Uluphi ulwimi oluthile?

Abaninzi abanomdla bafunda iilwimi ukusuka kwinqanaba leembono zabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kunomdla ukuthetha kuphela nabantu basemzini kwiintetho zabo kunokuba baqikelele ukuba kutheni izenzi kunye nezichazi ziziphatha ngendlela enye. Nangona kunjalo, iilwimi zinika umdla kwaye zikunceda ukuphendula imibuzo efana nale nto: "Ngaba ulwimi lwesiNgesi lukhethileyo okanye lube lukhulu?" Izinzuzo ezisebenzayo kubafundi abangekho ezininzi kule nto, nangona, xa beyiqonda le ngcamango, umntu unokuqonda ukuba "iilwimi" zisebenza njani kwaye ziqhubeke nokuzifundela ngokuzenzekelayo.

Imbali yeelwimi

Abantu abaqhelekileyo baqhagamshelana ngaphandle kokuhlalutya indlela abayenzayo ngayo, kwaye kutheni abanye okanye amanye amanyathelo asele ayenjalo ngendlela efana ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho abo banomdla kwiimigaqo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezakhiweyo. Yaye abo bantu babenomdla kule nkqubela phambi kokuba ixesha lethu livelise ngokoqobo isayensi esiyazi namhlanje njengeelwimi. Ngoku kunzima ukusho ngubani obeka iingcambu, kuba namhlanje olu luleko luhlulwe liqela elikhulu lamasebe. Kodwa ngokubhekiselele kwiilwimi zanamhlanje, umsunguli wayo unokuthiwa ngu-Leonard waseMelika uLeonard Bloomfield. Umsebenzi wakhe osebenzayo wafika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaye wakwazi ukukhuthaza abalandeli bakhe kungekuphela nje ukuphuhlisa iikhoyibhile, kodwa kunye nokusebenza kwabo.

Ngelixa elifanayo, utyando olululwimi oluninzi okanye oluncinci oluphuhlisiweyo ngenxa yesimangalo esivamile. Le ngxaki ayizange ibhekiswe kwinqanaba le-20 leminyaka, xa isigaba esitsha samukelwa ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zikaFriedrich Schlegel noWilhelm von Humboldt. Iindidi zeelwimi zeelwimi - i-amorphous, agglutinative, ekhethiweyo-ichonga nje kuphela. Kukho ezinye izongezo eziqhubekayo zisetyenziswa ngoku ngoku.

Iintlobo zeelwimi zanamhlanje

Iilwimi zanamhlanje zisebenzisa oku kulandelayo:

1. Ngobunzima begrama :

• Uhlalutyo;
• Isixhobo.

2. Ngeendlela zokuziphatha:

• Ukuxhoma;
• Ulwimi lwe-Agglutinative;
• Ukukhethwa okanye ukuxuba;
• Ukubandakanywa.

Ukudibanisa ezi zigaba zibini azithobeli, nangona kunjalo phantse zonke iilwimi ezizimeleyo zihambelana neelwimi ezihlalutyo. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezahlukeneyo ziqwalaselwe apha. Kwaye i-morphology kule meko inomdla ngakumbi.

Agglutinative

Eli gama lisetyenzisiwe kuphela kwiilwimi, kodwa kwakhona, ngokomzekelo, kwi-biology. Ukuba uguqulela kwisiLatini, oko kukutsho, "umama" wemigqaliselo emininzi, ukuguqulelwa kwangempela kuya kufana ne "gluing". Uluhlu oluthile lweelwimi lubonisa ukuba ukubunjwa kweeyunithi ezintsha zezigama kubonakala ngokuhlanganisa ezinye iindawo (i-affixes) kwisigxina okanye ingcambu: izilwanyana, iziqulatho, njl njl. Kubalulekile ukuba ngamnye omelayo apho ulingane nexabiso elilodwa kuphela, kwaye kulo mzekelo akukho Kwiimigaqo zokumiswa kwe-declension nokudibanisa. Kukho uluvo lokuba olu hlobo lukhulile kwaye aluphuhlisi kangangoko ukuthelekiswa nokutshatyalaliswa. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukuqinisekiswa kwendawo yokujonga, ukuze kungabikho sizathu sokuqwalasela iilwimi ezininzi njengeziqhelo.

Imizekelo ihlukeneyo: iFinnno-Ugric neTurkic, isiMongolia neyeKorea, isiJapan, isiGeorgia, isiNdiya kunye nezinye i-Afrika, kunye nezona zininzi zezivakalisi (i-Esperanto, i-Ido) yeli qela.

Ingqungquthela yokuxhamla ingacingwa ingqalelo ngomzekelo weelwimi lwesiKirghiz, apho kukho iyunithi yesichazamazwi, engasetyenziswa ngesiRashiya njenge "dostrum". "Dos" isiseko esithetha "umhlobo." Inxalenye ye "torus" ichaza ubuninzi. "Ingqondo" ithatha uphawu lokuba ngumntu wokuqala, oko kukuthi, "yam". Ekugqibeleni, "i-" "ibhekisela kwimeko yecala. Isiphumo "ngabahlobo bam."

Ukuhlutha

Kulo qela, abafaki-nxaxheba abandakanyekayo kwisakhiwo segama bangakwazi ukuthwala iinkalo ezininzi zegrammatical, ezingenakulinganiswa. Ngoko, umzekelo, livela ngolwimi lwesiRashiya.

Kwigama elithi "oluhlaza" kukho ukuphela kwayo, ukudibanisa kanye kunye nemimiselo yesohlwayo, kunye kunye nobulili besilisa. Ezi fom zibizwa ngokuba ngama-inflexions.

Ngokwesiko, lolu hlobo lolwimi lubandakanya phantse zonke ezizinzile zase-Indo-European: iJamani, isiRashiya, isiLatini, kunye namaqela angamaSemiti kunye namaSaami. Abaphandi baye baqaphela ukutyekela ukulahleka kweengxowa njengentuthuko yentetho. Ngoko, kwisiNgesi esidlulileyo sasiye kweli qela, kwaye ngoku ke, ngokwenene, phantse ukuhlalutya kunye nokulondolozwa kweempawu ezimbalwa. Omnye umzekelo weenguqu unokuthiwa yiArmenian, eyafumana impembelelo yeelwimi zaseCaucasus kwaye idluliselwa kwicandelo elifanelekileyo. Ngoku iilwimi ezixhasayo.

Ukususa

Olu hlobo lubonakaliswe ngokungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwe-morphemes. Ukwakhiwa kwegama ngokukwenzekayo ngokusetyenziswa kwamagama aseburhulumenteni, isakhiwo esiqinileyo kwizivakalisi nakwizwi.

Umzekelo obalaseleyo kulolu hlobo lulwimi lwesiTshayina, apho iingcamango ezifana nokunciphisa inxalenye yentetho kunye nokudibanisa izenzi azikho ngokupheleleyo. Ukubonisa ukuba isenzo sasikude, okanye kuya kwenzeka kwikamva, imeko kunye nexesha ngamagama aseburhulumenteni asetyenziswayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama, iigamentshi ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokuqulunqwa kwemibuzo, iindidi ezikhethekileyo zisetyenzisiweyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuqonda okuchanekileyo kwintetho yezivakalisi kufezekiswa ngenxa yolawulo oluchanekileyo lwamagama. Iimeko ezifanayo ziyabonwa ngesiVietnam, Khmer, Laotian.

Ephantse kakhulu kulolu hlobo kunye nesiNgesi, phantse zilahleke ngokupheleleyo iimpawu zokutshatyalaliswa.

Ukubandakanya

Olu hlobo olutsha, alufakiwe kwi-classical typology, luninzi olufanayo kunye ne-agglutinative. Enyanisweni, ezi zinto zimbini zendalo kwaye zihlala zihlangana kunye. Nangona kunjalo, iilwimi ziyazihlukanisa, zikholelwa ukuba ukuba i-agglutination ichaphazela kuphela igama, ngoko ukuhlanganiswa kungabonwa kwisigwebo sonke, oko kukuthi, iyunithi inokuthi ibonakaliswe kwisicatshulwa esisigxina.

Ezixubileyo

Ngokwahlukileyo, olu hlobo alukhethiweyo, ukhetha ukubiza ezi okanye ezinye izalathisi zezithuba zentshukumo, ukuba zithwala izimbini zombini zokungaziphathi kakuhle, kwaye zichongiwe ngolwimi oluxhasayo ngezinye iinkalo. Le yiRashiya, iCaucasian, i-Hamito-Semitic, i-Bantu, i-North America kunye nabanye. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa kuthiwa yinto yokwenziwa, ebonisa ngexesha elifanayo umlinganiselo we-inflectivity.

Yiba njalo, kunokuba kunzima ukuhlukanisa i-agglutinative, ekhethiweyo, ukuhlukanisa kunye nokufaka iilwimi kwifomu ecocekileyo. Ngenye indlela, phantse yonke imizekelo iza kuthwala iimpawu ezincinci zabanye. Oku kungenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokusebenzisana ngokuthe ngqo kweelwimi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kwinani elikhulu lokuboleka kunye nokulandelela.

Ukuphuhliswa kweelwimi

Kwiminyaka emininzi, abaphandi baye bakhela iingcamango malunga nokuba zeziphi iintlobo zibhekwa njengamanje kwaye zigqibeleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nkqubela enkulu enziwe kulolu hlobo. Inyani kukuba kwinkqubo yophuhliso lolwimi inokutshintsha utyando, ngamanye amaxesha ngamaxesha amaninzi. Kwakuye kweso sizathu isizathu sokuthi i-classification yadimazeka malunga nesiqingatha sekhulu leminyaka.

Nangona kunjalo, esi sihloko ngokwazo sizonwabisa kakhulu, kwaye iilwimi zanamuhla zibonelela ngeengcamango ezinxulumene nazo:

• Ukuguquka kwemvelo. Kucingelwa ukuba ulwimi ngalunye lukhula ngokwemigaqo yaso, ukufumana nokulahlekelwa yimpawu ezahlukahlukeneyo, apho kungabandakanywa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kule meko, ama-analog kunye nezivumelwano kunye nezinye izalathiso zidla ngokukhawuleza.
• Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kukho uluvo lokuba naluphi na uluhlu olusisigxina kunye nexesha ludlulela kwi-inflexibility. Emva koko ilahleka ngokuthe ngcembe, utshintsho lube luhlobo lokuhlukanisa olwenzekayo. Emva koko, ulwimi kwakhona ngefomu enye okanye enye iya kubuya kwi-agglutination.