United States kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I: izibakala zembali

Kakade ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini eUnited States yaba amandla ezoshishino, bakwazi ukukhuphisana nxamnye na erasure yaseYurophu. The First World War kwaxhaswa yi Melika kamva ngaphezu zonke namahlakani, kodwa ke wamvumela ukuba kakhulu kule meko. United States kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I baziphatha Odyssey dodgy. Kusengqiqweni ukuba uqaphele ukuba oku kuye kwenziwa ngomhla iingalo kunye nezinye iinguqulelo isetyenziswa nanamhlanje.

sinobuqhetseba kunazo zonke

Ngowe-1918, ngoJulayi nango-Agasti wafumana amajoni ngokungaphelelanga German kunye Franco-Anglo-American owayephethwe igazi kwi-Marne River. ekhubekisayo jikelele German yaba wokugqibela, njengoko imfazwe baphuma kube yintlekele kubo, kwaye kwakhokelela ngokoyiswa lokugqibela. Naso xa imikhosi US kuqala wathabatha emfazweni inxaxheba ngqo oko. Phambi ukuba kukho inkxaso yezoqoqosho kuphela, hayi ngaphandle isibonelelo ethile ngokwabo. United States kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, nokuba ukoyisa ingxaki womhlaba, basuka kwilizwe kakhulu nempumelelo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngowe-1913 kwimveliso woshishino kuqala kunabo bonke behlabathi eUnited States, yavelisa intsimbi ngakumbi, ngempumelelo nangakumbi imigodi.

Xa sithelekisa data kwi parameters of Europe kunye US, kunye France, iBritani Germany, njengoko amalahle ayikho misela. US kweMfazwe Yehlabathi landa umsebenzi kwazo kwezoqoqosho. Sizana alwa, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba ubunzima obuthile. I-United States ngentsebenziswano kunye nabanye namahlakani bakwazi ukwandisa imveliso ngesiqingatha. Apha kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ngesandla ngokukhanya ukutshatyalaliswa abaninzi abantu, zange phambi kubahambi ngeenyawo abanamava: Melika ukunika iikhemikhali kunye neziqhushumbisi nkqu namahlakani ayo, ngaloo ndlela ekwandiseni ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ukuba angenise eyakhe amajoni abo US kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I Musa ukungxama.

umthendeleko boyisileyo

Ngoko ke, sokuthimba yamajoni United States akhetha indima egwebayo ( "Ijaji yokuziphatha", ngokutsho uMongameli Wilson). Noko ke, xa waba utyhilo ngokucacileyo Washington nexhala. Ngephanyazo kuyenzeka ukuba isivumelwano soxolo utyikitywa, yaye "nomthendeleko abaphumeleleyo," baya kuba kungekho ndawo. Kuphela ngo-1917 kwenziwa isigqibo, yaye ekugqibeleni wathabatha US ukungena leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Oku ngentlawulelo kancinci abavakalelwa anti-American phakathi namahlakani. Asibhozo anesihlanu amawaka US emkhosini wangena dabi Marne. Bane ubalindile inxenye yabo. Amanyeneyo, ndimele ndithi kule ngongoma ezilahlekileyo izigidi. Nosukelo haunted i US ukungena leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ecacileyo.

Ngokutsho le mbali Andrei Malov, amaMelika wasebenza ixakeke kakhulu nazo zonke izizwe olwa ukunika izahlulo, ukonyuswa udidi kushishino, anciphise ukungabikho kwemisebenzi. Kwaye ixesha ukujoyina imfazwe, xa kufika ixesha lokuba yahlula payi. Kwakufuneka kule candelo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Kwakukho qheke yehlabathi, kodwa ukuphucula iziphumo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuba eUnited States. Emva kokuqukunjelwa uxolo inxalenye onomdla ekudalweni uManyano Lwezizwe, xa kufikelela kwinkululeko yoluntu eBelgium, xa imbuyekezo ukuthwesa French Lorraine kunye Alsace, ukuba wande kummandla eSerbia kunye ukukhutshwa kwayo ukuya elwandle, kuba i-US wathabatha ekubuyiselweni Poland. Elosiweyo kakuhle-ntle kwamanye amazwe? Hayi, mhlawumbi hayi.

"Imfundo" idemokhrasi nangayiphi na indlela

US aba i yonke isixhobo ihlabathi esihle. nkqubo yezoqoqosho ebudeni mpi angaphezu kwamashumi amane ekhulwini loovimba ehlabathini zegolide ezibhankini United States kunye noorhulumente basemzini we sikolo billion ezilishumi zeerandi - ngelo xesha isixa esikhulu. Wilson kunye nabalandeli bakhe bakha isicwangciso leyo kakhulu abanamava kwabayili, kaloku ke, ngoku usebenza. Neocons emva Roosevelt yaqulunqa iziphumo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi United States: "Thina umfuziselo yedemokhrasi kunye nemfuneko niyifundise kwezinye zonke izizwe ngayo nayiphi na indlela." Ukususela 1918 amazwe inkulu aseYurophu sembethe eUnited States izizukulwana ezimbini ngaphambi.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngoku? Ihlabathi liphela kufuneka kubo, kwaye kukuhlawula kuya kuba kunokwenzeka de ngemihla yokugqibela kakhulu ubomi boluntu. I-United States ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ziye zenza isiseko esihle. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba kwagcwala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, abakhenkethi yaseMelika, baye bafunda ukusebenzisa umahluko kumazinga exchange. BaseYurophu Young unomona kakhulu lo gama nje American indlela yobomi hayi iye yaba yinto eyenziwe eyimfama; inkqubela zeteknoloji, kunye neziqhamo ngobuthi balo, ukubhengeza isilungiseleli seglosi. I-USSR yaba wokugqibela ngale ndlela, tshintshiselwano inkululeko "Snickers". Ngapha koko, inkululeko ayikho ekufumanekeni ihlazo na, kwaye amalungelo alinganayo izindlu, imfundo, umsebenzi, nokuzonwabisa. Umboleki ukuba kulula ukuba nje kuphela trendsetter kunye izimo, kodwa kwakufuneka iinkalo nguzwilakhe yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. neFrance Global. Russia kunye United States kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I wadlala indima esahlukileyo, yaye ngoko nakwizibetho zabo isasazeka ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo - eliphikisayo.

UManyano Lwezizwe

Ukususela ngowe-1914, i-US wenziwe odla bokuphathisana adale zakulse kunye nokudlala zonke iintlobo yangqubana mkhulu, ngexesha ilondoloza iwonga cala. Kwaba kuphela ngoMatshi 1917 (6 Apreli kwikhalenda Gregorian), Washington waqonda nakwenzeka ukujika ngakumbi. Xa US wangena iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uMongameli Wilson ndicinge ngokucacileyo imeko: ukuba kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ngegalelo onamandla umyalelo pre-imfazwe, apho United States wadlala lesibini, indima borderland ehlabathini yobudlelwane bezizwe. Noko ke, bona i Entente azizange ngokusesikweni idityaniswe, waza wahlala ilungu layo nabo. Uyakwazi ukugcina inkululeko izibophelelo efanayo, kuphela umfelandawonye, leyo landiswa kakhulu ngexesha lemfazwe. Kodwa ukuba simahla ngokubhekiselele annexations kunye reorganizations indawo eUnited States anisizakali ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba eUnited States wangena leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

I Entente njalo abafumana ngonaphakade-ukwanda kwemfuno uncedo evela abaseMelika. Kwaye hayi kuphela ngemali kunye nezixhobo, kodwa amajoni. Wilson wavakalisa US injongo kule mfazwe, leyo iyangqubana ngokupheleleyo imfundiso yaseYurophu lwesilinganiso isalamane imikhosi ngeendleko ukulahleka kwelungelo bezizwe self-determination. amagunya elikhulu, eUnited States yakholwa bahlukumeze ngesiqhelo umgaqo self-determination kuthetha ukuba akusayi oluzinzileyo umyalelo yehlabathi. Yiyo loo nto Wilson wacelwa ukuba kubekho iqumrhu entsha, abasisigxina ngamazwe, nto leyo eyenzelwe ukuba athobele ukhuseleko ngokuhlangeneyo kwaye ukuqinisekisa engenamkhethe zonke iimbambano yezizwe ngezizwe. Isiseko womsebenzi eveliswe uManyano Lwezizwe yaba luluhlu lwemigaqo ngokuqhelekileyo wavuma, iphakathi apho self-determination seentlanga abakhoyo. Ngoko ke, indima US kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi onamandla, nakuba emva kwexesha kakhulu intshayelelo yakhe.

London, Paris, eMoscow

Xa becwangcisa nokudalwa uManyano Lwezizwe, Wilson azama ukweyisela namahlakani ukuba umbutho wokuqala ezinjalo jikelele kwaye nakubathwala ukhuseleko kweendlela elwandle ukusetyenziswa mda alo naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini nokuthintela zonke iimfazwe kwaqala njengokutyhoboza nezibophelelo zezivumelwano. Ukungeniswa a nemiba efanayo kwihlabathi uluvo loluntu jikelele. EParis kunye London zithathwa iinjongo ezibekwe yi-Wilson, abakuso okude kwaye ubukhulu becala kakhulu abstract. Ngokufutshane, kwanawo yinzondelelo kaDavide Lloyd George, akukho Zhorzha Klemanso isindululo zange ekuqaleni wabangela. Iingxaki e Europe kude ngokucinezelwa abaninzi: imfazwe ukuba ukwandisa, njengoko US cala blyuli kwi Ezomva kwimeko ziye kuzo zonke ezimbi: ugwayimbo, imfazwe, kwaye nkqu Vatican waba nomlamli phakathi kwamazwe alwayo. Ngoko ke kungenzeka ukuba silahlekelwe imfazwe.

kakhulu, yonke into yahamba kakuhle ngokuphathelele eRashiya. Imizamo ukuhlaziya iimeko ezithile sele kwenzekile, kunye nomdla Russia one kakhulu, kokubini eYurophu kunye noMbindi Mpuma sivumelwano uxolo elizayo. Ke uRhulumente Provisional kwaye ukuba babelane izimvo kunye US nomnqophiso ozakuzo, ezama ukufumana izibonelelo zangaphandle yomkhosi zoncedo kwezoqoqosho, kunye. ERashiya, kakhulu, ukuba kube kubi zonke; ingxaki nje kwezoqoqosho, kodwa ezopolitiko, ukuwa epheleleyo yomkhosi awabelwa ngaphambili. Ally Russia iye zisebenze kahle kakhulu. Sizana wathabatha ukulawula le meko: wayebukele lokuthumela eNgilani, negalelo ekulweni amandla imikhosi Russian, France, eUnited States abandakanyeke kwezothutho kaloliwe. Ekuqaleni Novemba 1917, kusekho uRhulumente Provisional wabona ikamva eliqaqambileyo wobukumkani bakhe, yaye benza babonise ukuzinikela kwabo imfazwe ekupheleni ekrakra. Kodwa ngoNovemba 7, isimbo esitsha uphawu yakhe: "Ngubani na apha ixesha suka?" - efika.

cala

Ukususela ngowe-1914 de-1917 eUnited States wabonisa uvelwano amazwe Western Europe, kodwa wahlala cala, kodwa umnqweno abuse. Wilson wabonisa ukuba ezothusayo etshabalalisayo impixano yakhe elandelayo, wazama ukuba ukulamla, ekufezekiseni ihlabathi ngaphandle uloyiso nabani wakhe. Impumelelo akathweswa sithsaba. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iingalo amazwe Entente of America ingxelo ngexesha, yaye isixhobo okokuqala kwimbali wentshabalalo sabantu. I-UK usoloko elawulwa elwandle, kwaye i-US engonelisekanga, ingxoxo umthetho kolwandle kumazwe cala zange nokomelela.

Germany neenkundla, savalelwa kumazibuko ayo, ngeendlela zonke ezama ukubaleka ukusuka zokungqinga. Ngoko ke wazalwa isixhobo esitsha - nkwili. Ngoku, amazwe yorhwebo olungathath'icala, Nelinoxolo baye balahlekelwa ukhuseleko ehamba phezu kweelwandle. Ngowe-1915 amaJamani yazika inqanawa yaseBritani kunye abakhweli - "Lusitania" waya ezantsi, bethabathe naye ngaphezu kwekhulu ngabemi yaseMelika. Wilson wazama ukubeka iJamani phezu imboniselo, ekhala ukuba amabango abo yimithetho komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Germany akazange avume ukuba koyiseka de 1917 kunye inkwili nemfazwe zange ayeke. Emva koko, ngokungathi kuvunyelwene. Noko ke, esi sivumelwano asithotyelwa, sendela isibini kweenyanga eziliqela iinkundla US ezinkulu. Kwaye Aprili 6, 1917, i-Congress US zihlasele iJamani.

ukugcina ubuso

Wilson, ukuba bafike yosizi uxolo kunye umlamleli, hayi sele ifikelele ihlabathi. US Iinjongo kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ekuqaleni swi nje uqoqosho lo gama kugcinwe cala. Kodwa ayizange yenzeke. Kwafuneka enze igalelo yasemkhosini kuloyiso phezu eJamani. iithagethi ezintsha sele zichongiwe yaye ngokuthe ngcembe linyuke ukuphakama kwakhe ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba bangene imfazwe, ngokuphathelele ukusekwa uManyano Lwezizwe, kusingise ulawulo Europe kunye nehlabathi. Emva Germany kwakhula ngwenya imfazwe, eUnited States nangoko ukuze bandise uncedo yomkhosi wamanzi kunye noqoqosho kwabachasi zabo, baza baqalisa ngamalungiselelo hambo kwi-Western Front sele units yokulwa.

Jikelele Pershing, umphathi onyulwe oyintloko, wabhengeza isibheno umkhosi, kunye namadoda malunga nezigidi ukusuka kumashumi amabini ukuya kumashumi amathathu ananye enxibe khaki. Ukususela ekuqaleni ngoMatshi 1918 imikhosi eManyeneyo wazama ukuba zibambe utshaba ekhubekisayo. AmaJamani babenyuka ngamandla, i-British ne-French baba ubukhulu becala wopha. Kungenxa yoko le nto emkhosini US entsha ziye zaphumelela ekuncedeni Amanyeneyo, kunye counteroffensive, kwaye ukoyiswa elandelayo imikhosi yaseJamani. Amerika yonke inkqubo yoqoqosho ngokutsha kule mfazwe. Amanyathelo athathiweyo kuba nanto ngokwenene. ulawulo meko uqoqosho, kodwa bengazi.

ulawulo Federal

Wilson wadlula imithetho iphumelela kakhulu entlanganweni iinkonzo angasemva. Kuye udale zikaloliwe isebe okhethekileyo, ukuba atshitshise ukhuphiswano kunye nokuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso engqongqo yonke imisebenzi. A namagunya abanzi ukulawula amashishini banikwa ulawulo emkhosini-mveliso, nto leyo kwenza imveliso kwaye kuthintele phindo. Amaxabiso ingqolowa onakele, kunye inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu. Siye ziye zaziswa ukwandisa izinto zomkhosi "bespshenichnye" kunye "bezmyasnye 'imihla ngenxa labemi. imithombo fuel ngokunamathela kakhulu esisigxina, usasazo kunye nemveliso phantsi kweliso elibukhali.

Kwaba nje amanyathelo ezimangalisayo ukomeleza umkhosi namandla emkhosini. iinzuzo ezilungileyo zizisa, kunye namafama kunye nabasebenzi mveliso, oko ulihlwempu. Ibutho American ephuhliswa yaye ziyaqiniswa. Ukongeza, i-US wenze mboleko enkulu Amanyeneyo. Yathi ngasentla malunga ubungakanani ityala lwangaphandle kwamazwe aseYurophu ogwetyelweyo otyalwayo. iibhondi Liberty Loan zaye zakhutshwa, ngenxa apho lizwe kwaye ndikwazile ukugcina iindleko ezinkulu ezinjalo. I-United States kwi lokuqala, Second World War wafumana indlela iingxaki zehlabathi ukuya zophuculo yakhe.

iingongoma ezilishumi elinesine

Ingaba umxholo isibhengezo-1918 ukuba Wilson thaca Congress ngokumalunga leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye neenjongo US kuso. Kuyo, echaza inkqubo okubuyiswa uzinzo kweli hlabathi, wabiza kulwenziwo uManyano Lwezizwe. Yena, Kakade ke, waba babephikisana kunye iinjongo zomkhosi, ngewayeyixhasile amazwe Amanyeneyo, kwaye ngokuchasene izivumelwano ezininzi mfihlelo phakathi kwamazwe encedisayo. Kodwa lo kuthutha kakuhle kakhulu.

Ngo-Oktobha 1918, amazwe Central aseYurophu ngokuqhutywa ngqo ihlabathi Wilson, ngoyaba iintshaba zabo zaseYurophu. Ukusuka US eYurophu ukuthumela elizimisele House waya. NgoNovemba, iJamani asayina isivumelwano. Konke oku kubonisa indlela izikhundla Melika naseYurophu kuphikisana olomeleleyo. Ilungu kwezoqoqosho ubomi obudala yaye ekugqibeleni Zidilikile eYurophu musa athembise uzinziso ngok ngokutsha, kunye United States ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ziye kakhulu bya uqoqosho yayo. Plus senze ngaphandle intshabalalo. Eli lizwe zange walwa nommandla wayo.

umhlaba

Ngowe-1919 no 1920, kwakukho iintetho uxolo engenasiphelo. ikhondo Wilson wamthoba ngokupheleleyo nokudalwa uManyano Lwezizwe. Ukuze le njongo sele iphunyelelwe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba iqela onakalisa ukusuka indemnities kwimiba indawo.

Ekupheleni kukaJuni 1919 ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano, ezaba luvuthondaba umsebenzi wezopolitiko, Wilson. Hayi yonke into yahamba kakuhle. Republican iphumelele unyulo ngo-1918, yaye ngenxa yoko ngokuchasene kodwa kwasekwa uManyano Lwezizwe umbutho intshukumo enamandla.

Isigqibo yokuqala inceba yakhe yogutyulo, ukuvunywa waba busengozini. INdlu Yeengwevu wayefuna utshintsho kwisivumelwano, Wilson waxhathisa de Julayi 1921. Ngoko ke, Nngokobuchwepheshe ukuza kuthi ga eUnited States wayesekuloo imfazwe. "Coli Red" wenza izono, waza ke kuphela, Congress wadlula ekusonjululweni namagumbi zombini, esazisa kokugqitywa inxaxheba emfazweni. Indawo eUnited States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi wamomeleza ngokwezoqoqosho, kodwa ubunzima yezopolitiko engahlawulwanga. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba uManyano Lwezizwe baqalisa umsebenzi wayo ngaphandle US inxaxheba.