Okubizela kwimalike yabasebenzi. kwimarike yabasebenzi Namhlanje kunye neempawu zayo

Enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho mihla kuwo onke amazwe kwimalike yabasebenzi. Kunzima ukuba phantsi indima le nqubo, ekubeni intsingiselo yalo kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba izigidi zabantu abathengisa ngemigudu yabo, bafumana imali ukuba zikhona, kwaye izigidi amashishini - kufuneka abasebenzi ukusebenza. Yiloo nto kufuneka kwimarike yabasebenzi kwindawo yokuqala. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukwazi kubume bayo, ixabiso kunye iimpawu eziyimfuneko nje kuphela zoqoqosho kunye nabanini kweenkampani ezinkulu, kodwa ngokupheleleyo bonke abantu.

Ingcamango kwimalike yabasebenzi

market yabaSebenzi - yinto iqonga apho ahlangane ze ukungena kwimvumelwano yengqesho umqeshi kunye obefuna umsebenzi. Yinto uhlobo inkqubo ubudlelane obuluncedo, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho, phakathi kwamaqumrhu amabini.

Elinye icala isivumelwano sengqesho - umntu odinga emsebenzini. Enye - oku kudla ngumntu ngokusemthethweni okanye wendalo ifuna abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo okanye abasebenzi, yaye onako nokuqesha sicelo.

Njengazo naziphi na ezinye kwimarike, kukho imveliso - ngumsebenzi. A obefuna umsebenzi, izenzo umthengisi ulwazi lwabo, ixesha, ubuchule kunye nezakhono. Kwaye ufuna ukufumana unikezelo impahla entlawulo kule ngohlobo umvuzo.

izinto market

izinto yeemalike:

• isicelo yaye umqeshi;
• imveliso kunye nemfuneko, umlinganiselo wabo;
• imithetho elawula indlela amanyathelo yemarike;
• yimibutho yeenkonzo yengqesho;
• Iinkonzo isikhokelo vocational, kwishishini ukuphucula izakhono zabasebenzi;
• ekuhleleni kwengqesho yethutyana (umsebenzi yamaxesha onyaka, umsebenzi ekhaya, etc ...);
• inkqubo yenkxaso-mali karhulumente kubemi baphulukene nemisebenzi ukunciphisa, idluliselwe komnye umsebenzi okanye nje bengasebenzi.

abafuna umsebenzi kunye nabaqeshi njengoko zifundo zemalike

Abaviwa nakwiimalike zengqesho ezi maqela alandelayo abemi eyomeleleyo:

• abemi abangenazo umsebenzi kwaye ufuna ukufumana umsebenzi ngexesha elinye; nazo, baye ndiyayithabatha ekubalele iziko yengqesho, okanye abantu nje ngifuna indawo yabo zomsebenzi;
• abantu abasebenzayo, kodwa abafuna ukutshintsha indawo yabo emsebenzini, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, ukukhetha enye indawo;
• Abemi eyomeleleyo sele kusecicini ekugxothweni.

Umqeshi kule kwimarike ingaba:

• iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwamashishini kunye nemibutho (amaqumrhu asemthethweni);
• oosomashishini ngamnye (abantu).

imisebenzi market

Okubizela kwimalike yabasebenzi - lula ukuqonda, akuba ingqalelo imisebenzi yayo engundoqo kunye nemisebenzi ezivela kulo. Ngoko ke, lo njongo iphambili yale ndlela kukuba umbutho engqesho ngokupheleleyo neemfuno abasebenzi eqeshiweyo amashishini kunye nemibutho.

Imarike ngawo, ifumana oku ngoncedo le misebenzi ilandelayo eyenziwa:

• umhlangano phakathi kweenkampani kunye abafuna umsebenzi;
• ngokubonelela ukhuphiswano enempilo phakathi nxaxheba market;
• ravnovesomyh ukuseka izinga kwemivuzo.

Imarike inkqubo thethwano kunye kokusayina isivumelwano ukuthenga nokuthengisa lamandla oluntu kwi ngokwemiqathango okusoloko kuyinzuzo. Indlela kakuhle eninzi inceda nkulu lokusebenzisa amandla yengqesho zabantu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kumphakamo macro kuqoqosho black. kwimarike yezemisebenzi, Ngoko ke, lenza ukulawula umsebenzi.

Esiza kuxubusha ngayo ngokweenkcukacha kwimarike yezemisebenzi, ingqiqo kunye umsebenzi wayo, omnye ungabuza ngoko negalelo imbonakalo yayo kweli lizwe yaye yintoni imeko yakhe namhlanje.

ezifuneka kwezoqoqosho ukuze kwakhiwe kwimalike yabasebenzi

Ukuze siqonde oko kufuneka kwimarike yemisebenzi, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba amiliswe ngaphakathi naliphi na ilizwe kwindawo yokuqala kunye kokufika ngeenkolelo kwezoqoqosho. Zizo ezi:

• Yinkululeko onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho. kubume bayo siyifumana ilungelo kwipropati yabucala kwi esebenzisa imveliso kunye nokufumaneka ilifa ilizwe labo.
• Ukunakanwa inkululeko yabantu yokuzikhethela kwi, isicwangciso yabasebenzi yobungcali. Oko kukuthi, ngalinye isigqibo phi kwaye asebenze nzima zithini iindleko njani kwaye nokuba uyasebenza. Ngelo xesha kweli lizwe othintela izenzo ngebhaxa, ngaphandle nje kokuba isohlwayo ingabalelwa ubulungisa.
• ibhizinisi njengoko umsebenzi. Wonke umntu kweli lizwe ngokwabo okanye neqela labantu linelungelo ukuvula ishishini labo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kwe kwimalike yabasebenzi kuchaphazela uqoqosho. Imalike yabasebenzi ayikwazi kuyilwa ngaphandle kwayo.

iimeko zentlalo ekumisweni imarike

Ukuze kwakhiwe kwimalike yabasebenzi, ukongeza imiba yezoqoqosho, imvelaphi kuyimfuneko lwezenhlalo, nto leyo ukuyilwa ukungalingani ngokwemigqaliselo yengeniso, ubude kwenkonzo kunye neziqinisekiso umsebenzi, ngesidanga impilo kunye nomgangatho wemfundo phakathi kwabantu. Kwakhona, umahluko ubuchule bengqondo kunye neempawu (amandla, amandla, kwaye ngokunjalo nomtsalane. D.).

Olu hlobo ukungalingani kwezentlalo kufuneka kuhambe amagunya karhulumente kunye ngoncedo lweenkqubo yase kanye zikamasipala ukukhusela abantu okuchasene nokungabinamsebenzi, umhlala-phantsi ngenxa yemeko, zenkxaso- ntsapho zinengeniso esezantsi, kwaye i-inshorensi yezempilo.

ezifuneka zomthetho ukuze kwakhiwe kwimalike yabasebenzi

Ukuba ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala esemthethweni eyenza zabasebenzi kunye uyakwazi ukwenza eminye yemarike, imithetho nemiyalelo karhulumente, unako ukukhusela abantu kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo, swi amalungelo omntu kunye nenkululeko. Kwi-Russian Federation, umzekelo, ezo:

• RF siseko, Art. 7, leyo yathi Russia - imeko yezentlalo, leyo ijolise ekudaleni iimeko ukuze ubomi enesidima kunye nophuhliso simahla abantu.
• Labour Code, leyo miqathango idwelisiwe yaye echaza imithetho esweni nokulawula ubudlelwane emsebenzini.
• I-Civil Code, nto leyo ichaza ukuba iifom ezisemthethweni zamashishini.
• Umthetho inombolo 10321 "Kwi nomsebenzi Russian Federation" kunye nomthetho Federal № 207-FZ "On Iimvumelwano Collective Agreements", uMthetho Federal № 10-FZ "On Trade Unions, Amalungelo abo Iziqinisekiso" kunye nabanye.

Kwakunye nokufunwa kwimalike yabasebenzi

Ukususela iinkcazelo kwimalike yabasebenzi kunye neenkcazelo abalawulwa, kucacile ukuba le ndlela isekelwe iingqiqo yezoqoqosho ezifana nofumaniso kunye nemfuno. Imfuno - bubukho izithuba, libonisa ubungakanani imarike. Isiphakamiso - linani abangasebenziyo Abaxhobele ukuthengisa ngomsebenzi wabo kumqeshi. Kukweliphi ilizwe ayisayi, yaye yintoni ukuba kwimarike yezemisebenzi, kwakunye nokufunwa kwimalike yabasebenzi baya kuhlala khona. azifani, Bona kuxhomekeka imiba yangaphandle nangaphakathi.

Ngoko ke, imfuno kwimarike yemisebenzi kuxhomekeke ikakhulu kwinqanaba umvuzo. uqhagamshelo kwakhe phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kunye ukhuphiswano, zamanene bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo amaxabiso yabasebenzi. Kwakhona kwinqanaba imfuno lichatshazelwe ezinye izibakala kwezoqoqosho, ezifana, ngokomzekelo, imfuno yempahla eziveliswa yinkampani, inqanaba izixhobo zobugcisa okanye ixabiso eyinkunzi benkampani.

Mnike umsebenzi ofanayo, kwelinye icala, umlinganiselo ngqo umvuzo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ukunyuka umvuzo, landa inani labantu bazimisele benako ukuthengisa izakhono zabo phezu kweli xabiso.

Kwi ubonelelo yabasebenzi, ukongeza umvuzo, baphenjelelwa ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, inani labantu yokusebenza-ubudala, inani leeyure ezisingelwe ukusebenza ngosuku, ngeveki, ngonyaka, zobungcali emfundo iimpawu inginginya yamahlwempu awayesebenza nzima.

Kwakunye nokufunwa iimeko ifomu kwimarike kwimalike yabasebenzi. Yena ke, kuphantse zazo ezahlukeneyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi (imarike luhlangabezana ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi);
• nge intsalela yabasebenzi (kwimalike yabasebenzi izele iziphakamiso);
• elungeleleneyo (kwaneliswe isidingo zilingana).

impembelelo ayinyani yaye injongo ekusebenzeni kwimalike yabasebenzi

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, urhulumente unako ukulawula indlela yokusebenza kwimalike yabasebenzi. Esi senzo ube mkhulu kakhulu umthwalo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo karhulumente:

• mthetho federal (ukulawula kwinqanaba likazwelonke);
• kwingingqi okanye imibutho yasekuhlaleni (yobulali kumgaqo iimarike zabasebenzi njengoko Okukodwa yabo).

Iimpembelelo kwimarike yabasebenzi ukuze imibutho yasekuhlaleni, ezifana nemibutho yabasebenzi.

Kodwa hayi kuphela kwimiba zesimo ummiselo yengqesho kunye ngqesho ixhomekeke iya kusebenza njani kwimalike yabasebenzi. Kwakunye nokufunwa kwimarike yemisebenzi, kakade, kwakhona ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Kunye nempembelelo yazo izimele ukuthanda kunye noluvo yabantu, njengoko kuya ngokusekelwe imithetho yezoqoqosho. Loo nto ibe njongo.

model kwimarike yezemisebenzi

Yiyiphi kwimalike yabasebenzi? Ukuhlelwa kwiimarike kungaba lolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ngokuxhomekeke iqondo ukhuphiswano (ngokupheleleyo kwimarike monopsony emarikeni kukhuphiswano);
• kuxhomekeke iimpawu kukarhulumente (imodeli Japanese, imodeli US, imodeli yaseSweden).

ukhuphiswano ngokupheleleyo - imakethi yabasebenzi, equka inani elikhulu iinkampani nemibutho, zikhuphisane-nye, kwakunye a lot of abasebenzi abaya kungena ngxabano kunye nabanye. Kulo mzekelo, zemakethi yabasebenzi okanye inkampani, okanye abaqeshwa akanakuxelela iimeko zayo.

Monopsony - kwimarike yabasebenzi ukuba ububange kwicala elinye abathengi yabasebenzi. Kulo mzekelo, phantse bonke abasebenzi bekwi kwishishini enye, ngaphandle ukhetho. Ngenxa yoko, le nkampani bumisela imithetho yayo, kuqukwa iiseti umvuzo. Le modeli kuvamile ukuba kwiidolophu ezincinane, apho omnye isityalo enkulu okanye umbutho osebenza.

Umfuziselo Japanese kwemakethi yabasebenzi esibonakala inkqubo yengqesho ebomini, oko kukuthi, umqeshwa usebenza kwindawo enye de yobudala yomhlala-phantsi. Noko ke, umvuzo wakhe kunye neenzuzo zentlalo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi ubude wenkonzo. Uqeqesho nophuhliso lwabasebenzi kwenzeka njengoko bekucetyiwe. Ukuba umbutho wakho ufuna ukwenza loo unciphiso, abasebenzi akubekwe, kodwa zidluliselwe nje usuku elifutshane.

Xa intliziyo imodeli kwimarike yezemisebenzi US wabeka imithetho yokwabela ngokwemiqathango yengqesho kunye abangasebenziyo. karhulumente ngamnye wamkela imithetho yayo. Kwimibutho kukho ingqeqesho engqongqo kunye nesimo sengqondo andinyanisekanga kubasebenzi. uphuhliso Career ayikho ngaphakathi nkampani, kodwa kokuba enye inkampani. Izinga lentswela, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe eMelika liphezulu kakhulu. Into kwimarike yezemisebenzi US, kwaye oonobangela ngqesho zivela iimpawu zayo.

Umfuziselo kwimarike yabasebenzi Swedish features nempembelelo enkulu karhulumente phezu nakubungakanani bengqesho. Apha, inqanaba elincinane ngqesho ngokuncama izilumkiso zakhe.

Ezi nkcukacha ze kwimalike yabasebenzi

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwimarike yezemisebenzi mihla kunye neempawu zayo kwilizwe ngalinye, kwingingqi nganye, kwaye nkqu kwilali nganye ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ke inkalo ephambili zonke iimarike kukuba umbandela sale yabasebenzi. Inyaniso yokuba umthengisi kunye nempahla ayikwazi ohlulwe kwabanye, kwakunye into nganye yokuba imveliso ngokwayo akwenzeki ukugcina xa akufuneki nto.

Ingakumbi ezi marike kukungakwazi ukuseka umvuzo ngezantsi kurhulumente ekhankanyiweyo.

Okubizela kwimalike yabasebenzi - lula ukuqonda, emva kokuqwalasela ingqiqo yayo, iinjongo, iindlela kunye nokucingela zenzeka. Ngokubanzi sinokuthi ukuba sisiseko rhwebo. Ngoko ke, uyakwazi basiyalele imithetho yayo.