IsiHebhere nesiYiddish - yintoni umehluko? IsiHebhere nesiYiddish: iilfabhethi

Ngenxa yendlebe engaqhelekanga yomntu waseRashiya, isiHebhere nesiYiddish ziyiziqulatho ezingatshintshanayo, omnye unokuthi, kwaneentsingiselo. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo, kwaye yintoni umehluko? IsiHebhere nesiYiddish ziilwimi ezimbini ezibhekiselwe ngamaYuda, kodwa zihluke omnye komnye kwiminyaka kunye nemvelaphi, kunye nemigangatho yokusetyenziswa kunye nabanye abaninzi. Eli nqaku lizinikezelwe kwiintlobo ezibalulekileyo phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini zeelwimi. Kodwa okokuqala kufuneka ufumane inkcazo ngokubanzi kwezo zombini iilwimi.

IsiHebhere: imvelaphi

Eneneni enye yeelwimi zamandulo zoluntu. Uthunyelwa kwiqela lamaSemiti. Ngokubhekisele kwimvelaphi yayo phakathi kweengxelo-mlando, akukho mvumelwano. Abanye bathi bahluke kwiilwimi zecandelo elisezantsi-ntshona-ntshona yeqela lamaSemiti, eliquka i-Ugarit, isiKanan kunye nesi-Aramaic, kwaye yazimelela ngekhulu le-13 BC. Igama elithi "iSemitic" livela egameni likaSim, inzala kaNowa wamandulo, apho izizwana ezathetha iziilwimi ezikhankanywe ngasentla zenzeke. Kodwa ezi zicinga nje, kuba akukho bubungqina obucacileyo ukuba ezi ilwimi zaye zaphela zizonke. Ngokuchasene noko, ukugweba ngeemibhalo ezigcinwe zikhunjulwe, ezi lwimi zibonakala zihambelana kwaye zenziwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kungekhona kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa.

IsiHebhere yilwimi lokuqala loluntu?

Ukuba uthemba iZibhalo ezingcwele zesiHebhere, nguSim, uyise uNowa, kwanokuba umntu wokuqala emhlabeni, uAdam, kwakufuneka athethe ngendlela yesiHebhere yasendulo. Kutheni? Kungenxa yokuba ukudideka kweelwimi kwakuyisijeziso sokungathobeli kubemi baseBhabhiloni yamandulo, kwaye ekubeni uSim kunye nenzalo yakhe bebengekho phakathi kwabavukeli, ulwimi lwabo lungekho utshintsho, kodwa lwaqhubeka lukho kude kube ngumYuda wokuqala, uAbraham.

IYiddish lulimi olungenakuqhayisa ngaloo minyaka, kubonakala ngathi ludlulileyo.

Izikhumbuzo ezindala kunazo zonke

Kakade ke, isiHebhere senze utshintsho kwiimbali zayo zangekhulu leminyaka. Ngokomzekelo, inxalenye yeBhayibhile, ebizwa ngokuba yiTestamente Elidala, yabhalwa ngokuyinxalenye yesiHebhere yolu lwimi ukususela kwi-15 ukuya kwe-5 leminyaka BC. Kwaye luxwebhu oluphambili lokufunda ifom yangaphambili yesiHebhere. Kufunyenwe izigidi zemibhalo yesandla kunye neziqhekeza, ngenxa yokuba kunokwenzeka ukulandelelanisa ukutshintsha kwincwadi.

Izikhumbuzo ezingabhaliweyo zeBhayibhile zangexesha elifanayo zincinci. Phakathi kwazo kwikhalenda yeGeser eneenkcazo zeenyanga kunye nemisebenzi yezolimo (i-X leminyaka ye-BC), izithandathu zobumba zaseSamariya zangekhulu le-8 BC. Kwaye kufanayo ukusuka eLakishe, eqala ngekhulu le-6 BC, kwakunye nokubhaliswa kweSilo ngexesha likaHezekiya.

Kule mibhalo yembali umntu angafunda malunga neprogram ye-semantic kunye nesakhiwo segrammatic yolwimi lwaloo xesha, uphuhliso lwalo lonke ixesha. Kwakhona kubonakala ukuba amagama amaninzi atholakala kwisi-Akkadian, isi-Aramaic nesi-Arabhu, ezifakwe kwigama lesiHebhere.

IYiddish ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngamaphepha anjalo andala, kuba kule minyaka ikhulu yayingekho. Kwavela kamva.

IsiHebhere: uphuhliso olongezelelweyo

Konke eli xesha lesiHebhere elisetyenziselwa intetho yomlomo kunye nobhaliweyo. Kwakungowona kuphela ulwimi lokuthetha rhoqo kwansuku zonke.

Kodwa imeko yaqala ukutshintsha kwi-II yenkulungwane AD. IsiHebhere asisekho ulwimi oluthethiweyo. Ngoku kusetyenziswa kuphela iinkonzo zonqulo. Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, sele isaphila kude kube ngoku, nangona kukho utshintsho oluthile. Inxaxheba enkulu kule nto yadlaliswa ngabakopishi beTestamente Endala, abazibiza ngokuba ngabashushu.

Inyaniso kukuba ulwimi lwesiHeberu lunomdla owodwa umdla: amagama esiHebhere ayibhaliwe esebenzisa iinconon kuphela, kwaye iilwimi zafakwa kakade ngexesha lokufunda. Kodwa emva kwexesha, xa isiHebhere saqala ukuvela kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla, kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, intetho yamaYuda yayingaphantsi, izizukulwana ezitsha zaqala ukulibala indlela amanye amagama athetha ngayo, kuba babengathandabuzeki ukuba zeziphi izikhalazo zokongeza. Kwaye ngaba ngaba masoreans abaza kunye nenkqubo yegama-amagama aqhelekileyo awakhonkco, ukwenzela ukuba isandi samagama asilahlekanga ngonaphakade. Yiyo indlela yesiHebhere ephethwe ngayo ukusinda kude kube nexesha lethu. Nangona nje nge-colloquial kwakungasetyenziswanga kude kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Yayiyilwimi yeenkonzo zikaThixo, ubuxoki, udaba lweendaba.

Ndijonge phambili, ndifuna ukuthetha ukuba ekuqaleni kweYiddish yenkulungwane edlulileyo yayisetyenziswa njengelwimi oluqhelekileyo-ulwimi lwamaYuda aseYurophu.

Kodwa ngemvuselelo kaRhulumente ka-Israyeli ngo-1948, isiHeberu siba ulwimi olusemthethweni likarhulumente. Kwakukho inxaxheba exhasa ukufakwa kwesiHebhere kuzo zonke iindawo zobomi. Injongo ephambili kukubuyisela ulwimi lwentetho ngolwimi oluthethiweyo. Kwaye kwenzeka le mma ngaliso. Ulwimi oluye lwabhankwa ngeenkulungwane ezili-18, kwakhona luvakala izitrato, kwiivenkile, kwizikolo zesikolo.

IsiHebhere: iilfabhethi

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba incwadi yesiHebhere yesiHebhere yenziwe njengesiseko sokubhalwa kweelwimi ezimbini ezixutyushwa kule nqaku. Kodwa yintoni umehluko? IsiHebhere nesiYiddish sinalo lwetafile ezifanayo. Upelo lwangoku lwaluhlelwe emva kokuthunjwa kweBhabhiloni (inkulungwane ye-VI BC). Iileta zifumene isipelingi sendawo. Ngezantsi i-alfabhethi enezikhala. Iileta zisekhompyutheni yaseYurophu - ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Izikhalazo zangaphandle zibekwe ngakwesokudla.

I-Yiddish, nesiHebhere, i-alfabhethi equkethe iileta ezili-22 kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-consonant, (kuba ezi ncwadi zichaza izandi ezizodwa), ayinayo iileta ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ngesiHebhere maxa wambi kudibaniswa izikhalazo zokuququzelela ukufunda, ezikhankanywe ngaphambili. Oku kusebenza ikakhulu kubantwana okanye zonqulo. EYiddish, akukho zikhalazi. Le ngenye yezinto eziphambili xa ubhala iileta. Nasi umzekelo we-alfabhethi e-Yiddish, apho iileta zivela ukusuka ngakwesobunxele.

IYiddish: ukhokho

Olu lwimi lunokujongwa njengelutsha xa kuthelekiswa nokuzalwa kwakhe. Kwavela kwii-XX-XIV zeenkulungwane kwimimandla yaseMpuma neYurophu ephakathi. Kwakusekelwe kwisigama samazwi aphezulu aseJamani, kunye nexesha - kunye neJamani yamanje. Phantse kwisihlanu sesigama sesiHebhere esifanayo, kwaye enye i-15% yamagama yayisuka kwisiSlavic. Ngendlela elula, i-Yiddish ingumxube wamaSemitic, amaJamani kunye namaSlavic iinkqubo. Kodwa i-alfabhethi yesi-Yiddish ayifani neze neHebhere.

Amagama amaninzi anezimpembelelo zesiJamani, izivakalisi zakhiwa ngokusetyenziswa kwegrama. Amagama ase-Yiddish aqondwa ngolu hlobo njengolwimi lwesiJamani. Akumangalisi ukuba okokuqala iYiddish yayiqwalaselwe ngegama, kwaye yayingabonwa njengolwimi oluzimeleyo okanye kwintetho.

IYiddish: indawo yokuhambisa

Yena, ngokuqinisekileyo, akangabonakali kangangoko, njengowomncintiswano-wesiHebhere. EYiddish, amaYuda athetha kuphela eYurophu. Kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, kwakungasetyenziswanga.

Nangona ehlabathini lamaYurophu lathethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-11, ngokusemthethweni kwezinye zazo kwaziwa njengelwimi olupheleleyo kuphela ekuqaleni kwe-XX leminyaka. Ngokomzekelo, kwiingalo ze-Byelorussian SSR yobhaliso "Abasebenzi bamazwe onke, badibanise!" Kwabhalwa kwisiBelarusian, isiRashiya, isiPolish nesiYiddish. Kwakhona yena, kwaye engesiHebhere, owayebhekwa njengelinye lweelwimi ezisemthethweni ze-SSR yase-Ukraine ngo-1917.

Kodwa ngokugqithiseleyo, isiHebhere samxosha ebomini bemihla ngemihla ngenxa yezinto ezithile. Yintoni ebenegalelo kulokhu? Okokuqala, isiHebhere sichazwa ulwimi olusemthethweni lukaSirayeli , kwaye okwesibini, ininzi yamaYuda ayithetha isiYiddish yachithwa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwaye okwesithathu, isiHebhere yilwimi lamaYuda ahlala kwiLizwe Lesithembiso.

Ukungafani

Ngoko, ukuqhubeka kuzo zonke iinkcukacha zingentla malunga neelwimi ezimbini, yintoni umehluko? IsiHebhere nesiYiddish zinemibandela engundoqo. Nazi apha:

• IsiHebhere ingamawaka eminyaka emininzi kuneYiddish.
• IsiHebhere sibhekisela kuphela kwiilwimi zesiSemiti, kwaye kwinqanaba leYiddish, ngaphandle kwamaSemiti, kukho izimpande zesiJamani kunye neSlavic.
• Isicatshulwa kwisi-Yiddish sibhaliwe ngaphandle kwee-vowels.
• IsiHebhere sininzi kakhulu.

Abathwali besizwe, abazazi iilwimi zombini, banokuchazela ngakumbi ukumahluko. IsiHebhere nesiYiddish sinezinto ezifanayo, kodwa umlinganiselo ophezulu kukuba, kunokwenzeka, kungekhona kwisigama okanye ngegrama, kodwa ngenjongo yokusetyenziswa. Lo ngumzekeliso owawukhona kumaYuda aseYurophu kwiminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo malunga nalokhu: "UThixo uthetha isiYiddish ngeveki, kwaye isiHebhere sithetha ngoMgqibelo." Emva koko isiHebhere yilwimi kuphela ekuhambeni kwezenkolo, kwaye isiYiddish wonke umntu uthe. Ewe, ngoku imeko yatshintshile ngokuthe ngqo.