Yintoni neentengo kwamanye amazwe? Ukuthumela nokungenisa amazwe afana ne-Indiya, iTshayina, Russia, Japan

Urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamalungelo lungabizwa ngokuba ngumgqugquzeli onamandla wophuhliso loqoqosho kunye nentlalo kumazwe. Inceda ekugxininiseni ubuchule bamazwe kumacandelo anenzuzo kakhulu kumashishini nakwezolimo, ngokusekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe, utyalo-mali, uluntu kunye nemithombo yendalo. Ingqikithi yayo ibonisa inzuzo yokufanisa, etholakala kwinkulungwane ye-18 nguNgqongqoshe wezeNgesi uRichard Riccardo emsebenzini wakhe "Uphando lweNdalo nezizathu zobutyebi beZizwe."

Uqoqosho lwehlabathi luvumela ukuphuhliswa kwamanye amazwe ekuveliseni iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezithunyelwayo kwaye zithunyelwa. Kule meko, sithetha ngezibonelelo ezinxulumene namazwe, ukuvumela ukuvelisa iintlobo ezithile zeemveliso ezithengiswayo ngobuninzi kunye nomgangatho ongcono.

Ukuba nemali yokufumana utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle kwamanye amazwe, amazwe afanelekileyo atshintshe imveliso yabo ebiza kakhulu kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko ezipheleleyo zomveliso kwizoqoqosho loqoqosho ziyancitshiswa. Le ngxenye ebalulekileyo yokwenza uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuphuhliswa okunamandla koqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuthengiswa kwangaphandle kusebenza ngokunjalo nokuphuhliswa okukhawulezayo kwelizwe.

Iingqungquthela, urhulumente angaba noqoqosho oluvaliweyo, apho lonke uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho lusebenza kuphela kwiimakethe zasekhaya, kwaye ukungeniswa kwempahla kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle akukho okanye kuvulwe. Njengoko uqonda, uqoqosho olunjalo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lungafumaneka kuphela kwiingcamango. Uqoqosho lokwenene lwamazwe linomntu ovulekileyo, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe olusebenzayo lwenzeka kuyo. Oku kunceda uqoqosho loqoqosho lwehlabathi luzisebenzise ngokubanzi ukuhlukana kwamazwe ngamazwe, okubangela ukuba kusebenze. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho lwangaphandle ulawulwa nguRhulumente kwaye unquma imilinganiselo yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwenzuzo kazwelonke, ukukhawuleza inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe.

Uqoqosho luvaliwe kwaye luvulekile

Phakathi kwezona zizwe zikhulu zithumela amazwe amathathu: iUnited States, iJamani kunye neChina. Isabelo sabo kwizorhwebo ngamazwe ngamazwe. Kuye, ngokulandelanayo, 14.2%, 7.5%, 6.7%.

Xa sithetha ngamathuba okuphuhliswa kwezorhwebo ngamazwe ngamazwe, kufuneka siqaphele ithemba lokunciphisa amazwe athuthukile. Kodwa ngelo xesha, kuya kubakho ukwanda kwimiba yamazwe athuthukayo. Okwangoku, isabelo sabo kwizorhwebo yehlabathi ngu-34%, kodwa isabelo sabo kulindeleke ukuba sikhule ngo-10%. Kwaye ekusebenziseni amazwe asakhulayo kwintengiso yehlabathi jikelele, indima yamazwe e-CIS iya kuxabiseka.

Zithunyelwa njani na ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe?

Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kukuthengiswa kweempahla kunye neenkonzo kumazwe angaphandle angasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngako oko, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kubhekisela ekuhanjisweni kweempahla kunye neenkonzo ezivela phesheya ukusuka kwamanye amazwe. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho lwangaphandle, oko kukuthi, ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle, kwenziwa ngumbuso ngokwawo kunye nabasebenzi bawo boqoqosho.

Iimpawu zezinga lokuthatha inxaxheba kwintlalo kworhwebo lwangaphandle ziyimveliso yokuthumela nokuthumela ngaphandle. Icandelo lokuthumela ngaphandle lilinganiselwe ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo kwi-GDP. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwezoqoqosho kubonakala: yiyiphi inxalenye ye-GDP ithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngokufanayo, isahlulo sokungeniswa sichazwa njengomlinganiselo wokuthengiswa kweempahla kunye neenkonzo kwi-GDP. Intsikelelo yalo kukubonisa isabelo sempahla engeniswayo ekhaya.

Ngaloo ndlela, iicatshulwa ezikhankanywe ngasentla zibonisa ukuba amazwe angaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe asebenza kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Ukongezelela kwixabiso labo elipheleleyo, umnikeli okhoyo okanye ummkeli wemeko yomsebenzi wezoqoqosho ongaphandle kwamanye amazwe ubonakaliswe esinye isibonakaliso - umlinganiselo wokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe. Lo umehluko phakathi kwenani elipheleleyo lezithunyelwa ngaphandle nokuthunyelwa kwelizwe. Isakhiwo sezinto ezingeniswa ngaphakathi kwelizwe libonisa ukungabikho kwamancedo ekuveliseni iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. Ukuthumela ngaphandle kwempahla, nangona kunjalo, kubhekiselele kwimeko echaseneyo, xa ukuveliswa kweempahla kunye neenkonzo ezibandakanyiweyo kuyo kunenzuzo kwaye kuyathembisa.

Ukuba umahluko phakathi kokuthumela ngaphandle nokungeniswa kwempahla kulungile, ngoko bathetha ngokulinganisela kwezorhwebo lwangaphandle, kwimeko echaseneyo - malunga nebizo. Ubungakanani obunamandla bokuvelisa urhulumente bubonisa ukulinganisela okulungileyo kokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe. Njengoko sibona, ukulinganiswa kwamanye amazwe nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kubonakaliso obalulekileyo lathiso lophuhliso loqoqosho.

Ukukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwelizwe

Ngokuqhelekileyo, urhulumente uthatha iindleko zokukhuthaza ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa ukuxolelwa kweerhafu zokuthunyelwa kwamashishini, umzekelo, imali yokubuyisela i-VAT. Ngokwesiko, uncedo oluphambili lwamazwe angaphandle lwemveliso yezolimo. Amazwe athuthukileyo awancedi kuphela abalimi bawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthengwa okuqinisekileyo kuyo yonke imveliso yezolimo. Ukuthunyelwa okuthe xa kuthengisa kusele ingxaki yombuso.

Ukongezelela, ukukhuthazwa kwezinto ezivela ngaphandle kubakhokelela ekusebenziseni ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Isixhobo esiphakathi apha sisilinganiso sokutshintsha. Ukuxhaswa kwemali-mali kukhulisa izinga lokutshintshiselwa kwemali yesizwe, ngokufanelekileyo, kuba luncedo kakhulu ukuthenga ngaphandle.

Yintoni engabandakanyi ukuthumela ngaphandle nokuthengiswa kwezinto?

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukuhamba kweempahla kunye neenkonzo zithunyelwe phesheya okanye ngenxa yalo ayibalwa "ngokupheleleyo", kodwa ngaphandle kweendidi ezithile:

Iimpahla zokuthutha;

- Ukuthunyelwa kwexeshana kunye nokungenisa;

- kuthengwa ngabangewona abahlali abahlala kwilizwe okanye bathengiswa kubahlali basekuhlaleni;

Ukuthengiswa okanye ukuthengwa komhlaba, ezenziwe ngabahlali abangabemi;

- ipropati yabakhenkethi.

Ukukhuselwa kunye neNtengiso yehlabathi

Ingaba ngumgaqo-yorhwebo okhululekile kumazwe: ngaba kuyimfuneko ukuvelisa le nto okanye loo mveliso apho iindleko zokuvelisa ziphantsi? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba isabelo esiphezulu sezibonelelo. Ukongezelela, ukhuphiswano lwabenzi bezakhono ukwenza ngcono iteknoloji yabo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngakwi-nye icala, ukuhweba kwamahhala akusoloko kwakha ubunzima boqoqosho kwilizwe ngalinye. Nawuphi na urhulumente uzama ukuhlalisana ngokufanelekileyo ngokushishino, ukulwa nokuvelisa "okungenanzuzo" kwempahla ethile. Ubume bokubonelela ngokweenzame zokhuseleko, ukuphuhliswa kwamashishini amasha, kunye nokubonelelwa kwengqesho kubonakala. Ngoko ke, sinokuthi ukuba urhulumente uhlala elawula isakhiwo sezinto zangaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwezinto.

Kukho indlela yokukhusela "iindleko ezifunyanwe" ngendlela yokwenza kwangeniswa kweengqungquthela kunye nemisebenzi, okufaka isandla ekuxabiseni izinto ezincinci kunye neenzuzo ezingenayo. Ngenxa yokuba iifomas kunye nezenzo zokukhusela ezikhulayo zinyusa intsebenziswano yophuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi, omnye akufanele abe ngumlutha omkhulu kubo.

Nangona kunjalo, umkhwa "weemfazwe zorhwebo" ubonisa enye indlela, iindlela ezingezantsi zerhafu zokunciphisa ukungeniswa kwempahla: ukukhutshwa komgaqo-nkqubo, ukunikezelwa kwemigangatho yemigangatho ebekelwe bucala kwaye, ekugqibeleni, inkqubo yokulawulwa kwelayisenisi elawulwa ngumthetho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo welizwe

Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo lemisebenzi yokungenisa amazwe kunye nemingcipheko emininzi, umgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo welizwe leentlobo ezine uhlukile.

Umgaqo- nkqubo wezorhwebo ovulekileyo ubonakaliswe ngumgangatho wemisebenzi yorhwebo engadluli kwi-10% ngokungabikho kwemingcipheko ecacileyo kwinani leemveliso ezizweni. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo olinganayo uhambelana nomgangatho wemisebenzi yokurhweba ye-10-25%, kunye nemingcele engekho yerhafu kwi-10-25% yempahla yexabiso elithunyelwa ngaphandle. Umgaqo-nkqubo okhuselayo uhlukile kwiinkqubo ezingekho phantsi kweerhafu kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo - kwinqanaba lama-25-40%. Ukuba urhulumente ngokusemthethweni ufuna ukunqanda ukungenisa kwemveliso ethile, ngoko kwimeko apho amaxabiso angaphezu kwe-40%.

Inkalo eqhelekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo kwininzi lwamanqanaba athuthukileyo kukuthumela kwamanye amazwe iinkonzo kunye nokukhuthazwa kukaRhulumente okukhuthazwa nguRhulumente.

Luhlobo luni lohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe okwenziwa yiRashiya?

Uqoqosho lwaseRashiya luhlobo oluthile, lugxile ekukhutsheni nasekuphumeleni kweoli kunye negesi. Oku kubangelwa imfuno yamazwe aseNtshona ngokubanzi kwimveliso yoshishino lokucoca. Kakade ke, isakhiwo samanje seRashiya yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe akuyiyo yokugqibela yelizwe, iyanyanzelwa - ngexesha leengxaki zezoqoqosho ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ilizwe ngalinye kwiimeko ezinjalo lifuna ukunyusa ukhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Kule nqanaba, "ixilongo" yaseRashiya yioli kunye negesi. Kufuneka kuqaphele ukuba le nto injalo neengqinamba zokubandlulula "ezakhiwe" ngamazwe aseNtshona ekuthumeleleni iimveliso zobunjineli. Ngaloo ndlela, sithola i-export export structure of this kind, njengokungathi lizwe elibuyela emva.

Ngelo xesha, iRashiya inemithombo ebalulekileyo yomhlaba, izityela, amahlathi kunye neemeko zokuphuhlisa ezolimo. Inkqubo yemikhosi yemikhosi yombutho yenza izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zempi zokhuphiswano kumazwe ngamazwe. Okwangoku, iRashiya inomdla wokukhusela ukukhuphula i-shishini layo nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwizorhwebo lehlabathi. Ukuthunyelwa kunye nokungeniswa kweRF, ngoko, kuyakufuneka utshintshe ukucwangciswa kwayo.

Ukususela ngo-22.08.2012, iRashiya iye yaba ilungu le-WTO. Oku kuza kuzisa ukhetho olongezelelweyo lwexesha elizayo ngohlobo lweenguqu kwiirhafu zemisebenzi yamasiko kunye neengcaphuno zerhafu. Ukubuyiswa kweRashiya ngaphandle kwemali ngoJanuwari-Juni 2013 kuye kwaba ngamawaka angama-404.6bhiliyoni (kwixesha elifanayo le-2012 - $ 406.8 billion). Ukungenisa iimveliso kungama-dollar ayi-150.5 yeebhiliyoni, kwaye i-export-253.9 billion.

Ukuba uqwalasela ingqalelo yonke into ka-2013, isiqingatha sesibini sonyaka siye savelisa kakhulu umsebenzi weRhwebo waseRashiya ngaphandle kweyokuqala. Ingxelo yokugqibela yaboniswa ekunciphiseni kwemali yokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe nge-10.5%.

Ukuthumela ngaphandle kweRashiya

Ngomlinganiselo wonke wamaRashiya angaphandle, i-fuel and energy resources account for about 74.9%. Isizathu sokunciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngonyaka odlulileyo ngenxa yezinto ezininzi. IRashiya yintengiso enkulu yeoli kunye negesi. Njengoko kwaziwa, i-75% yeoli iveliswa, kwaye i-25% kuphela inika uqoqosho lwelizwe lobunzima. I-oyile kunye negesi - iimpahla, ixabiso eliphantsi kokunyuka kweemarike. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuba ioli ye-Urals ethunyelwe yiRashiya iyanciphisa intengo yayo ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa no-2012 nge-2.39%, inani elipheleleyo leoli elandisiwe liye lahla ngo-1.7%. Kwakhona kuthinteka yinkinga kumazwe ase-Eurozone kunye neendlela ezithintekayo ze-WTO. Umgangatho wokunciphisa ngokubanzi kwerhwebo lwangaphandle lwangonyaka odlulileyo wahamba kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokukhula kweRussia GDP ukusuka kwi-3.4% ngo-2012 ukuya ku-1.3% ngo-2013. Ngendlela, kwisakhiwo se-GDP yaseRashiya, i-oyile kunye ne-gesi eveliswe yi-32-33%.

Isabelo seRashiya ukuthunyelwa kwamashishini kunye nezixhobo kuphela ngu-4.5%, engangqinelani nantoni na inokwenzeka kwishishini okanye kwisiseko sesayensi. Ngelo xesha, isabelo sale candelo kwicandelo lehlabathi elivela kumazwe athuthukile li malunga ne-40%.

Ukungenisa kweRashiya

Kulo nqanaba lomlando, iRashiya, ngenxa yezoqoqosho eziphosakeleyo (echazwe ngasentla), unyanzelekile ukuba ungenise iimveliso ezigqityiweyo.

Isabelo kwimveliso yamaRashiya yezixhobo kunye nezixhobo kumazwe e-CIS ngama-36.1%. Ngaloo ndlela, imali yabo yokuphuhliswa kwemali ihlawulwa (isabelo semishini kunye nezixhobo kwi-GDP yaseRashiya ngo-2013 yi-3.5%). Isabelo sezinyithi kunye neemveliso ezivela kuzo zi-16.8%, iimveliso zokutya kunye nezithako zokuveliswa kwazo - 12.5%, i-fuel - 7%, izambatho kunye nezihlangu - i-7.2%, iimveliso zamakhemikhali - 7.5%.

Ngaloo ndlela, xa sihlalutye ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle kweRashiya, siza kwisigqibo malunga nokunciphisa okubonakalayo kumanqanaba okuphuhlisa intlalo kunye nentlalo. Kucacile ukuba, umthombo wale meko isangqa sezinto ezizimeleyo zabantu abathile.

Ukurhweba ngaphandle kweJapan

Uqoqosho lweLizwe loKhuphuka kweLanga lunye lwezona zinto ziphuhlisiwe kwaye ziguquguqukayo kwihlabathi. Ukuthunyelwa kunye nokungeniswa kweJapan kuhlelwe kwaye kuqinisekiswe uqoqosho olunamandla. Eli rhulumente, ngokwemandla alo oshishino, ngoku likhulu lesithathu kwihlabathi emva kweUnited States neChina. Isici senkxaso yelizwe ngumthombo wabasebenzi abahlelekile kunye nabasebenzi abasebenzayo kunye nokungabikho kwamaminerali kwintsimi yelizwe. Iimeko zokuphucula kunye nemvelo zinciphisa amathuba okubonelela ngelizwe ngemveliso yezolimo kumgangatho we-55% weemfuno zayo.

Ilizwe liphambili ekuphuhliseni i-robotics kunye ne-electronics, i-automobile kunye nobunjineli. IJapan ineenqanawa ezinkulu zokuloba kwihlabathi.

Cinga ngokufutshane ukuthunyelwa nokuthengiswa kweJapan. Ingeniswe, njengoko sele sichazile, ukutya, izinto ezimbiweyo zendalo, izitye, i-fuel, iimveliso zecandelo leekhemikhali. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-elektroniki, ubunjineli bombane, iimoto, izithuthi ezahlukeneyo, i-robotics.

I-China njengothathi-nxaxheba kumashishini angaphandle

Okwangoku, iChina ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla okuphuhlisa. Namhlanje luqoqosho lwesibili kwihlabathi. Ngokweziganeko zabahlalutyi, i-PRC ngexesha elivela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2020 kufuneka lifumane i-US, kuze kube ngu-2040 ukuba ibe namandla ngaphezu kwesithathu kumdlali wayo osondeleyo. Izibonelelo eziqhuba uqoqosho lwamaTshayina namhlanje zizininzi zabasebenzi (kubandakanya abaqeqeshiweyo), ukufumaneka kwamaminerali, umhlaba, njl.

Ukuthunyelwa nokuthengiswa kwe-China kunqunywe namhlanje ngumgaqo welizwe, ongowomgangatho weshishini. Eli lizwe namhlanje liyinkokeli epheleleyo kwintsimi yokuveliswa kwezinyithi (isinyithi, isitye esenziwe, i-zinc, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-vanadium), izixhobo zasemakhaya (ii-PC, iiTV, ukuhlamba kunye nokuthunga, ii-oven microwaves, ii-refrigerators, iikhamera, iilindi). Ukongeza, iChina iye yagqitha iMelika kunye neJapan kunye kunye nokuvelisa izixhobo zokusebenza. Kusondele kufuphi neBeijing kwisithili saseHaidian kwaze kwazakhela "iSilicon Valley".

I China ithengisa ntoni? Ubuchwephesha, iinkonzo zemfundo, iingcali ezinikezelwa ngamazwe athuthukileyo, izinto ezintsha, i-software, i-biotechnology. Uhlalutyo lwamazwe angaphandle kunye neengeniso ezivela ngaphandle kweChina lisiqinisekisa ngathi ithemba kunye nenjongo ebalulekileyo yeqhinga layo lezoqoqosho. Umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokungeniswa kwelizwe namhlanje kunamandla amakhulu okukhula.

Ukuthumela ngaphandle nokuthengiswa kwe-Australia

Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle nokungeniswa kwe-Australia kunokwakhe. Izwekazi lesihlanu, eliyingingqi engamanyeneyo, linomhlaba onamandla kunye nezolimo ezenza kube lula ukuvelisa inyama, okusanhlamvu kunye noboya. Kodwa ngelixa elifanayo iimarike zeli lizwe livakalelwa kukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kunye notyalo-mali.

Ngelo xesha, i-Australia isebenza njengomthengisi osebenzayo kwiimarike ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwezibalo zeminyaka yamuva, malunga ne-25% ye-GDP yeli lizwe iyaqalwa njengokuthunyelwa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo. I-Australia ithumela iimveliso zezolimo (50%) kunye nemveliso yeemigodi (25%).

Omnye umthengisi omkhulu wase-Australia nguJapan, kwaye umthengisi omkhulu kunazo zonke ngu-United States.

Uqoqosho lwe-Australia luqwalaselwa kakhulu kuxhomekeke kwimpahla engeniswayo. Yintoni ethunyelwe kwilizwe lesihlanu? 60% - oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, izinto zokuvelisa iiminerali, iimveliso zokutya.

Ngokwembali, Australia a negative ukulingana yorhwebo, Noko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe kunciphisa. Neentengo kwamanye amazwe eli lizwe ekuphuhliseni gqolo nokwenyuka.

Rhweba ngaphandle kwaye ungenise of India

India unempembelelo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho elininzi South Asia. Eli lizwe efuna umsebenzi urhwebo amazwe esebenzayo kwimarike yehlabathi. GDP ngowama-2012 yenziwe 4,761 ezigidi zeedollar, nto leyo ndawo yesi-4 ehlabathini! Umthamo yorhwebo langaphandle-Indiya ayiphucukanga: kwi-90 kwaba malunga ne-16% ye-GDP, ngoku - ngaphezu kwe-40%! Kwempahla of India ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Izinto eziluncedo ze ngurhulumente kwicandelo ngamazwe yabasebenzi i imithombo yoncedo ebalulekileyo oluntu, ummandla enkulu. Ngaphezu isiqingatha sabantu abasebenzayo abathatha inxaxheba kwezolimo, amashumi amathathu ekhulwini - kwicandelo inkonzo,-14% - kolu shishino.

Ulimo India - umthombo kokuthunyelwa irayisi kunye neti ingqolowa (million 200 iitoni), ikofu, iziqholo (iitoni 120 amawaka.). Noko ke, ukuba baphonononge ukulinywa ingqolowa yonke yezolimo yehlabathi kwaye uthelekise isivuno of India, sifumanisa ukuba intsebenzo yecandelo Indian lezolimo asezantsi kabini. Ifanele igxininiswe ukuba iimveliso zokutya bazise eli lizwe ingeniso enkulu kwamanye amazwe.

India - ongenisa inkulu bomqhaphu, isilika, ummoba, namandongomane.

iimpawu umdla of Indian kumazwe angaphandle kwemveliso zenyama. Kwakungathi impembelelo nomqondo yesizwe. In India - elona nani likhulu iinkomo ehlabathini, kodwa incinane kakhulu ukusetyenziswa zehlabathi inyama, ngokuba kukho inkomo sisilwanyana engcwele.

noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo inikeza umsebenzi kubantu abazizigidi ezingama-20 e-India. Ezithunyelwa India ngaphandle eyolukiweyo, petrochemicals, amatye anqabileyo, intsimbi kunye intsimbi, ukuthuthwa, imveliso yemichiza. Iintengo ze-oli ekrwada, amatye anqabileyo, izichumisi, oomatshini.

IsiNgesi wavumela abantu abafundileyo kweli lizwe ukufumana injongo yaso owakhe kwi IT-endle kunye nokufakwa kweenkqubo. Ngoku ezithumela kwamanye amazwe kweenkonzo kweli candelo loqoqosho ibaluleke yaye ngaphezu kwama-20% ye-GDP yase-Indiya.

Le kumazwe inkulu ukuya eNdiya eUnited States, United Arab Emirates, China. Ungenise impahla efanayo ukusuka eIndiya, United Arab Emirates, China, Saudi Arabia.

Ukongeza, eli lizwe libe entsokothileyo, ebalulekileyo emkhosini-mveliso kunye izixhobo zenyukliya ukususela 1974. Ekubulaleni woxolo onothando India umda ungquzulwano ne-China ngo-1962 nasePakistan ngo-1965 kwanyanzeleka elizweni ukungenisa izixhobo yokuqala esebenzayo, uze wenze owakho. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1971, loo nto yathatha uloyiso obeyisayo phezu Pakistan. Ukususela phakathi 90, India ibamba ezopolitiko ezinkulu ngamandla.

isiphelo

Njengoko sibona kulo nqaku, sithi ezahlukeneyo ukhethe izixhobo zabo kwaye isakhono esisebenzayo ukubunjwa ezithumela kwamanye amazwe.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwezi ntsuku singabalelwa Keynes scheme evumelanayo yorhwebo free kudla lithi likhubazeke. Urhulumente kumazwe awahlukeneyo kwinqanaba yalo mgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho nokukhuthaza ngokubonakalyo ezithunyelwa zasekhaya. Yaye ngokufuthi olu khuphiswano kamhlophe namaqhinga nobunzima embhoxo lokulwa. Ngubani ogqiba kuyo? Eli lizwe evelisa ininzi kakhulu yemveliso mveliso. Ngoko ke, abezoqoqosho bathi namhlanje malunga remake-nkqubo yamashishini.

Umbuzo: "? Yintoni sesona sicwangciso sikhethekayo kuyo lizwe namhlanje" Ngaba eyona imeko elandelayo kuqoqosho: ekusindisweni oovimba bayo neemali zangaphandle, ilizwe lifuna ukuba nkulu kwamanye amazwe, umda ongenisa yayo phakathi imali kumazwe angaphandle. Ukuze wenze oku, yena uzama ukulungisa izinto kwixa elizayo ingozi yokwehla kwimivuzo imali yelinye ilizwe. Ziintoni ezi zinto? amazinga otshintshiselwano, amazinga intengiso yeoli, igesi, imfuno elastic kakhulu. Ukuqala kwenkulungwane xxi ushiye uphawu yayo phezu into yehlabathi yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe. Umthamo uwonke imisebenzi ngaphandle-yokungenisa, isabelo esikhulu (30%) bazibandakanya korhwebo kwiinkonzo.