Ubukhosi Persian: imbali imvelaphi, ubomi kunye nenkcubeko

mbuso Persian baba negalelo elikhulu kakhulu kwimbali World Ancient. Kwasekwa umfelandawonye encinane yesizwe Achaemenid karhulumente yathatha malunga namakhulu amabini eminyaka. Ukukhankanywa nathanda amandla lizwe yamaPersi ke imithombo emininzi yamandulo, kuquka iBhayibhile.

ekuqaleni

Sisihlandlo sokuqala yamaPersi afumaneka kwimithombo-Asiriya. Le mibhalo, niyathandana ukususela BC ngenkulungwane IX. e., iqulathe igama komhlaba Parsua. Indawo, le ndawo ibekwe kwi-Central zeZagros, kwaye ithuba wathi, abemi kulo mmandla imbeko-Asiriya. imibutho Tribal akazange yayingekabikho. I-Asiriya usho elawulwa izikumkani 27. In a VII. NamaPersi, kuyabonakala ukuba angene Alliance wesizwe, ekubeni imithombo baba iimbekiselo kookumkani wesizwe Achaemenids. History of the bukhosi basePersi iqala 646 BC, xa namaPersi waba ngumlawuli uKoreshi I. Xa yokulawula kukaKoreshi wasePersi I landiswa kakhulu loo mmandla phantsi kolawulo lwabo, kuquka abe yinxalenye enkulu yasethafeni Iranian. Ngelo xesha yayisekelwe ikomkhulu yokuqala ubukhosi bamaPersi - of ePasargadae. Inxalenye yamaPersi inxaxheba kwezolimo, ngokufuthi wayephila ubomi ayohlala.

Ukuvela bukhosi basePersi

Ekupheleni VI. BC. e. abantu Persian lukaCambyses I imithetho, nto leyo kuxhomekeke ookumkani bamaMedi. Nyana lukaCambyses, uKoreshi II, waba ngukumkani yamaPersi wahlala. Ulwazi malunga nabantu bamandulo basePersi zinqabile kwaye akukacaci. Kuyabonakala ukuba, iyunithi esisiseko yoluntu intsapho amadoda saqonda ukuba umntu onelungelo okulahla ubomi babantu nokukhuseleka kwempahla nabo babathandayo. Uluntu, ekuzalweni yokuqala, yaye kamva - lali, kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela yaba namandla. uluntu eziliqela kwasekwa isizwe, izizwe ezininzi basenokuba ngokuba uhlanga.

Ukuvela ubukhosi wasePersi ekuqaleni, ngexesha lonke kuMbindi Mpuma yaye yahlulwa phakathi kwamazwe ezine: eYiputa, Media, uLidiya, eBhabheli.

Nditsho ngexesha layo kwaba Midia eneneni ubuhlobo tribal ethe-ethe. Ngenxa kwimpumelelo esemthe- yokumkani Cyaxares amaMedi uwuthobele karhulumente Urartu kunye kwilizwe lamandulo elakwaElam. Cyaxares inzala ayikwazanga ukugcina lokoyisa mkhulu kakhulu. imfazwe rhoqo eBhabheli zifuna ubukho imikhosi kumda. Oku kuye kwenza yezopolitiko yangaphakathi yamaMedi ngaphezu akhonze yokumkani namaMedi, kunye isilima.

Kira Board II

Ngo-553 BC uKoreshi II wakhokela imvukelo nxamnye amaMedi, namaPersi, leyo imbeko kwiinkulungwane eziliqela. Imfazwe lweminyaka emithathu yaphela nge elihlazo zamaMedi. Capital Media (g Ektabany) waba ngomnye zokuhlala umlawuli wasePersi. Ekubeni bahlula lizwe yamandulo, ngokusesikweni uKoreshi II ukugcina ubukumkani namaMedi, kwaye uqale izihloko ze abalawuli namaMedi,. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa lokusekwa bukhosi basePersi.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe bamaMedi namaPersi ibhengeze ngokwalo njengelizwe entsha kwimbali yehlabathi, kwaye kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo iziganeko ezenzeka kuMbindi Mpuma. Kwiminyaka 549-548. omtsha karhulumente AmaElam woyisa kwaye ingxe- amaninzi amazwe awayesakuba namaMedi, Power. EParti, Armenia, Hyrcania waqalisa ukuba ahlawule irhafu kumlawuli entsha basePersi.

Kwemfazwe uLydia

UCroesus, umphathi uLidiya onamandla, waqonda ukuba iqela eyingozi ubukhosi wasePersi. inani imibutho utyikitywe kweYiputa Sparta. Noko ke, ukuqala ngokupheleleyo amanyathelo yasemkhosini nga namahlakani kunokwenzeka. UCroesus akazange afune ukuba ukulinda uncedo bebodwa nxamnye namaPersi. Xa kwidabi kwekomkhulu likaLidiya - isixeko waseSardesi, uCroesus bazisa edabini amahashe wakhe, oko ingqalelo gidi. UKoreshi II wabeka amajoni iinkamela. Amahashe ukuba ubone izilwanyana ezingaziwayo, engavumi ukuthobela loo umkhweli, laseLidiya mahashe kwanyanzeleka ukuba balwe ngeenyawo. ukulwa ukungalingani zaphela kokurhoxa baseLidiya, ngoko waseSardesi kwathatyathwa phantsi zokungqinga yi namaPersi. Owayesakuba babehlangene yiSparta kuphela uCroesus wagqiba ukuza kusinceda. Kodwa xa elungiselela uhambo, isixeko waseSardesi wawa, namaPersi waweyisa uLydia.

ukwandisa ezihlobene

Kwafika ke Greek isixeko-ithi ezibe kummandla Asia Minor. Emva uthotho kwi big kunye imvukelo abathintela namaPersi oyise imigaqo-nkqubo, ngaloo ndlela yokufumana ubuchule ukusebenzisa edabini ngeenqanawa zamaGrike.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane VI uBukhosi bamaPersi yandisa imida yayo kwimimandla kumntla-ntshona we-Indiya, i-Hindu Kush ukuya cordons kwaye ingxe- izizwe abahlala esityeni. Syrdarya. Kuphela emva ekuqiniseni imida, abathintela neemvukelo kunye nokuseka unegunya uKoreshi II arhola ingqalelo iBhabhiloni enamandla. October 20 539 BC somzi sawa, kunye uKoreshi II waba ngumlawuli esemthethweni waseBhabheli, yaye kwangaxeshanye umlawuli omnye amagunya emikhulu zehlabathi lamandulo - ubukumkani bamaPersi.

kubusa lukaCambyses

UKoreshi wabulawa wayesilwa Massagets ngo-530 BC. e. nkqubo sakhe ngempumelelo wabasukela unyana ka lukaCambyses. Emva kokuba uqeqesho ngokucokisekileyo preliminary ozakuzo eYiputa, omnye utshaba wasePeshiya, Mna ndedwa, ababa ukubala kwinkxaso namahlakani. Kambiz waqonda icebo kayise, yoyisa iYiputa ngowe-522 BC. e. Ngelo xesha e wasePersi ukunganeliseki ebonisa zidale. LukaCambyses Wakhawuleza ekhaya wafa endleleni kwiimeko ezingaziwayo. Emva kwexesha elithile, ubukhosi yamandulo basePersi banikwe ithuba lokuzuza ummeli amandla kwisebe aselula Achaemenids - uDariyo Hystaspes.

Ukuqala ebukumkanini bukaDariyo

Ekuthatheni kwamandla yi kukaDariyo I bambombozela kubi kwaye ngamakhoboka eBhabheli. Inkokeli bavukeli yathi kuye unyana ka umlawuli lokugqibela waseBhabheli, waza waba Navuhodononosorom III. NgoDisemba 522 BC. e. UDariyo I iphumelele. Iinkokeli abavukeli babebulawa ukuya elubala.

izenzo sazela buyisela kuDariyo, kwaye okwangoku waqabela udlame e Media, kwaElam, eParti kunye nezinye iinkalo. irhuluneli omtsha ngaphezu konyaka ukuba iyamcamagusha ilizwe yaye ukubuyisela nemeko nguKoreshi lukaCambyses II imida zangaphambili.

Kwixesha eliphakathi 518 ne 512 yeminyaka amandla wamaPersi iphumelele kwelaseMakedoni, eThrace kunye inxalenye India. Eli xesha ithathwa ukuba abenzi bemilingo yobukumkani yamandulo yamaPersi. Imo ngokubaluleka zelimiweyo bamanyane phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, kumazwe amaninzi kunye amakhulu nezizwe nezizwana.

isixhobo Social Persian Ancient. zokulungisa uDariyo

Persian Achaemenid umbuso obonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo iinkqubo zentlalo kunye namasiko. EBhabheli, eSiriya, iYiputa, iPersi, kudala ngaphambi kokuba ingqalelo kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu, kwaye kutshanje yoyiswa nezizwe amadlelo zamaSkitiya kunye imvelaphi Arabhu nangoku ngabo ibakala ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli yobomi.

Chain yokuvukela iminyaka 522-520. Lalibonisa nokungasebenzi scheme yangaphambili karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko uDariyo Ndabamisela inani iinguqu zolawulo waseka inkqubo ezinzileyo yolawulo karhulumente phezu kwezizwe oyiswe. Ushintsho yaba yeyokuqala ezimbalini inkqubo yolawulo esebenzayo, leyo wakhonza izikhulu Achaemenids isizukulwana ngaphezu kwesinye.

iyunithi yolawulo olusebenzayo ngumzekelo ocacileyo njani bulawula uDariyo amandla wasePersi. Eli lizwe yahlulwe kwizithili yolawulo irhafu, enabizwa satrapies. Imilinganiselo satrapies zazinkulu kakhulu kwintsimi ithi okuqala, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ehambelana imida ngenkcazo ngayo abantu bamandulo. Umzekelo, ukuba ngaphansi waseYiputa ngokobume idibana phantse ngokupheleleyo kunye nemida yalo karhulumente de ukoyisa yayo yi namaPersi. izithili kwakhokelela amagosa karhulumente - iirhuluneli. Ngokungafaniyo ababengaphambi kwakhe, ababefuna iirhuluneli bakhe phakathi ngabafo kwezizwe oyisa, uDariyo I Ubhejo phezu kwezi zithuba kuphela Amanene imvelaphi wasePersi.

vicegerent

Eku sunguleni, umbusi nemisebenzi olumanyeneyo yolawulo yoluntu. Satrap ixesha uDariyo wayenegunya civil kuphela, la mandla zomkhosi zange azithobe kuye. Abathetheli unelungelo lokuba imali zetyeleba, babongamele umsebenzi noqoqosho zeli lizwe, nokuqokelelwa kweerhafu, zooMhle bezilawula ubulungisa. Loxolo, neerhuluneli banikwa unogada encinane zobuqu. Bebutho kwakhona ingenise kuphela, elizimeleyo neerhuluneli.

Ukuphunyezwa iinguqulelo urhulumente kukhokelele ekuyilweni kukho izixhobo enkulu esembindini yolawulo ekhokelwa yi-ofisi lokumkani. Ulawulo Public wakhokela likomkhulu ubukhosi bamaPersi - kwisixeko saseShushan. kwizixeko ezikhulu iBhabhiloni Ektabana, eNofu naye ofisi zabo.

Abathetheli kunye namagosa zibe phantsi kolawulo qwa zamapolisa mfihlakalo. Xa imithombo yamandulo kwathiwa ngokuba 'iindlebe kunye iliso kakumkani. " Control kweliso phezu namagosa wayenikwe hazarapatu - induna. imbalelwano uMbuso lwaqhutywa ngesiAram, leyo ephethwe phantse zonke iintlanga wasePersi.

Inkcubeko bukhosi basePersi

Amandulo asePersi ekhohlo bobempunde ilifa bokwakha enkulu. Zobungangamela sesigodlo eShushan, nePersepolis kunye ePasargadae wenza kwagxila eyothusayo kwi bexesha lakhe. Royal Manor engqongwe izitiya kunye neepaki. Omnye ezikhumbuzo isetyenziswayo, nguye engcwabeni nguKoreshi II. zesikhumbuzo ezininzi ezifanayo, ezivela kweenkulungwane, Kwasekwa phezu sesakhiwo engcwabeni wokumkani wamaPersi. Inkcubeko umbuso Persian negalelo kukuzukiswa kakumkani kunye nokomelezwa ubukhosi phakathi kwezizwe oyiswe.

Art wamaPersi yaMandulo zidityanisiwe izithethe zobugcisa zezizwe Iranian, ihlangene nayo izinto neenkcubeko zamaGrike, umYiputa, Asiriya. Phakathi inzala Abasindileyo izinto has a lot of izacholo, nezitya kunye zitsha, neendebe ezahlukeneyo, ezihonjiswe imizobo olugqibeleleyo. Indawo ekhethekileyo kwiziphumo ubambe yoshicilelo ezininzi kunye nemifanekiso yookumkani amaqhawe, kwakunye nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo nezidalwa kumnandi.

amaxesha Uphuhliso loqoqosho kaDariyo wasePersi

Indawo ekhethekileyo ahlala ebukumkanini basePersi ukwazi. Iingangamsha ophethwe emafeni amakhulu yonke imimandla oyiswe. izabelo Huge zongezelelekileyo "ngabancedi" yokumkani zithini lobuqu phambi kwakhe. Abanini bezi mazwe unelungelo lokuba ukulawula ukutshintshwa kwesabelo kwi lilifa inzala yabo, kwakunye nabo kona ukuphunyezwa igunya lenkundla phezu kwizifundo zakhe. Luphawu kusetyenziswa inkqubo ukusetyenziswa komhlaba apho masimu ngokuba iziza ihashe, ukutola, enqwelweni, njalo-njalo. amazwe ezinjalo ukumkani wanika abantu bakhe, ngenxa yokuba abanini babo ukuba bakhonze umkhosi njengoko kwamabutho, abatoli, nangabamahashe.

Kodwa nawakhe enkulu yomhlaba zaye ephethwe ngqo kukumkani ngokwakhe. Zidla ezibolekisa. Xa imbuyekezo ngokuthatha kwabo imveliso kwezolimo kunye nezilwanyana ukulima umhlaba.

Ukongeza ilizwe, kwakukho imijelo ngamandla yasebukhosini nangoko. Lawula impahla yasebukhosini yokuqeshisa kubo kwaye uza kwifayile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Kuba lokunkcenkceshela imihlaba ochumileyo ziye icala, ukuya 1/3 yesityalo lo mhlaba.

imithombo Ukuxelenga wasePersi

yabasebenzi ikhoboka kusetyenziswa kuwo onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Abaninzi kubo ngokuqhelekileyo baba amabanjwa emfazwe. ubukhoboka yenkxaso xa abantu bazithengisela, azikhange alaqhenqetha. Amakhoboka waba eziliqela amalungelo, ezifana unelungelo lokuba amatywina babo, nokuba bathabathe inxaxheba transactions ezahlukeneyo namaqabane ngokupheleleyo. Slave akwazi wozikhulula ngokwakhe ngentlawulelo ngokubhatala ezithile okubafaneleyo, ube ngummangali, ummangalelwa okanye ingqina kwiingxoxo, Kakade, hayi iinkosi zabo. umkhuba umtsalane labour kwabasebenzi lwemivuzo imali ethile yasasazwa. Umvuzo aba basebenzi waba ingakumbi ngokubanzi eBhabhiloni, apho wemba imijelo, amalungiselelo iindlela zikhiwa nokumkani okanye amasimi itempile.

I zemali Politika Dariya

Lo mthombo uphambili ngeniso ubuncwane baba irhafu. Ngo-519 BC ukumkani evunyiweyo inkqubo yerhafu karhulumente esisiseko. Irhafu zabalwa ukuba ngaphansi ngamnye anikwe nommandla wayo nomhlaba ochumileyo. NamaPersi njengesizwe owoyisayo lemali akusebenzi ihlawulwe, kodwa abazange engarhafelwayo uhlobo.

zemali ezahlukeneyo kuqhubeka khona nasemva kokuba ubunye lizwe, bazisa into eninzi ngokuphazamiseka, ngoko ngo-517 BC. e. ukumkani ingqekembe yegolide omtsha, ekuthiwa Darik yaziswa. Phakathi kwe exchange yaba seshekele yesilivere, iindleko 1/20 Darika waba kwiqhezu leengxoxo ngaloo mihla. Ngomhla elingemva zombini ngqekembe ubekwe umfanekiso kukaDariyo I.

Emendweni ombuso basePersi

Ukusasazwa uthungelwano lweendlela negalelo kuphuhliso urhwebo phakathi satrapies ezahlukeneyo. Indlela yasebukhosini ubukhosi wamaPersi yaqala linguLidiya, awela Asia Minor, bayihambahamba eBhabheli, yaye ukusuka apho - ukuya eShushan kunye nePersepolis. Esabekwa amaGrike lokuthumela imizila isetyenziswe ngempumelelo yi amaPersi kurhwebo kunye nokudluliselwa imikhosi yamajoni. Kukho kwakhona Cruises namaPersi amandulo, umzekelo, ukuhamba esasihamba Scylax of Caryanda akubo zamaNdiya 518 BC. e.