Unyaka kwesiseko Rostov Enkulu, ukukhankanywa okokuqala encwadini yeembali iminyaka 862

Rostov Enkulu - esi sixeko sidala Russian. Abembi bezinto zakudala kunxweme of Lake uNero wafumana ubungqina zokuhlala yamandulo kumaxesha Neolithic. Yiyo loo nto ayikwazi zisekwe kunyaka ngqo kwesiseko Rostov Enkulu. amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo abantu bokuqala bema apho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, baba bonke nabahedeni, iitempile ezininzi ukuthetha ngayo. Unyaka ngokukhankanywa yokuqala kwisixeko Rostov uya kubakhusela akunjalo kude. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ibonisa i-th 862, yaye ngowe-991 waya kubemi Orthodox Rostov.

iziko umKristu umntla-Russia

Ukusuka apha izixeko ezikufuphi needolophana zanwenwa ngokukhawuleza ubuKristu, nangona ubuhedeni wamelana innovations, ixesha elide kakhulu. Nkqu iminyaka asibhozo kweli lizwe Rostov kuba abanquli yenkolo entsha wafa. Ngoko ke, owabulawa nabahedeni Bishop Leonty ngo-1071. Ukongeza zonqulo, Rostov Enkulu, ogama abemi iminyaka emininzi wathethelela eRashiya ukusuka ukuhlasela utshaba lwangaphakathi ezivela empumalanga nasentla, wakhonza njengeziko kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko seLizwe Kiev. Kwaba ukusuka kwabakho Rostov abalawuli - oonyana iinkosana Kievan.

A Unyaka of Great Rostov isiseko ayaziwa kuthi, kodwa ubalo lwenziwa ukusuka wokuqala okhankanywe kwi "Tale of adlulileyo Years". Ke ngomhla umzi ngo-2012, iye yabhiyozela isikhumbuzo 1150th ye perile le "Golden Ring". Ke wakhumbula abathetheli odumileyo ongeze uzuko mzi. Oonyana St. Vladimir - Baptist of Rus ', umthetho ofanayo apha. Le ibalulekileyo Yaroslav Mudry, kamva wabulala Svyatopolk bagwetywe, kunye nePrince Boris, owathi, kunye nomzalwana wakhe Gleb, Murom umthetheli, waba Saints kuqala. Isixeko Rostov Omkhulu abantu abaninzi abadumileyo uyibonile ebudeni ubomi bakhe elide - kunye namadoda amakhulu kunye nezaphuli emikhulu.

Ngu Yaroslava Mudrogo ku Andreya Bogolyubskogo

Nyana Yaroslav Vsevolod, iNkosana of Kiev, Rostov wamnika ilizwe unyana wakhe - Vladimir Monomakh. Ngoko ke imithetho apha uYuri Dolgoruky, isixeko Rostov Veliky wadlula kuyo ekuthinjweni edume ubomi bakhe yobulungisa Prince Andreyu Bogolyubskomu. Bonke kuya kuba kuhle, kodwa babehlala apha prince. Nangona unyaka ka isiseko esikhulu Rostov ndlela ngaphambili, uAndreya ethutha ikomkhulu ukusuka Rostov uVladimir. Abahlali balo mzi kukhubeka ngokugqithileyo: kutheni kukulinganisa eKiev Rostov, hayi Vladimir? Ingakumbi ukuba esele kwi uYuri Dolgoruky wabiza lonke Rostov Enkulu. Kwaye ngaphezulu kwaye zamazwe ngamazwe yaseYurophu nice - zonke iirekhodi zizele epithets.

iingangamsha bakuqumbele kunye neenjongo ezimbi. Intertwining malunga Andreya Bogolyubskogo ububi kunye egazi iyelenqe. Kuyabonakala ukuba, kwaba nzima ukwenza njalo. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, isixeko omtsha Rostov kunye Novgorod liyalambatha ngamaseko angaphakathi anika amanye lwabo olukhulu. Namhlanje, idolophu endala kwaye bephantsi ngokwemiqathango labantu ndawo, kunye nokuphuhlisa ezintsha - to Nizhny Novgorod kunye Rostov-on-Don. Mhlawumbi iNkosi kohlwaywa. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha ibali Rostov Omkhulu ezintle nyhani, yaye kwisihloko yakhe, yena enxibe ngaphezu kusifanele. Kwaba ngelo xesha esi sixeko sikhulu Russian, ibekwe kwindawo ezimakhulu mabini eka.

ngekhulu nantathu

A Unyaka of Great Rostov wenqwelwana kude emva koko ngokwemigaqo labantu ndawo, uye ikhule kakhulu kangangokuba kwaba yesibini kuphela Kiev ne Novgorod. Emva kokuba nokubulawa ngokungenalusini of Andreya Bogolyubskogo e abahlali 1174 Wakhetha umlawuli wabo inkulu Novgorod, kodwa Mstislav wayengekho ukuba isixeko esikhulu phantsi kwephiko lakhe.

Eminye imithetho kwexesha noAndreya Michael, waza waqalisa ukulawula e Rostov, Vsevolod Nest Big waza wahlala phezu kwetrone njengenkosana de 1212. Ke kwabakho idabi elide kwaye anegazi phakathi koonyana bakhe, kwenzeka nditsho nemfazwe encinane apho uConstantine batsho ekhohlo walawula Stolnyy Vladimir kunye Rostov wathabatha uYuri bababulala.

heroes ezimbini

Emva kokufa uConstantine ukuya itrone Rostov wahlala cornflowers unyana wakhe. Bobabini - kunye uYuri, cornflowers - mlilo abanobubele yaye babemthanda gqitha zonke izifundo zakhe. Bobabini bafa ngamini-nye ngoMatshi 1238 xa wayesilwa temnik Batu Burundai. KaYuri zibulawe cornflowers kwaye kwasuswa ikhonkxwa, kodwa hayi ixesha elide. Akazange avume ukuba sikhonze nangezinto wabulawa.

Ezi abalawuli yongezwe kuluhlu Saints kwi Russian Umhlaba kube ziboniswa. I kufuneka bathi ebudeni bolawulo lwabo kwinkulungwane weshumi, ilizwe ngokoqobo yakhula: yoonongendi sakhiwe of Rostov Enkulu, impindezelo yayisakhiwa. Cathedral ilitye elimhlophe le kwinkolelo, nto leyo nebhongo kuloo mzi, yagqitywa kanye cornflowers prince.

Abafundisi Warriors

Okunye of Constantine, leyo kuyizukisa isihloko Lobulumko ukuba uthando zobugcisa, kunye nolwazi lokufunda kakhulu, kuba ukwakhiwa kwiitempile, yaqala eRashiya yemfundo karhulumente. Ngowe-1204, esekelwe shutter Grigorievsky - isikolo yonqulo, ngowokuqala eRashiya. Bishop uCyril axhasa knigopisi: naye kwenziwa iikhowudi elinanye izikhumba, ebendikuyo nethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukuze ubone. Chronicle kweminyaka 862 kwaba yi akukho kuthetha kuphela, elibhekisela kwisixeko Rostov.

Kodwa ke Tartars baqhubeka behlasela zabo. amaxesha amaninzi impi Rostov batshabalala kule mpi phantse ngokupheleleyo. City ayikwazanga kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukuze sixhathise bahlaseli, kodwa ngenxa yokuba akukho njalo rhoqo kutshiswa kwaye achitha. Noko ke, nkqu ngexesha ezininzi eyoyikekayo Tatar-Mongol ukwakhiwa idyokhwe isixeko eso, yeembali zagcwaliswa. Noko ke, abahlali Rostov ze hlonipha ngokupheleleyo nabani. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwenzeka kwimvukelo nxamnye kolawulo nangezinto. Ngenye imini ngo-1320, Ivan Kalita, nguMthetheli eMoscow, waphathwa zicinezelwa omnye wabo. Izinduna zonakala ngokupheleleyo. Ngelo xesha, yaye abazali St. uSergiyo kwanyanzeleka ukuba afuduke kwidolophu yawo ekhaya kwilali Radonezh.

ingxabano Civil and nemfazwe

iinkulungwane ezimbini emgceni - lweshumi elinesihlanu - baqhubeka Ukuqhekeka Rostov ubulawuli, ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukubaluleka zopolitiko mzi mkhulu yawa ngakumbi. Ngowe-1328-m, umzi ngokwalo yahlulwe kabini, phakathi Prince Constantine ngabazukulwana. Candlemas of the nangoko phantsi eMoscow, yaye Boris yaye yathi yathengwa eMoscow ngokusebenzisa ngaphezu kwenkulungwane yi Ivan III. Battle of Kulikovo wabongoza bonke abantu Russian. Andifuni ukuhlala sibukela kunye kumbindi Rostov Enkulu.

Rostov squad wema phantsi kwebhanile lwe nguDmitry Donskoy. Kule mpi inxaxheba wafa bangamaqhawe ezimbini Rostov Princess - Darya Rostovskaya kunye Antonina Puzhbolskaya. Bona wangcwatyelwa Rostov malunga kwinkundla Prince, apho kukho umtshana ka Sergiya Radonezhskogo kamva, uBhishophu Theodore, waseka isigodlo kweKrismesi. Inkcazelo Rostov Omkhulu ngaloo minyaka ithi indawo elungileyo wejografi ndashiyeka isixeko kumbindi iindlela zorhwebo - apha endleleni waya kuLwandle White, yaye ngenkulungwane yeshumi, eNgilani ivule ofisi ethengisela Rostov.

Kwezepolitiki ku Orthodox

Kodwa ubomi zopolitiko Rostov ngakumbi owabhacayo. Kunjalo shirilos wakhula kunye nempembelelo yawo ebomini yecawa yeli lizwe. Ngenkulungwane elinesine, nabaveleli bendawo baqala ukubiza abakhulu, kwaye ngo-1589 I-Archdiocese yathi yasekwa apha. Ixesha Iingxaki kuzise isixeko ukubandezeleka okukhulu. ekuqaleni nje ukuba ukwakha inqaba yodongwe ukuba bayirhawula kumbindi Rostov Veliky, umsebenzi kude kakhulu esiphelweni, nesixeko ngokwaso ngokungakhuselekanga.

Ekulweni Rostov kunye izibonda isasebenza kuza, yaye sele amathuba engalinganiyo kakhulu uphumelele phantse ngokulinganayo zero. Le abavikeli umzi, iingxwelerha zamajoni, abasindileyo wazimela Kwingcingane Cathedral. Iintshaba beza ekucengeni Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov, uyise kakumkani elizayo uMikhail Fedorovich). Ke utshaba babebalekele kuxhelwa, zingawucongi nabani. Azitshabalalisa etempileni, yaye wonke umzi, ombaxa zifakiwe kwaye zisiwe bhedengu nguDmitry False - Tushino isela. Noko ke, umhlali Filaret wakuthanda, yaye bekhalazela kwisihloko kasolusapho.

xa Romanovs

Xa nezinti Lithuanians wakususa ekhaya, ngokuthe ngcembe Rostov waqalisa kwakhona, kwaye into yokuqala waqhubeka ukwakha iinqaba. Ezayame, leyo Wayengqongwe isixeko macala onke, yinkwenkwezi ngokudangazela ezisithoba. Uninzi izakhiwo eziphantsi kolwakhiwo zaye wabuya wazivusa, nkqu amabandla. Noko ke, ixhoba kwaba lilize - phezu Rostov akazange kufuneka bazikhusele nxamnye notshaba. A enqabeni nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso ngakumbi esixekweni, nto leyo wathabatha kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini emgceni - elinesibhozo kunye elinethoba.

Sisihlandlo sokuqala kwisixeko Rostov Velikiy kude kube iminyaka eliwaka, yaye ebudeni belo xesha ushiye ukuzimela iziko yayo yangaphambili zolawulo. Noko ke, kule backwoods Rostov akabuyanga. Kuye nefuthe isebe eRashiya endala ombaxa, umsebenzi III kaYona, Metropolitan of Rostov, ukususela 1652 ukuya 1690, ukulungiswa uBhishophu Nikon kunye kwahlukahlukana beCawa Orthodox. UYona wayithabatha intsikelelo ka Nikon, ngoko wawa wawela ehlazweni nokumkani Alexei Mikhailovich. Ngelo xesha wanyuselwa le Rostov yesicelo, zonke iinqaba weNkundla Metropolitan, balungisa iitempile ezininzi. Kodwa uninzi zonke kuye ngenxa ezaziwayo odumileyo Rostov uYona Call: intsimbi lil izandi abantu kusimangalise Orthodox.

saint uDemetriyo

Enye nani ibandla elidumileyo Rostov Enkulu Dimitriy Rostovsky, lamiselwa, waba Metropolitan kweminyaka esixhenxe kuphela, kodwa wakwazi ukungena imbali karhulumente kwimiba ebalulekileyo. Intwana sinzulu osele kwimibhalo yakhe yokomoya ukuba aye alondolozwa ngazo. Umsebenzi omkhulu enkolweni 'Ubomi zabaNgcwele' yakhe - umphefumlo abangcwele Orthodox Russian. Ngowe-1757, eSt UDemetriyo lamiselwa. ezingcwele Lakhe kunqula oyiNgcwele Monastery Yakovlevsky Rostov Enkulu.

ubume sesixeko kwatshintsha okwangoku. Xa ekugqibeleni baphulukana geqe njengoko elikomkhulu, Rostov walawula noomantyi, abethunyiwe apha evela eMoscow. Ngowe-1692 le dolophu onikwe elo phondo Yaroslavl, yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo wanika kwiphondo Pereslavl. Ngowe-1777-m Rostov Enkulu wanikwa iwonga isixeko isithili Yaroslavl yokubusa, kunye neminyaka elishumi kamva wayetyedile kunye namasebe lwenqila, ekubeni yayiyimini bafudukela Yaroslavl. Ke namhla ubomi elula iziko Rostov wommandla Yaroslavl ezithandekayo.

izinto

Ngoku isixeko esinabantu abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi amane amawaka. Isimo anayo yonke efanayo - isixeko-museum kunye lenani i-Golden Ring lweedolophu Russian. Kwindawo yokuqala abakhenkethi ufuna ukuhlola? Kakade ke, le Rostov yesicelo, Metropolitan iyadi - nokutsala iphambili kulo mzi. Bonke abemi belo lizwe babone umboniso malunga Ivan, nto leyo etshintsha msebenzi. Ngoko ke, akukho mntu ungakubonanga Rostov yesicelo kwiikona ezahlukeneyo, kuba ukudubula wathabatha khona apho. Xa isixeko ezilahlekileyo amasebe metropolitan, incwadi yesicelo waqalisa ukwehla, kwaye uluntu Rostov Enkulu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, wayibuyisela zonke izakhiwo ziye salungiswa yaye yabuyiselwa. Ngowe-1883, ibandla yavulwa Museum of Antiquities kwi yesicelo.

isakhiwo endala enye yeendawo ezininzi ezintle - kwingcinga Cathedral Cathedral Square. Oku ngokupheleleyo zigcinwe unanamhla iminyaka 991. Kakade ke, yakhiwa izihlandlo eziliqela, noAndreya Bogolyubsky, kunye Constantine Izazi, yaye isikhulu soonyana nebheyizile. Isakhiwo ngoku elimiswe 1508. Le itempile ephambili umzi, engcwabeni abathetheli Rostov nabo bonke nabaveleli zakhe. Apha siye sangcwaba ekuphumleni kunye cornflowers umthetheli kunye Metropolitan uYona.

yesicelo

Towers nakwiindonga zendawo yesicelo, kakhulu, kwaphoswa phezulu kakhulu kamva, ukukhankanywa okokuqala encwadini yeembali. Yaba ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, xa isixeko wayenza Metropolitan uYona. I Rostov belfry yodumo Azakhela nazo. Intsimbi ephambili Umlinganiseli iitoni ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini! amagama Yahlula bafanelwe nezigodlo of Rostov Enkulu. Okokuqala, lo ngowona woonongendi uMsindisi Yakovlevsky Dimitriev kunye, Kakade ke, hayi ubuncinane woonongendi odumileyo ka-Abraham. Le yokuqala bamiselwa ngo-1386 ukuya kwiCawa ekukhawulweni St. Anne. Xa Ixesha Iingxaki, woonongendi ke elonakeleyo ucocwe, wambuyisela kwakhona, Metropolitan uYona.

Sele th 1780 sasingqongwe iindonga zamatye kunye Dimitrievsky itempile yakhiwa phezu umnikelo Sheremetiev. Oku abatyeleli isigodlo ungabona sele emnyango Rostov ukusuka eMoscow. Okwesibini - Epiphany Avraamiev monastyr- umtsalane omdala, leyo uyazingca kuphela ukukhula, kodwa ke yonke North-Eastern Russia. Yasungulwa ngenkulungwane yesithoba, nguMfundisi Abraham, lowo woyisa Veles yobuhedeni usebenzisa intonga eveliswa icawa Russian ka Ioanna Bogoslova. Le abasebenzi Wathabatha Ivan Grozny kwiphulo lokulwa Kazan waza waphumelela. Imbeko kwesi siganeko kummandla woonongendi yakhiwa Cathedral of the Epiphany ngo-1555.

Rostov seMbasa Omkhulu of Arms

Phambi ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, uphawu Rostov yaba intaka ukuze sibonwe kwi-Great Seal Ivana Groznogo ngenkulungwane yeshumi. Ukumkani waseAsiriya amazwe zokuprinta ezingamashumi amabini anesine kunye nemizi Russian, phakathi koko thaca kunye Rostov. Yaba ukhozi, intloko waguqukela ekunene.

Isimboli lezinga Rostov ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe yaba nezamaxhamakazi kwi chervlonnom entsimini. Ixhama ( "yiJelenia") umsebenzi oyimfakamfele kwi nobukhosi pokrovtse uMikhail Fedorovich, yaba ngobuyakayaka segolide okanye ikhola, iimpuphu zegolide neempondo. De kube ngoku, lo mfanekiso ngumqondiso wesixeko Rostov Enkulu.