Ukuba nokwenzeka - oku ... Ingcamango kunye neendidi luthambe. Luthambe ebango kunye nonikezelo

Luthambe ibizwa umgangatho abasabela ngayo omnye variable kwezoqoqosho, ngelixa abanye utshintsho. Ngamanye amazwi, le okubuyela kwimo - umntu ozalana kwaneliswe kwemfuno yeempahla evela imiba eyahlukeneyo ixabiso non-ixabiso.

Iimbalasane

Iimpawu Ukuxhomekeka ezifana nofumaniso kunye nemfuneko, kuba izinto ezininzi. Ekubeni inxulumene, kunye luthambe elide.

Ngethiyori, uqoqosho wachacha iingqiqo yonikezelo kunye nemfuno elasticities.

Luthambe kwemfuneko imveliso yipesenti utshintsho amaxabiso okanye ingeniso kutshintsho kwimfuno. Oko ikhona iliso indlela abathengi basabela ukwanda kunye ukuhla kwamaxabiso.

Ithiyori kwezoqoqosho eyahlula iintlobo ezininzi kwemfuno ixabiso luthambe, ngokususela izinto yokusebenza:

• imfuno selastiki (ngaphezu kwesinye). Oku kuquka iimveliso ezivela kudidi kamnandi.
• imfuno Inelastic (ngaphantsi kwesinye). Olu didi eziyimfuneko ezisisiseko.
• Bafuna unit ne okubuyela kwimo (alingana enye). Ezi ziquka iimveliso umsebenzisi ukhetha ngabanye.
• imfuno ngokupheleleyo inelastic (zero). Impahla ezifana isonka, ityuwa, amayeza.
• Ngokupheleleyo imfuno elastic (elingana yokungapheli). Kukho kuphela phantsi kweemeko kwiimarike abafezekileyo.

Price luthambe yonikezelo yipesenti lotshintsho namaxabiso kunye ukutshintsha kwinqanaba unikezelo. Kweli nani ziphenjelelwa izinto ezifana:

• Ubukho / ukungabikho ngokuveliswa reserve (kwimeko apho kukho oovimba, unikezelo yi elastic).
• Amandla ugcine isitokhwe kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo (ukuba kunjalo, uhlelo guquka).

The main Iintlobo:

• supply selastiki. Nokuba nokwanda elinye ekhulwini kwamaxabiso uphakame kakhulu isidingo iimveliso.
• Wosondeza ndawonye unit luthambe. kukho ukwanda efanayo unikezelo kwindawo yorhwebo ukunyuka elinye ekhulwini kwamaxabiso.
• supply Inelastic. Akukho nto yenzekayo xa isindululo ukwanda kwamanani.
• Luthambe "kwi mzuzu". Ixesha xesha lincinane kangangokuba abenzi nabathengisi abanalo ixesha ukuphendula utshintsho ixabiso.

nezimo High kwixesha elide. Inikeza elastic ngakumbi, kuba abenzi babe nexesha elaneleyo ukudala amandla amatsha nemveliso okanye ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yemveliso.

Emva kokuhlalutya ubonelelo kunye nemfuneko, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga iintsingiselo eziphambili kwi utshintsho iikhonsepthi ezinxulumene ixabiso okanye non-ixabiso zinto. Ngale laliqulunqwe ngomthetho yonikezelo kunye nemfuno. Kudla abaphandi ubungqina baneleyo ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwemfuneko iimveliso. Kufuneka ukulinganisa echanileyo neenkcukacha zamanani, kuba Ukwehla okukhawulezayo, kade, buthathaka okanye namandla.

ubuntununtunu Market ngokuphathelele amaxabiso, ingeniso okanye ezinye iimeko kwentsebenzo kuboniswa izikhombisi luthambe, obubonakala ngokuba yimiba ezizodwa.

ulwazi zembali

Ingcamango theory luthambe kuqoqosho wabonakala kamva, kodwa ngokukhawuleza yaba enye esisiseko. Igama jikelele kuqoqosho weza evela nenzululwazi yezobugqi. URobert Boyle ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe ngalo isifundo iimpawu irhasi kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "luthambe". Kodwa banikwe inkcazelo kwezoqoqosho Alfred Marshall kuphela ngo-1885. Isazinzulu British na ingcamango kokusungulwa. Ukusebenzisa impumelelo Adam Smith kunye noDavide Ricardo, wabanika inkcazelo yokuqala olucacileyo 'ngumlingani ka ixabiso luthambe ebango.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho icandelo elinye lwezoqoqosho, nanto leyo kwakungayi wasebenzisa igama elithi "luthambe". Apha and analysis imfuno kunye ngesiphakamiso thiyori mveliso kunye imijikelo kwezoqoqosho, ubudlelwane yoqoqosho lwehlabathi, nolindelo kwezoqoqosho kunye nabanye. Ukuba nokwenzeka - igama, nto kubalulekile ukuba ubukho kuqoqosho lwale mihla.

ngezigaba luthambe

Iintlobo komnotho ebizwa:

• ixabiso luthambe ebango;
• luthambe kwaneliswe iindleko;
• ingeniso luthambe ebango;
• -Ixabiso cross luthambe ebango;
• khomba luthambe ebango;
• luthambe arc yokufunwa;
• luthambe komgca othe ngqo;
• luthambe Technical wokumelana;
• ixabiso luthambe and salary ngawona.

Point okubuyela kwimo - njalo kwimigca imfuno kunye nonikezelo. It ilinganiswa ngaxa lithile, kungoko ke igama elithi. Point luthambe sisikali Injongo uvakalelo yesinyanzeliso kunye nonikezelo utshintsho ekulawuleni amaxabiso nemivuzo.

luthambe arc - malunga nenqanaba impendulo. Oku akuthethi mayinike idatha echanekileyo (ngokwahlukileyo kwi ndawo). luthambe pewa imfuno yi-avareji unikezelo kunye nemfuno kutshintsho amaxabiso okanye nengeniso. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukuhlola isimo emarikeni.

ukungavumelani kwe luthambe

'Ngumlingani ka yengeniso luthambe linoxanduva iqondo utshintsho nobuninzi into enye (umthamo kwemfuneko okanye ubonelelo), lo gama ezinye utshintsho (ixabiso, ingeniso okanye iinkcitho) ngepesenti enye.

Luthambe kwaneliswe imfuno zibalwe lomlinganiselo utshintsho kwizinga kwemfuneko (supply) ukutshintsha naziphi njengeyo- ipesenti. Onefuthe - i into unefuthe unikezelo kunye nemfuno. 'Ngumlingani ka luthambe kuxhomekeke izikhombisi njengeyo-.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo iimveliso kwahluka enye kwenye iqondo lotshintsho kwinqanaba imfuno phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko ezithile. Ukuphendula kwe-ezifunwa ngayo ezi mveliso utshintsho ezinokubalwa yi into. Utshintsho ukusebenza luthambe imfuno kwi imeko emarikeni xa iyonke.

Eli gama libhekisela kwinkqubo lithathelwe ukutshintsha inkqubo kwimarike miba ephambili. Ezi ziquka ixabiso imveliso, ingeniso yomthengi kunye neendleko analog impahla.

ukubala iindlela

'Ngumlingani ka luthambe yengeniso ibalwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Ekubaleni, kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko:

• luthambe arc okanye nezimo we arc. Isetyenziswa ukulinganisa luthambe phakathi amanqaku kwi unikezelo kunye nemfuno amagophe. Luquka ulwazi lokuqala kunye kwinqanaba elilandelayo nexabiso kunye nomthamo.
• luthambe Spot okanye luthambe yencopho. Oku kusetyenziswa kwiimeko xa kukho iinkcukacha malunga nemisebenzi kwemfuneko (supply) kunye namanqanaba lokuqala ixabiso, kwakunye ubungakanani kwemfuneko (supply). Le fomula ayisetyenziswa inguqu okungephi ixabiso okanye nayiphi na enye parameter.

iipropati key

Ngokusekelwe nokuzimisela, imisebenzi kunye neefomula, kulandele iimpawu luthambe ezifana:

• luthambe na ixabiso kakhulu ukuba ixhomekeke Izakhi ukulinganisa umthamo, ixabiso okanye nezinye iparameters;
• luthambe imisebenzi kwintembeko ke ixabiso ngokulingana.

Kukho iindlela eziphambili ezintathu, kuxhomekeke eguquguqukayo lemarike umthamo ebango:

1. imfuno Inelastic. Oku kwenzeka xa inani iimpahla ezithengiweyo banda ekhulwini ngaphantsi kwe enye ekhulwini ngalinye ukuhla kwamaxabiso.
2. Nge ngokonyuswa ekhulwini ngaphezu kwesinye kwimveliso zithengwe kwaye ukunciphisa ixabiso yi ngokwepesenti imfuno uba elastic.
3. Ingcamango a luthambe omnye kwenzeka xa ubungakanani yemveliso kabini ngenxa yokuhla kwexabiso layo kwisiqingatha.

Imiba yokufunwa luthambe

• Ixesha factor (kuba iimpawu ixesha elide imfuno elastic ngaphezulu).
• Ubukho okanye Ubukho iimpahla-analogue (ukuba ezi azikho, umngcipheko kunciphise nemfuno minimum).
• Inxalenye yeendleko iimveliso ezifakwe mali kwabathengi.
• market level Ukwanda kwimveliso.
• Ubukho bokusetyenziswa imveliso.
• Ukubaluleka le mveliso ye-nkonzo.

Izinto inelasticity ebango

Cinga zihlandlo apho umthengi has nefuthe ngqo:

• ukhetha impahla ezineempawu elungileyo (ifuneka ixabiso inelastic, ukuba imveliso ayisebenzi okanye ukukopela kokulindelwe umthengi);
• Kubathengi badla iyalela imveliso umenzi (kulo mzekelo, ukulungele ukuba uhlawule ngaphezulu);
• abathengi akufunekanga ngokwaneleyo ukwaziswa ngayo imveliso ethile;
• Ixabiso akaxhomanga kuthelekiswa abasebenzisi mali;
• umthengi has ithuba ukonga uhlobo oluthile impahla.

Income luthambe ebango

Ichazwa umgangatho utshintsho oluninzi in ingeniso ekhulwini ngalinye. Revenue ukukhula kwandisa ithuba lokwenza sithenga, imfuno kwandisa, kwaye luthambe ebango yi-HIV.

Ukuba ukungavumelani kwe luthambe lincinane (mkhulu zero kodwa ngaphantsi kwe omnye), ngoko ke a imveliso yimfuneko kakhulu. Ukuba ngaphezu kwesinye, u ta va a zodidi.

Ke yona impahla mgangathweni, kukho ingeniso luthambe ebango yi negative (ngaphantsi kwe zero). Ukuba nokwenzeka - isafobe esoloko itshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko nemakethe.

Cross-luthambe ebango

Le ratio ibonisa izinga utshintsho kwemfuno zemveliso omnye, lo gama ixabiso kwezinye utshintsho ngepesenti mnye. Yena HIV, negative kunye zero.

Ukuba ratio mkhulu zero, ngoko iimveliso interchangeable, ukuba ngaphantsi, iimveliso ezihlobeneyo. Kwimeko lomnqamlezo-luthambe ebango ngu zero, ngoko ke impahla azikho zixhomekeke enye kwenye yaye kuba nafuthe kwimfuno.

Eyona into zomnqamlezo-luthambe iimveliso ezahlukeneyo - iimpawu yabathengi impahla, indawo yabo okanye ngaphandle.

Eyona nto zixhaphakileyo kwi imarike - ke luthambe le mveliso. Cross azilingani: enye ixhomekeke kwenye iimveliso.

Abaphandi baye bakwazi ubunzima kumiselwe imida kumacandelo nge cross-luthambe ingumlingani. Ezi zibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Hard wayezimisele inqanaba avumelekile eliphezulu cross-luthambe kumasebe ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, umnqamlezo-luthambe semifuno frozen inkampani iphezulu kakhulu, kodwa imveliso intlama kunye nemifuno kunye frozen - kakhulu phantsi. Ngako oko ke, akukacaci ukuba okanye hayi ukuthetha malunga kwamasebe amabini okanye kudingeka nganye.
2. Beesekethe ukuze cross-okubuyela kwimo (umzekelo, aphezulu cross-okubuyela kwimo ziya kwenzeka phakathi umbala kunye TV mnyama namhlophe).

luthambe supply

Ukungavumelani kwe ixabiso luthambe lobonelelo umgangatho utshintsho ubuninzi, ngeli utshintsho ixabiso le ngepesenti omnye.

Degree ezinguquko yonikezelo kuxhomekeka kwixabiso luthambe batshintsha yobonelelo lixabiso. A elithile le utshintsho - 'ngumlingani ka-NMMU luthambe, ebalwayo njengoko umlinganiselo umthamo ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso.

Izinto ezibonakalisa luthambe yeendleko zobonelelo:

• esibekiweyo (leso - inelastic, elifutshane - yimidlalo ixabiso Ukutshintsha, ixesha elide - elastic);
• amathuba zokugcina ixesha elide kwempahla wayigqiba kwaye kwathengwa izinto ukuba imveliso zabo;
• ingakumbi ukuveliswa kwemisebenzi (isixa lomsebenzi kuzanywa ekuvelisweni iimveliso);
• Impahla ubuninzi kunye umthamo ngumthwalo weempahla okanye wezitya.

Price luthambe yonikezelo uyatshintsha ngenxa ifuthe inkqubela zobuchwepheshe, umgangatho nobungakanani izinto ekrwada kunye neminye imithombo owenziwayo.

Ukunciphisa elasticities ubonelelo nto yokukhulisa izinto ekrwada kuphela, nto leyo esetyenziswa kwimveliso.

isiphelo

Ukuba nokwenzeka - zinga impendulo iziphawuli noqoqosho omnye komnye.

imisebenzi sonikezelo kunye nemfuno kuxhomekeke inani elikhulu imiba amaxabiso non-ixabiso (njengeyo-).

Le luthambe of umsebenzi imfuno kunye nonikezelo luphawulwa ubuntununtunu yemfuno kunye nonikezelo ukuya abacombululi ngumba njengepesenti. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba luthambe omnye okanye kwenye indawo, kufuneka ufumane yemvelaphi kwenxenye ngumsebenzi kwakunye nokufunwa onefuthe ethile.