Catherine A .: ngobomi bomntu kunye photo

Catherine A. - uKumkanikazi, waba ngomnye amanani angumqondiso imbali Russia kwekhulu XVIII. Iqale ekuthiwa ubudala abafazi phezu kwetrone Russian. Akuzange indoda yezopolitiko eyomeleleyo okanye kawonke engqondweni, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zomntu ushiye uphawu yayo kwimbali iLizwe loobawo. Imalunga uCatherine I - yinkosikazi yokuqala, ngoko umfazi Peter I, yaye kamva umlawuli ngokupheleleyo karhulumente Russian.

imfihlakalo kuqala. ebuntwaneni

Ukuba sithethe ngayo kwiminyaka yokuqala yale ngamnye, ngoko bengaqondanga bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba iimfihlakalo kunye nokungaqiniseki kwincwadi engobomi yayo ngaphezu ulwazi lokwenene. Namanje abazi indawo yayo ngqo imvelaphi kunye nobuzwe - emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-300 emva kokuzalwa kwakhe, ababhali-mbali awukwazi ukunika impendulo ngqo.

Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, n A. wazalwa Aprili 5, 1684 kwintsapho Lithuanian (kwaye mhlawumbi Latvian) yamahlwempu endhawini Ķegums, leyo imi kummandla kwimbali Widzew. Ke ezi zindawo aba yinxalenye ezininzi ezinamandla karhulumente Swedish.

Enye inguqulelo icebisa iingcambu zakhe Estonia. Etha into Kuthiwa yena wazalwa kwisixeko yanamhlanje Tartu kuthiwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII Dorpat. Kodwa yathi kwakungafuneki ukuzalwa eliphezulu, yaye laphuma phakathi zaba balimi.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kukho enye inguqulo. uyise Catherine yaba uSamuweli Skavronsky, waba Kazimierz Yanu Sapegi. Xa wasabela Livonia, wazinza kwisithili Marienburg, apho waqalisa intsapho.

Kukho omnye ezincinane kakhulu. Catherine A. - okweqanda Russian - zange abe gama phantsi embalini phantsi Ababehamba. Igama lakhe real - Skavronskaya, ogama noMarta, intombi ka uSamuweli. Kodwa umfazi yanto enegama elifanayo ukuhlala etroneni, ngoko wafumana "data yokundwendwela 'ezitsha yaye waba Mihaylova n Alekseevna.

Nemfihlo yesibini. ebufaneni

EYurophu, kuloo minyaka yokuqala kwaba sekunjalo: sisibetho yingozi. Kunye nentsapho yakhe le ngozi ayikwazanga iphetshwe. Ngenxa yoko, ngomnyaka lokuzalwa uMarta ukusuka 'Black Death "babulala abazali bakhe. Kwakukho kuphela umalume wam, akakwazi ukusingatha iimbopheleleko ngumzali, ngoko ndamnika intombi ukuya kusapho Ernst Gluck, ngubani kwaba umfundisi yamaLuthere. Hi ndlela leyi, yena inguqulelo adumileyo iBhayibhile ngolwimi Latvian. Ngo-1700 waqalisa iMfazwe Northern, imikhosi ephambili ekuchaseni ezibe Sweden naseRashiya. Ngowe-1702, umkhosi Russian langena inqaba soyiswe Marienburg. Emva koko Ernst Gluck UMarta bathunyelwa eMoscow njengebanjwa. Emva kwexesha elithile, phantsi irisithi umfundisi Fagetsiya wahlala endlwini yakhe, isahlulo German. UMarta ngokwakhe - Catherine A. elizayo - hayi baqeqeshwe ukuba ukufunda nokubhala, kwaye waba sendlwini ukuba abe ngumkhonzazana wayo.

Inguqulelo eziqulathwe Brockhaus kunye Efron unika nolunye ulwazi apho umama wakhe akazange kufa isibetho, kodwa walahlekelwa ngumyeni wakhe. Ongumhlolokazi, kwanyanzeleka ukuba intombi yakhe kwintsapho i Gluck efanayo. Kwaye olu guqulelo ithi ukuba bafunda ukufunda nokubhala, kwaye yezandla ezahlukeneyo.

Inguqulelo wesithathu, kwintsapho Gluck kaThixo waya phezu efikelela kwiminyaka eli-12 ubudala. Phambi Matshi Veselovskaya wayehlala Anne-Marie, umakazi wakhe. Kwi 17 awayetshate a Swede Ioganna Kruze phambi uhlaselo imikhosi Russian kwi Marienburg nqaba. Emva kweentsuku 1 okanye 2 kwakufuneka kukhonza emfazweni, apho kulahleka.

Ezi iimfihlelo ukuzalwa nasekuqaleni kweminyaka zigutyungelwe ubuntu bakhe Catherine A .. Biography ayithethi ukufumana kwi-100% ngokucacileyo ukususela kweli xesha, kuba iya kuvela iindidi ezahlukeneyo amabala amhlophe.

Field Marshal Sheremetev ebomini Catherine bakhe

amajoni Russian ekuqaleni Enkulu Northern War e Livonia kwakhokelela Sheremetev. Wakwazi ukuba zifake kwenqaba eyinhloko Marienburg, emva koko imikhosi eziyintloko balwa nginqi. Nokuphumelela ngohlangothi ubuze beli amaxhoba ezingcangcazelisayo. Uxele ukuba i-Russian Tsar kule ndlela ilandelayo: "... wathumela kuzo zonke iindlela ukuze batshise wayithimba, lonke akukho nto iseleyo amadoda namabhinqa athathiweyo banjwa, yonke into egungxulweyo, wayitshisa thathe namahashe okusebenza kunye nezinye izilwanyana mali ka-20 000, abanye zinqunqwe kwaye kuhlaba .. ".

Apho ke kuloo nqaba, Marshal wathimba abantu 400. Isicelo bayahlelwa abahlali beza Sheremetev umfundisi Ernst Gluck, yaye yabona (Sheremetev) wabona Catherine A., lowo ke igama Marta Kruze. I Marshal abaneminyaka wathumela bonke abahlali kunye Gluck e Moscow, Matshi afanayo wathabatha senkosikazi. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva waye ishweshwe layo, yaye emva koko, ekufudumaleni ingxabano Menshikov wathabatha uMarta wakhe umphefumlo wakhe edibene yinkokeli entsha zomkhosi nezopolitiko, esondelene uPetros.

Version yi Peter Genri Bryusa

Xa iminikelo entle ngakumbi Catherine yena kuye kuchazwe memoirs bakhe iziganeko Scot Bruce. Ngokutsho kwakhe, emva kokuba kuthinjwe Marienburg uMarta wathabatha Baur - Colonel Dragoons, kwaye ngokubanzi elizayo.

Uyibeka ekhaya, Baur wamyalela ukuba benze umsebenzi wasekhaya. Yena wayenelungelo kubasebenzi kulahlwa. Oko baqhube midlalo, ngenxa efunyenwe uthando nentlonelo kwabo baphantsi yakhe. Kamva Jikelele ukhumbula ukuba indlu yakhe phambi kokuba kakuhle kwaye icocekile akuzange, njengoko ngo March. Xa Prince Menshikov, Baur ngokwakhe ophezulu, waba kutyelelo lwakhe, apho le ntombazana waphawula yena Catherine A .. Amafoto ngaloo minyaka abazange ayisekho kodwa ukuba thatha, kodwa Menshikov wabonisa iimpawu zakhe ongaqhelekanga zobuso kunye zezenzo. Waba nomdla ngoMatshi wacela ngayo kwi Baur. Ngokukodwa, ukuba uyazi ukuba ukupheka kwaye ugcine indlu ngayo. Wanikwa affirmative impendulo. Ke Prince Menshikov wathi ikhaya lakhe kulungile ngokwenene ngaphandle esweni kwaye kufuneka oko nomfazi Heroine yethu.

nakanjani Baur ngamandla kwisikhulu; yaye, emveni kwezi zinto, ekuthiwa uMarta, wathi Menshikov kuye - entsha umniniyo. Waqinisekisa Prince ukuba uya kuba inkxaso kulungileyo ekhaya kunye namanye, unako ukubala. Ukongeza, i kakhulu wayehlonelwa uMarta Baur, ukuthintela "Ukukwazi ukufumana isabelo imbeko kunye ithamsanqa." Yayo Ukususela ngelo xesha, uCatherine I Alekseevna waya kuhlala endlwini ka-Prince Menshikov. Kwaba 1703.

Intlanganiso yokuqala ne Catherine Peter

Komnye etyelele rhoqo Menshikov Tsar uPetros I ndadibana, waza wajika kwinkosikazi yakhe, uMarta. Osele ubungqina ebhaliweyo yokuhlangana yabo yokuqala.

Menshikov wahlala eSt Petersburg (ngoko - Nienschanz). UPetros waya Livonia, kodwa wayefuna ukuhlala kunye nomhlobo wakhe Menshikov. Ngobo busuku ke kuqala wabona isithandwa sakhe. Yaba uCatherine A. - umfazi (kwixesha elizayo) Petra Velikogo. Ngobo busuku wamlinda phezu kwetafile. Ukumkani wabuza Menshikov, ngubani na, njani na apho ayithenge. Ke uPetros wakhangela elide kwaye nzima Catherine koko ekugqibeleni uthe ngokuqhula ukuba umzisele ikhandlela ngaphambi kokuba balale. Noko ke, oku yintlekisa ngokomyalelo, ezingenakulinganiswa ukwala. Ngobo busuku bachitha kunye. UPetros wemka kusasa, ukubonga, wemka kuyo 1 fundole, imfazwe yaye ukubeka isandla likaMarta sakhe ekwahlukaneni.

Yaba intlanganiso yokuqala nokumkani, intombazana umkhonzi lowo omiselwe ukuba abe ukumkanikazi. Le ntlanganiso yayibaluleke kakhulu, kuba ukuba zange yenzeke, UPetros wayengenakuze azi malunga khona i intombazana ongaqhelekanga enjalo.

Ngowe-1710, ngomhla kumsitho uloyiso Idabi Poltava kumngcelele woloyiso yalungiswa eMoscow. Xa ndawo, ebibanjwe umkhosi Swedish abathinjiweyo. Imithombo bathi ukuba indoda Catherine Iogann Kruze phakathi kwabo. Wathi ukuba intombazana, lowo uzala umntwana omnye emva komnye ukumkani, umfazi wakhe. Isiphumo la mazwi yaba elubhacweni eSiberia, apho wafela ngo 1721.

YiNkosikazi Petra Velikogo

Kunyaka olandelayo, emva kwentlanganiso yokuqala kunye ukumkani uCatherine I Alekseevna umntwana wakhe wokuqala, owayebizwa ngokuba nguPetros, emva konyaka ke umntwana wesibini - Paul. ukuba kungekudala bafa. Ukumkani wambiza Marta Vasilevskaya, mhlawumbi nentsapho yakhe kumakazi. Ngowe-1705 wagqiba ekubeni athabathe kuye waza wazibeka endlwini udade wabo uNatalie kwi yoTshintsho. Matshi apho bafunda ukufunda nokubhala Russian, kunye nabahlobo kunye nentsapho Menshikov.

Ngowe-1707 okanye 1708 Matshi Skavronskaya aguqulwa ku Orthodox. Emva kokuba ebhaptiziwe, lafumana igama elitsha - n Alekseevna Mihaylova. Igama eliphakathi yena ezifunyenwe igama owayemele wakhe, yaba Tsarevich Aleksey, ifani wawiswa uPetros, kuba ukuhlala lenqubo.

Unkosikazi Petra Velikogo

UCatherine waye umfazi, ethandwa uPetros, kuba uthando ubomi bakhe. Ewe, waba inani elikhulu kweenoveli kunye oliqhophololo, kodwa yena wayemthanda umntu omnye kuphela - uMarta kuye. Wakubona oko. Peter I, njengokuba nisazi ukususela memoirs ababephila, ubunzima yintloko kakhulu. Akukho mntu ungomnye unokwenza nabo. Catherine A. waba 'iintlungu' yakhe. Xa ukumkani waqalisa omnye kuhlaselwa, wahlala ecaleni kuye, wamgona waza stroked intloko yakhe okwemizuzu embalwa, walala ubuthongo. Phezu ukuvuka, waziva okutsha, okuchwayitha, alungele imingeni emitsha.

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1711, ukususela kweli phulo mfula, uPetros bahlanganisana kufutshane kwi yoTshintsho, wazisa phambi kwabo umnyulwa wakhe, wathi ukuba ukusukela ngoku kufuneka bonke ziqwalaselwe umfazi esemthethweni nokumkanikazi. Kwakhona, wathi, Ukuba uthe wafa ngaphambi kokuba amtshate, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba ziqwalaselwe yindlalifa esivakalayo kwitrone Russian.

Umtshato kwenzeka kuphela 1712, Februwari 19, ecaweni Isaakiya Dalmatskogo. Ukususela ngoko Catherine A. - umfazi uPetros. Esi sibini anamathele kakhulu omnye komnye, ingakumbi uPetros. Yayifuna ukubona kuyo yonke indawo; ekuhleni enqanaweni, uhlolo zomkhosi, leeholide.

Abantwana koPetros Catherine

Katerinushka njengoko Ukumkani wambiza, wazala abantwana 10 UPetros, Noko ke, inkoliso yabo wafa ezelwe (bona. Table).

Kuphela ezimbini iintombi zakhe kunxulumene imbali kwezopolitiko ngakumbi Romanov ubukhosi. intombi Catherine ka-Elizabeth Alekseevna walawula ilizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20, kunye nenzala ka-Anna eRussia ukususela 1762 ukuya kokuwa ukumkani ngo-1917.

Enyukayo itrone

Njengoko usazi, UPetros ukhunjulwa ngokuba ukumkani-wenguquko. Ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubo ngokulandelelana, akazange ukuphepha lo mbuzo. Ngo-1722 kule ndawo lwaqhutywa nokuguqulwa apho yindlalifa kwitrone zange kube yokuqala kumgca umzukulwana eyindoda, nalowo uyiyalelayo irhuluneli olibambela. Ngenxa yoko, irhuluneli kungaba nasiphi na isifundo.

November 15, 1723 uPetros wakhupha Manifesto on okuthwesa uCatherine. kanye ibekwa wathabatha indawo Meyi 7, 1724.

Ezi veki yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, uPetros wayegula ngamandla. Xa uCatherine waqonda ukuba akayi kuphila na ukugula, wabiza Prince Menshikov kwaye Bala Tolstoy yokuba ukuba baye ukusebenza ukutsala abo kumandla kwicala alo, njengoko uPetros ibingasishiyelanga umyolelo.

January 28, 1725 kunye nenkxaso Yabalindi kwaye uninzi aziingangamsha uCatherine lwabhengezwa uKumkanikazi, yindlalifa Petra Velikogo.

Velikaya n Alekseevna ukuya etroneni Russian

namandla Russian yasebukhosini ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine wayengekho yedwa. Phantse amandla waba ezandleni zeBhunga yangasese, kodwa ababesithi ngokupheleleyo waso iNdlu yeeNgwevu, leyo phantsi uCatherine Omkhulu ulinike iNdlu Yeengwevu. amandla Unlimited lwanikwa kunye Prince Menshikov, lowo wamthabatha uMarta Skavronskaya Count Sheremetev.

Catherine A. - uKumkanikazi ngaphandle kwimicimbi yoluntu. Yena wayengenamdla kurhulumente, ngokubeka onke amaxhala kwi Menshikov, Tolstoy, yaye sidalwe 1726 iBhunga yangasese. Umdla wayekade kuphela kumgaqo angaphandle, kwaye ingakumbi fleet, leyo yadluliselwa kuye kumyeni wakhe. Amadala kule minyaka uphulukene impembelelo yayo obungahexiyo. Onke amaxwebhu iqulunqwe yangasese liBhunga, kwaye uKumkanikazi yaba umsebenzi olula kweesiginitsha zabo.

Long iminyaka wobukumkani uPetros mna ukuba kwiimfazwe rhoqo, umthwalo leyo ngokupheleleyo bayibeka emagxeni abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ivela kule udiniwe. Ngelo xesha yaba isivuno esibi kwezolimo, amaxabiso esonka ukuvuka. Eli lizwe udale imeko. Ukuze ukupholisa ngandlela ithile kuyo, uCatherine bewuhlisele ngerhafu ngeesenti 74 ukuya kuma-70. Wazalwa Matshi Skavronskaya, ngelishwa, akazange ayahlukanga ngeempawu zazo loHlaziyo, elo wabelithiyiwe nobizo wayo - 2 Catherine A., nomsebenzi wayo loluntu kuphela kwiimeko ezincinane. Nangona ilizwe wangcwatyelwa zokuxhaphaza kanye nalwazelelelo emhlabeni.

imfundo Poor and non-nxaxheba kwimicimbi yoluntu Noko ke, ndayihluthwa uthando abantu bakhe - yena wangcwatyelwa kuyo. Catherine wayesiza uludwayi kunye nabantu nje ukucela uncedo, abanye bafuna ukubona Ummeli yakhe. Njengomgaqo, akazange avume kwaye godson elandelayo wanikela ducats ezimbalwa.

1 n Alekseevna waba ngamandla iminyaka emibini kuphela - ukususela 1725 kude th 1727. Ngeli xesha, oko kwavula Academy of Sciences, eziququzelelweyo eziveliswa uhambo wethu kaThixo, kwakunye Order of St. Aleksandra Nevskogo yaziswa.

Ukufa

Emva kokufa kaPetros, ubomi Catherine waqalisa ukujija: uzenza akhangeleke, iibhola, imithendeleko, phantsi kakhulu impilo yakhe. Ngo-Apreli 1727, eli-10, i-uKumkanikazi wagula, ukhohlokhohlo anda, wabonisa iimpawu umonakalo semiphunga. UCatherine I ukufa ngumbandela kwexesha. Live ukuba ngaphantsi ngenyanga.

Meyi 6, 1727, ngokuhlwa, ngentsimbi 9, uCatherine wafa. Wayeneminyaka eli-43 ubudala. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ke umnqophiso ebhaliweyo ukuba uKumkanikazi ayikwazanga ukungena, ngoko kukho utyikityo intombi yakhe Elizabeth. Ngokutsho intando itrone wayeza athabathe uPetros A., umzukulwana loMlawuli Peter I.

Catherine A. noPetros I saba pair elungileyo. Bayamxhasa ubomi zomnye. UCatherine wenza ngomlingo, ebaqinisekisa kuyo, uPetros, nto, nto iyayiqhobosha amandla yayo yangaphakathi. Emva kokufa kwakhe, uCatherine ixesha eliseleyo elichithwa kwimibhiyozo kunye nokusela olwandle. AmaNgqina amaninzi wathi wayefuna nje ukuba ukulibala, abanye bethetha le ukubhibhidla indalo yakhe. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, abantu babemthanda bakhe, amadoda wayesazi ukuba amalungiselelo njani bona ukumkanikazi wahlala ngaphandle ezona zinto ezandleni zabo. 1 n Alekseevna ekuqaleni ixesha wolawulo abafazi kuBukhosi Russian, eseleyo kwi eqeqesha de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, kwizithuba ezimfutshane seminyaka eliqela.