Shishini, Shishino
Umqhubi "Iqhwithi": iimpawu kunye neefoto
Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kunye neVietnam, kuyacaca ukuba ngaphandle kokuxhaswa komoya, kunzima kakhulu ukunqoba ukulwa. Yonke iminyaka yakutshanje ibonakaliswe kukuphuhliswa okukhawulezayo kokuhlaselwa kunye nokulwa, kunye nezoshishino ziyakhanga ukuphuhliswa kwezesayensi ezintsha kunye ezintsha.
Mane uqaphele ukuba ukhokho wakhe osekude, "I-Typhoon" - umkhosi weMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, ekwahluke ngokugqithiseleyo okuphezulu kunye neempawu zokulwa.
Ulwazi oluyisiseko
Ngomxholo walo, i-twin-fighter yesizukulwana sesine. Ikwahluke ngephiko le-triangular kwaye lakhiwe ngokwecebo "ledoki". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuguqulwa kweThupho, okwakhululwa kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kungowokuzalwa kwe-4+ okanye i-4 ++. Ngokubanzi, ukuphuhliswa kweenqwelo-moya ezinjalo kwaqalwa ngo-1979.
Umatshini uveliswa ngeenguqu ezine. Iinguqulelo ezahlukileyo ziyafumaneka kwiBritani, eJamani, e-Itali naseSpain. Inomdla umdla kukuba iindawo zokuveliswa kweenqwelo zomoya azivelwanga kwindawo enye: iindibano zeenqwelo-moya ezininzi zibandakanya kule nto kanye kanye.
Isivumelwano somntu
Makhe sibhale abo bavelisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo zefuselage kunye nenjini:
Alenia Aeronautica. Yenza umqolo womzimba, i-flaperons, kunye namaphiko asele.
IiNkqubo zeBaE. Iphinda yenziwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo yomvelisi wokuqala ekuvelweni kweengxenye zentshukumo yeenqwelo, eyenziwa kwimveliso yefuselage yangaphambili (kunye ne-PGO), i-gargrot, i-flashlight. Uxanduva kunye nomsila womsila.
EADS Deutschland. Yenza icandelo lesigqeba, kwaye livelisa inxalenye ephambili yendawo.
EADS CASA. Inkampani ikhiqiza i-slats kunye nephiko elifanelekileyo.
Izinto eziphambili zoyilo
Ngokuqhelekileyo, umqhubi wempuphu wadalwa ngeendlela ezininzi ekuqwalaseleni ukusetyenziswa kweziphambili eziphambili zezobuchwepheshe kunye nokwakhiwa kwamanqwelo. Abaqulunqi benza ezininzi ukwenzela ukuqinisekiswa kokusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo, nangona bangena ekuhlaselweni kweengxube ezigqithiseleyo.
Inqwelo "engabonakaliyo"
Ukunciphisa ukubonakala komatshini we-radar, umgca wangaphambili womsila wangaphambili wenziwe ngento efumana amaza omsakazo. Nangona ngokusemthethweni, i-typhoon fighter ayinakuhlulwa njengesithuthi esinjengenkohlakalo, ukuveliswa kwayo kusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kunye nezinto ezikwazi ukucima amaza emoyeni. Enyanisweni, lo msebenzi wawubekwe phambi koyilayilo ekuqaleni: ukwenza i-ndege ibe yinto engenakwenzeka ngokubanzi phambi kwezinto ezikhoyo zokufumana i-radar.
Yintoni eyenziwe ukufeza le njongo? Okokuqala, umoya owenziwe wawuxonywa emzimbeni kangangoko kunokwenzeka, i-input cascades yeenjini yayigxininiswe zizixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Zonke iiplani ezithweleyo nephiko kunye nezikhokelo eziphambili zezinto ezizinzileyo kunye nomsila zifakwe kwinqanaba eliphambili ngamashishini athola i-radar radiation. Ukongezelela, ukumiswa kweempazamo ezikhokelwayo kusondele kakhulu kwinqanaba, okwenza kube lula ukuwafihla kwi-radar yintshaba.
Nanku kufuneka kuthethwe ukuba njengamanje iSiphepho siyi-bombomber-bomber, kwaye ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukungaqiniseki kwayo ngokupheleleyo (ewe, akunjalo imfuneko).
Abaphuhlisi abakhulu
Phantse zonke izixhobo ezintsha kunye nama-allo angakwazi ukufezekisa le ntsebenzo ephakamileyo yenziwe ngabavelisi beqela le-EADS / DASA. Ukongezelela, enye inkampani yayiphakathi kwabadali, kwaye emva koko abavelisi baninzi bezinto ezibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo zendiza. Ezi ziquka ngokubanzi umda osempilweni wamaphiko, zombini neendawo zangaphakathi zomoya, kunye ne-elevator kunye nezixhobo ezikufutshane nazo.
Izinto eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuyila
Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zininzi, kwaye akukho zininzi ze-aluminium zendalo. Ngoko, ngaphezu kwama-40% obunzima bomlinganiselo we-glider yi-carbon fiber. Inani lama-alloyithi ye-lithium kunye ne-aluminium ifinyelela ku-20%, i-aluminiyine i-alloys enyulu i-18%. Izinto eziphakamileyo ezixhomekeke kwi-titanium zihlala kwi-12%, kwaye isabelo se-fiberglass akhawunti i-10%. Umphezulu weenqwelo-moya uhlanganisa i-70% yeplastiki yefiber plastiki eqinisekisiwe, i-12% ihlala kwizinto ezisekelwe kwi-glasserglass.
Ngaphandle kokucwangciswa kokuqala koyilo lwendiza , loo mqathango wabekwa phantsi kwemiqathango yesibheno sokuba ubunzima beenqwelo ezinqwelomoya kufuneka zingadluli kwi-9,999 kilogram. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezintsha ezisekelwe kwi-magnesium kunye ne-aluminium yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo. Umthombo wesigxina awukho ngaphantsi kweeyure eziyiwaka ezintandathu. Ngaloo ndlela, umqhubi wempuphu ukhulula kakhulu kwi-American F-35, elineeyure ezingama-2-4,000.
Iimpawu zezinto ezisemgangathweni
Umzimba wenziwa ngokwecandelo le-semi-monocoque. Kukho i-armor cabin ebonakalayo esebenzayo, ekhusela umqhubi kumlilo weengalo ezincinci. Umbane wekhabini awunasiphelo, ngokungafani nendawo. Isisombululo esinjalo savumela umqhubi ukuba anikezele ngokugqwesileyo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimimiselo yokulwa nomoya wamanamhlanje. Kule meko, umqhubi "ongumkhuhlane", onesithombeni sakhe kwinqaku, enye yeemoto ezihamba phambili ze-NATO.
Njengoko sithe satsho, uyilo lusetyenziswe iskimu kunye nelitye elingundoqo, elinendawo enkulu kakhulu. Ukunyuswa kwemoya enkulu yenkqubo yokutshintshisa ukushisa kuyabonakala. Zonke izambatho zamaphiko zenziwe ngeplastiki enefom Nangona kunjalo, kukho enye ihlukile. Kuthe malunga nezitya kunye neesokisi eziphambukileyo, ezifumaneka kwiziphelo zamaphiko. Zenziwe nge-aluminium kunye ne-lithium alloys.
Ummandla wendawo yonke yomsila ongezantsi u-2.40 m 2 . Iipolymni zokukhanya ziye zisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwayo (ininzi). Ukubeka nje, i-typhoon fighter (ifoto ongayibona kulo mbandela) yinqwelo-moya ephezulu, ukuveliswa kwayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwesiseko sezentengiselwano esinamandla.
Chassis
I-chassis yendiza yintathu-axial. Uxhotywe ngee-collar single column. Into ekhethekileyo kukuba iibini zokuqala zihamba ngokuya kwinqanaba le-hull, ngelixa i-front ibuyiswa phambili. Enye into engavumelekanga kwi-NATO iteknoloji - i-chassis ilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo ukufika kumanxeba, iindlela ezilungiswe kakuhle. Kodwa apha kukho ingxaki. Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshulwa ukuba ubude obuncinane be-GDP ekuhlaleni buya kulingana kumitha engamakhulu amahlanu. Ngokwale nqondiso, umqhubi we-Eurofighter waseTyphoon naye kwafuneka abe ngumqhubi omkhulu.
Uphuhliso lwezithuthuthu, iinkcukacha eziphambili zesityalo
Injini yaqala ukuphuhlisa kude ne-1983. Umsebenzi awuzange uqale ukususela: injini evela kwinqwelo yeTornado ithathwe njengesiseko. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ulwazi lokuba isityalo sithathwe kumatshini wokuhlola u-Rolls-Royce XG.40. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kwakunjani, ukuhlolwa kweebhenki kwaqaliswa kuphela ngo-1988.
Isiphumo sophuhliso yi-EJ200. Le njini ye-turbofan injini yesibini, enye yezinto eziphawulekayo eziyingozi emva kokutsha. Amacwecwe e-Turbine ayenziwe ngokubanzi ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikodwa-cristal, zonke iidiski zenziwa yindlela yokupakisha i-powder. Inkqubo yokulawula izityalo idijithali ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, injini ineenkqubo zokuxilonga. Phantse zonke iinjongo ezitshintshileyo zeenjini zenziwe ngezinto ezidibeneyo. Igumbi lokutsha elikhuselweyo likhuselekile ekunxibeni ngokubumba ngokusekelwe kwiikheramics.
Ukuqwalasela okunjalo iinkcukacha kwenza i-Eurofighter ye-Typhoon fighter enye yeenqwelo-moya ezinqabileyo kakhulu zesikhathi sethu. Ngoko, ngo-2010, iinjine ezingaphezu kwama-250 sele zidibene, ubuncwane balo bulethwa kwiiyure eziyi-10 zeeyure.
Ukufakelwa komoya kufumaneka phantsi kwefuselage, iintambo zayo aziguquki. Iindonga ezisemgangathweni zichanekileyo, i-lower down curvilinear. Ukwahlula okuhlukileyo, lo mhlaba uhlukaniswe ngamashanela amabini, kunye nenxalenye engezantsi nganye iya kuguqulwa, ukubonelela ngeengcingo eziphezulu.
Iinkcukacha zeenjini
Qaphela ukuba nakwizinga loyilo laseJamani, i-Great Britain, iSpeyin ne-Italy isayine isivumelwano, phantsi kwawo amazwe athembisa ukuba ahlakulele kunye nokuguqula iyunithi yamandla kwi-Eurofighter Typhoon. Into ebalulekileyo ye injini ayinakuhlala kwayo kunye nobutyebi, kodwa i-modular design. Isisombululo sezobugcisa esineenkalipho sivunyelwe ukunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo lokuqhaqha, ukuya kwi-45 imizuzu.
Injini inempawu ezilandelayo:
I-Thrust "inomileyo" ngu-6120 kgf.
Ixabiso lokunciphisa i-indicator yi-9097 kgf.
Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zendiza, ukusetyenziswa kotywala kuyahluka ukusuka kwi-0.745 ukuya kwi-0.813 kg / kgf / h.
Kwimodi yokubuyisela, lo mfanekiso uninzi - ukusuka ku-1.65 ukuya ku-1.72 kg / kgf ngeyure.
Iqondo lokushisa kwee-gesi ezikhutshwa yi-turbine lifikelela kwi-1840 ° K.
Umlinganiselo wokusebenzisa umoya u-76 kg / s.
Ubungakanani obukhulu be-turbine ngu-740 mm.
Ubude obude besityalo sineemitha ezi-4.
Ubunzima bayo buyi-989 kg.
Uluhlu oludala lweenguqu - iiyure eziyi-6 zeeyure, kodwa ii-injini zanamhlanje zingabhayela iwaka ezili-10.
Ikhefu phakathi kweejini ukuhlola li-1 iiyure eziliwaka.
Yiloo nto "isiqhwithi" (umqhubi) esibonakalayo. Amandla eenqwelo moya ayenokuthi ahlakulele isantya esiphezulu se- Machs ukuya kwe-2, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2,5 ngeyure.
Indawo yokugcina amafutha
Iinkqubo zokulawula ukuhamba
Inkqubo yokulawula i-flight quadruplex. Qaphela ukuba akukho mzila wecala lokugcina. Kungenxa yenkqubo ekhompyutheni ekhompyutheni eyona ndlela iphezulu yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza ekuqinisekiseni, kunye nokuziphatha ngokuzithemba kwelo moya kwiimeko ezinjalo. Inkqubo ye-PIRATE yokujonga phambili kunye ne-ECR90 yesiteshi se-pulp-doppler ziyingxenye yesakhiwo esincinci.
Inkqubo yokuhamba iyancipha. Ingqungquthela i-laser gyroscopes, umqhubi unokusebenzisa isalathisi esikhethekileyo, kunye nezixhobo ezichaza ngokuzenzekelayo iindlela eziphambili zokuhlasela intshaba. Ukongezelela, inkqubo efanayo inoxanduva lokuqulunqa iindlela zokukhusela nokuhlaselwa kwezixhobo zintshaba. Kakade, i-electronics inokunika iingcebiso kwisistim se-weapon esona sisisiseko sokusebenzisa ukulwa emoyeni.
Iinkqubo zokukhusela kunye neenkqubo zokuhlaselwa
Impahla ephezulu kakhulu ye-elektroniki yinkqubo ye-DASS. Kwangexesha elide lidalwe ngamaziko aphezulu aseJamani naseGreat Britain. Inkqubo yenkqubo kwaye iguqulela idatha efunyanwa yilo moya kwi-laser ne-radar izixhobo. Nguye onoxanduva lokukhutshwa kweethagethi zobuxoki kunye nemithombo yokuphazamiseka. Ikwalawula kwakhona iindlela ezingabonakaliyo zokukhusela iinqwelo-moya. Iinqwelo zikhoyo nale sixhobo kwiphiko. Umsebenzi we-laser rangef with function indication target also found at the end of a wing.
Qaphela ukuba lo mqhubi awunalo amaqumrhu angaphakathi ezixhobo. Ziyakuthatyathwa ngokususwa kwee-nodes zangaphandle, ezenza kube lula ukufunyanwa kweenqwelo-moya kwiinkqubo ze-enemy radar, kodwa oku kunokwandisa kakhulu intlobo yezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo.
Ngokukodwa kulo mzekelo wokhuphiswano, ama-tank fuel conformity are designed and used.
Ingqikithi, iinqwelo zineenkalo zokumiswa kweeshumi elinesithathu. Njengomthetho, zihanjiswe kwii-rockets ezine ezingabonakaliyo "Skyflash" (iBritish Air Force) okanye "Iingqondo" (Umkhosi Wase-Italy). Zibekwa kwindawo "encinciweyo" phantsi kwesigxina seenqwelo. Kuvumeleke ukuba kufakwe iinqwelo ezimbini ezincinane ezikhokelwayo njenge-ASRAAM okanye i-AIM-9. Zixinyiwe kwiinotshi phantsi kwamaphiko azo.
Ingqikithi, inqwelo-moya iya kuxhotyiswa ngeemfono ezilishumi zomoya-moya, kodwa kulo mzekelo ubunzima bokukhutshwa komatshini abufanelekanga ngaphezu kweetoni ezili-18. Ukumisa amatye eenqwelo-mafutha ezongezelelweyo zenzelwe iiyunithi ezintathu zokumiswa. Qaphela ukuba umqhubi wendawo ezininzi "I-Typhoon" ifakwe i-cannon ngokuzenzekelayo yemitha engama-27 mm, eveliswe yi-firm "Mauser".
Umthwalo weBhomu
Ukusasazwa kwemali yokuvelisa
Kwonke kwacetywayo ukuvelisa iimoto ezingama-620 zolu hlobo. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwakukho izinto ezine ezivakalisa umnqweno wokuthatha inxaxheba kwiprogram, iindiza zazisasazwa phakathi kwazo, ngokuhambelana nemithombo ekhoyo yokuvelisa.
Umzekelo, ezi mveliso UK waqala ukuqokelela 232 "Typhoon", iqokelelwe eJamani, iiyunithi 180, isabelo Italy wavuka moya 121. BaseSpeyin, ngenxa yokuba iimeko zemveliso amahlwempu, ukuba siphathiswe ukuqokelela mlilo 87 kuphela. Iinqwelomoya lokuqala baqalisa ukufika kunyaka wama-2003. I-UK iye zilamkele mlweli moya yokuqala yale modeli ngaxeshanye, abanye babo kwangoko waya ukuyilwa 17 kwadingeka. It iinqwelomoya kuvavanywa ngononophelo. Okuphoxayo kukuba, i-EU ngokusesikweni-moya Air Force wafumana kuphela 1 Julayi 2005. Nebhetshi yokuqala iiyunithi 148 of Fighters zaye zasiwa, bonke bephela nangoku kwinkonzo.
Sele ngo-2002, urhulumente waseOstriya uthe wavakalisa umdla ekufumaneni iziqwenga 18 izixhobo, ibeke kwimveliso nangoko 2,55 billion zeerandi. Noko ke, ngoJuni 2007 ngenxa yobunzima besondela, isivumelwano uye wahlaziywa: ngokuhambelana iimeko ezintsha, i Austrians wafuna ukufumana moya ngaphezulu kwe-15, kwaye yoqwalaselo ngakumbi "iphele". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izivumelwano ezifanayo zisayinwa United Arab Emirates kwaye abathengi abasondeleyo. Kuvakala ukuba EU kufuneka abeke izityalo phezu kwabo nangoko 707 mlilo.
Isivumelwano ukuba baqale imveliso yaloo bhetshi yesibini satyikitywa ngoDisemba 14, 2004. Isigaba sokuqala moya wathabatha emoyeni ngo-2008. Ngamnye karma "Typhoon" multi-nxaxheba (koomatshini photo, kweli nqaku) sikhatshwa umenzi ezele wokukhutshwa kude kuye ekupheleni kwethuba isiqinisekiso.
umahluko phakathi kweenguqulelo
Ekuqaleni kwakucingwa ukuba iinqwelo-moya kule modeli iya kusetyenziswa kuphela ekulweni moya yotshaba. Kodwa emva ekuqaleni kweli phulo Afghanistan, baye baqala ukusebenzisa ngokubonakalayo ngenxa kwezithandani iithagethi komhlaba. Ngendlela, ukuba ukulwa babenze "Typhoon" nxamnye MIG? Lutho. Ewe, e Afghanistan umatshini yiSoviet kungaba, kodwa loo nto kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho wayesele pilot enye, ngubani sibaphakamisele emoyeni.
oomatshini ezinyuselweyo kakade-2008 unelungelo kwelinye ningabo multi-nxaxheba. Bangakwazi azakubalulwa basisishunqulelo FGR4 (ukuba isihloko, T3, phambi kwakho - inguqulelo kabini-moya). Phambi kokuba a ukuguqulwa entsha zonke ezikhoyo "Typhoon" ziye zaphuculwa phambi kokuphela kuka-2012. Le karma "Typhoon 5" njengangoku kuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo. Iimpawu kuba okwangoku kwaziwa.
Uphuculo kuye kwabangela ukunyuka okubonakalayo iiseyile kokwehla, iseti entsha ngokupheleleyo avionics, kubandakanywa ukuphuculwa inkqubo avionics. Ukongeza, kukho omelezwe kakhulu 'umoya-phantsi "uhlobo izixhobo nkqubo esele masikhokelwe imfuneko Ukwenza imisebenzi moya ukuhlasela moya. Okwangoku, uthethathethwano luyaqhubeka ngokusekwa besizukulwana sesithathu mlilo. Kubo i-EU unezinto ezinkulu: kucingwa ukuba i-UK yedwa kufuneka ubuncinane 170 "Typhoon" ngo-2030.
Inguqulelo yesithathu ye-moya kuya kuba iitanki yezibaso conformal ngokupheleleyo, kwakhona, ziya kutshintshwa ngokupheleleyo yi-elektroniki kwi-ebhodini. Okubaluleke kakhulu, lo moya mlilo mayixhotyiswe isimiso enamandla kakhulu, yaye radar esebenzayo uluhlu ngezigaba eriyali.
Kodwa umdla kakhulu ukuguqula i "Typhoon", eyenzelwe RAF (karma "Typhoon MK 1"). Kulo ngobuwena, indiza iinkqubo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo iinjongo isikhokelo kunye nale laser uluhlu ezisele ziphuhlisiwe ngokukodwa ngenxa inkampani wokhuselo Israeli Rafael. Esona eziphuculweyo kuqhunyiswe kwezikhali. Ngoko ke, ukuba ubukho iziqhushumbisi ekhokelwa zalishumi 450 kilograms. Avelisa waseMelika corporation Raytheon. Babe nethuba ngokwalatha umqadi laser, kwakunye nenkqubo GPS-ulungiso.
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