UPawulos 1: nkqubo namazwe angaphandle, ubukumkani

Imbali 1 UPawulos waqalisa ngokwenene nesibakala sokuba uKumkanikazi Elizaveta Petrovna, ntombi zesini uPetros Omkhulu kunye Catherine Yokuqala (ekuqaleni ibimele ukuba ukuba umlimi iBaltic), kungekho nabantwana babo, bayamenywa elizayo uBawo Pavel Russia. Bazalwa kwisixeko German ka Kiel, P. Ulrih Golshteyn-Gottorp, liTshawe neTshawekazi wafumana elubhaptizweni egameni uPetros. Oku ezilishumi elinesine (ngexesha kwesimemo), lo mfana ngumtshana ka Elizabeth yaye unelungelo lokuba zombini Swedish kunye itrone Russian.

Yayingubani uyise ka-Paul I - imfihlelo

Tsar Paul 1, njengabo bonke abantu, abakwazi ukukhetha abazali babo. Unina elizayo bafika eRashiya bevela Prussia eneminyaka engama-15, ngomhla ngesindululo uFrederick II, njengoko ibe umtshakazi iNkosana Ulrich. Apho wafumana igama Orthodox n (Alekseevna), wayetshate ngo-1745 yaye kamva iminyaka esithoba kuphela wazala unyana, uPawulos. Imbali ushiye uluvo elahluleleneyo malunga uyise uPawulos Yokuqala kunokwenzeka. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba uCatherine wamthiya umyeni wakhe, ngoko lukatata nguye lover Sergei Saltykov uCatherine. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba uyise wakhe kunjalo Ulrich (Peter III), ekubeni kukho ezicacileyo kunye umfanekiso into efana, kodwa kwakhona wazi nakancane Catherine ukuze unyana wakhe, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba avuse kubo ngentiyo uyise. UPawulos akazange nanjengonina, nathi, ngalo lonke ixesha lobomi bakhe. azikhange akwenzileyo uPawulos uviwo genetic kwamathambo okwangoku, ngoko ncakasa ukuseka makavume le tsar Russian akwenzeki.

Ukuzalwa ke yabhiyozelwa kunyaka wonke

Ikamva uMlawuli uPawulos 1 ebemncinane, ndayihluthwa uthando lwabazali kunye ingqalelo, njengoko uninakhulu Elizabeth, kungekudala emva kokuzalwa kwakhe, yamthabatha unyana Catherine yaye inikwa unonophelo abongikazi kunye nootitshala. Waye umntwana kudala lilindelwe lonke eli lizwe, kuba emva kokuba uPetros autocrats Great Russian ziye ababenengxaki ukuqhubekeka ngamandla ngenxa yokunqongophala abamlandelayo. Festivals kunye izitakantlantsi phezu ukuzalwa kwakhe eRashiya kubhanga unyaka.

Ixhoba yokuqala iyelenqe ibhotwe

wabuyela Elizabeth Bulelani Catherine for kokuba umntwana isixa esikhulu kakhulu - 100 amawaka engange, kodwa unina bebonisa unyana wakhe iinyanga nje ezintandathu emva kokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngenxa yokunqongophala umama elikufutshane kukunyaba inkonzo nenzondelelo kakhulu abasebenzi balo, uPawulos 1, umgaqo basekhaya angaphandle akukho ubhalo eyahlukileyo kwixesha elizayo, ndakhulela ukuthabatheka kakhulu, buhlungu nemithambo-wracking. Kwiminyaka 8 (1862) umthetheli oselula ezilahlekileyo uyise, wangumlawuli ngo-1861 emva kokufa Elizabeth, wabulawa kamva ngonyaka iyelenqe ebhotwe.

Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-amathathu ngaphambi kwegunya lomthetho

Tsar Paul 1 ngexesha layo imfundo ephucukileyo kakhulu, nto leyo iminyaka emininzi wayengakwazi ukusebenzisa. Kwiminyaka emine, naphantsi Elizabeth, yena bafundiswa ukufunda nokubhala, ngoko ke wazazi iilwimi ezininzi zasemzini, nolwazi lwemathematika, Applied Sciences, kunye nembali. Phakathi ootitshala bakhe F. Behteev, S. Poroshin, Panin, kunye nemithetho uloliwe yakhe elizayo Metropolitan of Moskovskiy Platon. Ubuzibulo uPawulos waba sele ngo1862 unelungelo lokuba kwetrone, kodwa unina, endaweni Regency, weza igunya ngoncedo abalindi, wathi yena Catherine II kunye nemithetho iminyaka 34.

Paul 1 uMlawuli sele etshatile kabini. Ixesha lokuqala - engama-19 Augustin-Wilhelmina (Natalia Alekseevna), owathi wafa umntwana ekuzaleni. Ixesha sesibini - kunyaka ukufa umfazi wakhe wokuqala (njengoko uCatherine wabongoza) Nozipho-Augusta-Louise vyurtemberskoy inkosazana (Maria Feodorovna), nto leyo eza kuzala abantwana abalishumi, uPawulos. abantwana bakhe abadala ukuba ubunzima isiphelo efanayo njengoko yena - baya kuthabatha nemfundo angabi makhulu, yaye kunqabile ukubabona. Ukongezelela abantwana abazalelwe emtshatweni ecaweni, uPaul Simon wayengunyana ka uthando lwakhe lokuqala - intombazana yimbeko Sofi Ushakovoy kunye intombi L. Bagart.

Umama wakhe wayefuna ukuphucwa yesihlalo sakhe

1 Pavel Romanov wenyuka sobukhosi eneminyaka engama-42 ubudala, emva kokufa nonina (uCatherine wafa zestrowuku) ngoNovemba 1796. Ngeli xesha ke iseti zengqondo kunye nemikhwa leyo ichazwe ikamva lakhe ikamva eRashiya kude 1801. iminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kokufa Catherine, ngo-1783, liye lancitshiswa ubuncinane ulwalamano lwakhe kunye nonina (kwathiwa ukuba wayefuna ukuphucwa ilungelo lakhe kwetrone) kunye Pavlovsk waqala ukwakha imodeli yayo karhulumente yesixhobo. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-30, Catherine wabongoza, yena familiarized wambu imisebenzi uVoltaire, Hume, uMontesquieu, njl Ngenxa umbono wakhe waba zilandelayo :. In urhulumente kufuneka ibe 'aph' ukuze wonke umntu wonke, "kodwa kuphela xa monarchical uhlobo urhulumente.

Coalition ne eYurophu ebudeni bolawulo

Ngelo xesha elifanayo Gatchina, wasiphula ngexesha amatyala, umlawuli elizayo wayenza ukuqeqesha ithathele zomkhosi. uthando lwakhe unobangela impatho kwaye ngokuyinxenye buya ukumisela kuba yintoni na amazwe Politika Pavla 1. Umyolelo kakhulu seluxolweni, xa kuthelekiswa ngexesha uCatherine Omkhulu, kodwa maloposledovatelnoy. UPawulos kuqala walwa revolution eFransi (kunye inxaxheba Suvorova A. V.), kunye neBritani, Turkey, Austria, njl, koko waziqhekeza umfela ndawonye Austria waza wemka amabutho eYurophu. Imizamo ukuba aye kuhlola kunye neBritani eNetherlands ayiphumelelanga.

1 UPawulos waluthethelela Order of Malta

Kanye ngo-1799 Bonaparte eFransi, kanzulu ezandleni zakhe zonke amandla okuba kokusasazeka revolution libunile, waqalisa ukufuna namahlakani kwamanye amazwe. Kwaye Ke kwafumaneka kuwo, kuquka ubuso * uKhesare Russian. Ngelo xesha, eFransi kwaxutyushwa kunye navies womanyano zidityanisiwe. Politika Foreign Pavla 1 kwixesha ekuyeni ekupheleni bolawulo lwakhe edibene ukuyilwa yokugqibela ekulweni nxamnye waseBritani, nto leyo eye ubundlongondlongo kakhulu ukuba baziphathe elwandle (wahlaselwa Malta, ngoxa uPawulos iNkosi Grand noMyalelo saseMalta). Ngoko ke, ngo-1800 phakathi eRashiya kunye amazwe aseYurophu yaba umfelandawonye asiwe apho anganqweneli nkqubo eNgilani cala exhobileyo.

iiprojekthi osisigxina empini

Paul 1, umgaqo basekhaya angaphandle ukuba akusoloko iqondwe nkqu layo lakhe, wayefuna ukuba buhlungu iBritani kunye nempahla yayo Indian ngelo xesha. Wathumela uhambo ku Central Asia ukusuka imikhosi Don (malunga 22.500 ngabantu), wabukhangelisa umsebenzi ukuba aye kummandla we-Indus kunye iGanges, yaye "waphazamiseka" kwi IsiNgesi apho, ngaphandle kwezo abaphikisa British. Ngexesha akazange ayisekho nkqu imaphu ndawo, ngoko ngephulo India yapheliswa ngo-1801, emva kokufa uPawulos, yaye amajoni babuya kumathafa kufuphi Astrakhan, apho sele ifikelele.

Wobukumkani uPawulos 1 kuphawulwa kukuba kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo kwi kummandla Russia akukho ngesinyanzeliso amazwe bathwalwa ngaphandle, kodwa iinzuzo abangenzanga na. Ukongeza, umlawuli, yokunyamekela izilangazelelo Knights saseMalta, phantse amrholela ilizwe angavumelani ngqo ngamandla kakhulu aselwandle ixesha - eNgilani. I-British Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iintshaba zakhe ezibalulekileyo, lo gama uvelwano kakhulu awayenabo Prussia, ucinga umbutho yomkhosi kunye abahlala kuloo mazwe bawo (oko Akumangalisi kunikwa imvelaphi yayo).

Ukunciphisa umlilo ityala likarhulumente

Domestic Politika Pavla 1 lwalujoliswe ukuzama ukuphucula ubomi kwaye kuphuculwe indlela leyinene Russian. Ngokukodwa, wayekholelwa ukuba ebuncwaneni bobabo lizwe, kungekhona kuye buqu, njengelizwe lobunganga. Ngoko wabenzela ukuze zinyibilike iingqekembe zesiliva icwangcisa ezinye Winter Palace atshise inxenye yawo imali yephepha engange kwezigidi ezibini ukunciphisa ityala likarhulumente. Waba evulekile ngakumbi ebantwini ababengaphambi bakhe, kunye nabalandeli ngeposi kucingo lebhokisi ibhotwe bokukhupha amaxwebhu ezikhalazo wathetha kuye, nto leyo ngokufuthi wawa caricatures kakumkani ngokwakhe, kunye lampoons.

kumsitho wolunye uhlanga zizidumbu

bolawulo uPawulos yabalasela-1 kunye utshintsho emkhosini, apho waqalisa luhlobo olunye, imimiselo, esibumbeneyo bexhobile, ekholelwa ukuba ngexesha yomkhosi unina wakhe ibingelilo umkhosi, kwaye isihlwele. Ngokubanzi, ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba inkoliso oko akwenzileyo uPawulos, wenza ukulaya unina wakhe ongasekhoyo. Baye ke bengaphezu ezenzekayo engaqhelekanga kanye. Umzekelo, wangumlawuli, wathabatha engcwabeni iintsalela sikayise wabulala Peter III. Ke uthuthu sokoronoval kayise kunye isidumbu sikanina, ebeka isithsaba phezulu kwebhokisi kayise, ngoxa umfazi wakhe, uMaria Fyodorovna Wababekela omnye isithsaba uCatherine ufile. Emva koko, lo iibhokisi ezimbini ukuya uPetros noPawulos Cathedral, mbulali Peter III, Count Orlov, ephethe ebhokisini yakhe phambi isithsaba zabalawuli. La mathambo kungcwatywa, ebonisa umhla wokungcwaba.

UPawulos 1, ngexesha lokulawula ogama siphila ixesha elifutshane, ngenxa yokunqongophala ekuqondeni izinto ezinjalo ndizuze abaninzi. Kwaye ke ezintsha ezize kuye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo akazange abangele inkxaso yokusingqongileyo. I koMlawuli yafuna yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Eyaziwa ibali, xa wamnika isihloko yegosa enocwangco ukuba yokuqala yedwa akaphethanga iimbumbulu wakhe wamajoni. Emva Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ingqeqesho abantu baqalisa ukuba namandla. imiyalelo uzame ukubethelela uPawulos kunye umphakathi, umlomo enxibe izimbo ezithile yokunxiba befuna banxibe izinto isampula German umbala othile kunye inekhola ubukhulu elinikiweyo.

Umgaqo-Domestic 1 UPawulos iphathwayo nemfundo, leyo, njengoko kulindelekile, waba negalelo ekuphuculeni imeko ulwimi Russian. Emva Ukuvuma kwetrone umlawuli wawukwalela amabinzana florid, odolo nokunxibelelana ekubhaleni ngokucacileyo kwaye nje. Ezibeka impembelelo French kuluntu Russian eyayinalo iincwadi kweli ngolwimi (i-revolution, njengoko wayekholelwa), wawukwalela lidlale amakhadi. Ukongeza, ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuvula izikolo ezininzi kunye neekholeji, ukuze abuyisele University of Dorpat, vula i Academy ebandakanya-Steel eSt Petersburg. Phakathi namaqabane akhe ngathi ubuntu lunobumnyama, ezifana Arakcheev, kunye G. Derzhavin, A. Suvorov, N. Saltykov, Speransky kunye nabanye.

Njengoko ukumkani abalimi kwanceda

Noko ke, uPawulos 1, ebudeni bolawulo ogama - 1796-1801, babengakuthandi ngaphezu ethandwayo phakathi kwabantu bexesha lakhe. Ekunyamekeleni abalimi, leyo ngokufanelekileyo ingqalelo ekuxhonyekekwe kuzo zonke ezinye iiklasi yoluntu, ehlanganisa serfdom yeentsuku ezintathu kwaye yakhulula amafama ekusebenzeni ngeCawa. Ngale ndlela ke uzibizele ingqumbo ka abaqeshisi, umzekelo, eRashiya, kwaye ukunganeliseki kwabo abalimi kwi Ukraine, apho serfdom ngelo xesha, kodwa yena wabonakala iintsuku ezintathu. Lo mhlaba ke awonwabanga uvaliwe kunye neentsapho neyabalimi eyahlukileyo ngexesha intengiso, ukuthintelwa ukuphathwa kakubi, ukususwa kwemisebenzi ukusuka abalimi ukugcina amahashe umkhosi ezithengisa ngamaxabiso yehlise isonka kunye netyuwa evela isitokhwe karhulumente. Paul 1, umgaqo basekhaya langaphandle akuhambisani, kwangaxeshanye yayalela abalimi ukuba bathobele bonke abanini phantsi yokoyika isohlwayo.

Lwentengiso malunghelo yezikhulu

nguzwilakhe Russian silatyuzwa phakathi nezithintelo kunye iimvumelwano ezibangele ukuba ukubulawa koko uPawulos 1. Eyisongile yonke indlu yabucala wokushicilela, ukuba akukho ithuba ekusasazeni nezimvo French Revolution, kodwa wawunika indawo zezwe akwizikhundla eziphezulu French ezifana Prince of Conde, okanye elizayo Ludwig Eighth . Yena kwavalwa isohlwayo sokubetha ngenxa asebukhosini, kodwa kuqaliswa ukuba angenise ezimashumi engange umphefumlo kunye irhafu yesondlo karhulumente wengingqi.

Zexesha elifutshane ebukumkanini uPawulos 1 iquka iziganeko ezifana ukuvalwa yokurhoxa aziingangamsha, ababekhonza esingaphantsi konyaka, umlomo unikezelo collective ezikhalazo wabanumzana, ukupheliswa ibandla yezikhulu kumaphondo, lezimangalo nabanumzana, lowo wakuphepha inkonzo. Umlawuli nayo ukuba abalimi karhulumente kubhalwe kwabemi kunye nabarhwebi, nto leyo eyabangela ukunganeliseki le yokugqibela.

Eneneni eyasungulwa dog ukuvelisa Russia

Ziziphi izenzo wada wenza imbali 1 UPawulos, umgaqo basekhaya wasemzini - ukuba ukunxanelwa zinguquko isikali? I-Russian Tsar wavumela ukwakhiwa yeetempile wokholo Old Likholwa (yonke), uxolele izibonda, abo bathatha inxaxheba qhankqalazo Kosciuszko, waqala ukuthenga kwamanye amazwe, kukho iintlobo ezintsha izinja kunye neegusha, umlahla, enyanisweni, inja. Kubalulekile kunye umthetho wokulandelelana, leyo ngaphandle ithuba anyukele kwitrone amabhinqa umisela inkqubo Regency.

Noko ke, nazo zonke izinto ezintle, umlawuli babengakuthandi phakathi kwabantu owadala imiqathango ngenxa uphindelela ngayo ubomi bakhe. UPawulos 1 lokubulala obenziwe ngamagosa regiments eziliqela ngoMatshi 1801. Kukholelwa ukuba iyelenqe nxamnye umlawuli ezixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente waseBritani, leyo wayengafuni Russia ukomeleza kummandla baseMalta. Ukubandakanyeka izenzo zoonyana bakhe kuye bokuba, kodwa ngenkulungwane ye-19, ezinye iintsilelo ekufundweni eRashiya ebudeni bolawulo umlawuli kwangena.