfazwe. Werner Sombart imisebenzi yakhe, ngokungafaniyo i "uhlanga abarhwebi" (IsiNgesi) "uhlanga" Mnu (German). Wayekholelwa ukuba yokugqibela unelungelo lokusebenzisa amandla yomkhosi kususa kuqala ukuba wabufumana iminyaka uphuhliso lorhwebo kunye noshishino.

Oku kubangelwa umsebenzi kaRhulumente ucwangciso nophuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe umqalisi. Kukho navuswa ingcamango lonke engqongqo amandla kunye neklasi ukwahlulwa oluntu kwiiklasi. Ezi imibono zasetyenziswa amaNazi isiJamani yaye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye nkqubo zazo.

Kwangaxeshanye, Weber wabongoza ukuba siqwalasele ubunyani kwezoqoqosho xa kuthelekiswa nohlobo efanelekileyo. Ngokubona ukutenxa kule, yena wancinwa degree of ukungangqinelani. Kwiimbono ezisisiseko inqubo, nto leyo iye yaphuhliswa ngexesha yesikolo German imbali, baqhubeka kwezinye iinkalo ingcamango kwezoqoqosho, umzekelo, kwi institutionalism American kunye ordoliberalizme.

isikolo Freiburg

Ngokwesiseko iimbono yesikolo yezembali entsha yaphuhliswa Freiburg School. Libizwa ngokuba ordoliberalnoy. Noko ke, ukususela lo mbono, inqubo - le mfundiso ijolise kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho oluntu exhasa ibango ukuba ipropati yabucala ngamnye kufuneka ziqiniswe kulo lonke iindlela zemveliso. Kodwa ke isimo ngokwemiqathango zeniyo-benkululeko kwexesha kufuneka ungenelele kuqoqosho, iindlela zayo nenzuzo nokhuphiswano.

Enye abameli ababalaseleyo oku yaba W. Eucken. Uchaza iintlobo ezimbini kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Kwenye ulawulo nakolu ndawonye, kunye nezinye - yoluntu. Ezi mpawu, ngokwembono yakhe, zifumaneka yonke kwinkqubo. Kuphela enye imiqondiso esilawulwa ngaphezulu.

Chicago nesikolo neoavstriyskaya

Xa isikolo neoavstriyskoy izimvo ezibalaseleyo Economist Friedrich Hayek. Waba imibono Adam Smith waza wathetha amandla ekhokelayo kukhuphiswano. Izazinzulu zithi ukuvela ucwangco ezizenzekelayo kuqoqosho. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukhuphiswano kunye ngoncedo utshintsho ixabiso kwenza kucace ukuba nxaxheba zorhwebo malunga amathuba ukuvula phambi kwabo.

Wayekholelwa ukuba iindlela zorhwebo iyaphunyezwa umbutho zingqondweni. Ngoko, ulwazi kufuneka zisasazwe ngokukhululekileyo. Oku kuya kwenza ukuba bonke amaziko kwimarike ekucwangciseni ngendlela engcono.

Ummeli ezigqame zesi sikolo Chicago yi Milton Friedman. Yena ngqo ingcamango yokuba urhulumente kufuneka kungavunyelwa ukulawula umthamo imveliso, amaxabiso, ingqesho kunye nokudalwa ubutyebi. Kufuneka ukulawula kuphela kwinqanaba semali ejikeleza. Ngokwale umphengululi, utshintsho kunikezelo mali luchaphazela kakhulu iimeko emakethe.

Milton Friedman ixoxe ukuba imarike unako zombini igalelo kuphuhliso lwentlalo, nokuthintela ukuba oku. Inqubo kuqoqosho, ngokwembono yakhe, likuvumela ukuba uphephe ungenelelo ezimbi ngamaqela anomdla abantu. Ngapha koko, imarike njalo nkqubo. Umahluko kuphela kule mali kwamandla babe nxaxheba ezahlukeneyo.

Ekubeni ngomsebenzi nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kunye nemiyalelo iimbono kwezoqoqosho kule ndawo, sinokugqiba kwelokuba inqubo - inkqubo inkolelo okugxininisa oku amandla ukuqhuba lwiimi ziveleleyo ukuzeyisa yemarike. URhulumente abelwe kuphela umsebenzi othile deterrent.