Ukwakhiwa kweeseli ezifayo. Iintlobo zefungi: isikhunta kunye nembiliso

Ubume bama-mushroom buhlala bangela imibuzo eninzi. Kule nqaku siya kuzama ukuqonda oku kwaye sifunde malunga neempawu zesakhiwo seeseli ezifayo.

Ziziphi iifungi: izityalo okanye izilwanyana?

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-20 leminyaka, ama-mushroom adluliselwa kwizityalo. Uphando olusisiseko lubonise ukuba abanalo uphawu oluphambili lwezityalo, oko kukuthi i-photoynthesis, kodwa baninzi ngokufanayo nezilwanyana. Kodwa le nkcazo yachaswa kwakhona. Ngowe-1969, izazinzulu ziye zafika kwisigqibo sokuba isakhiwo seesayidi sinempawu ezahlukileyo, ngoko ke kufuneka zibhekiswe kwindawo ehlukeneyo yokuphila.

Ngokwesiko, inzululwazi ye-mycology yiyohlulo lwe-botany. Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, iifungi zixhomekeke kwi-eukaryoti, okanye iikrukliya. Isiqalo sabo sisisombululo seempawu ezivela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Njengezityalo, abanalo ngezandla, imilenze, amehlo, ukunyakaza okuzimeleyo kubo kunzima. Kanye kunye nale fungus iyanqatshelwe amandla okuvelisa izinto eziphilayo. Njengezilwanyana, ziwaphelisa ngefomu elungiselelwe.

Le ngenye yeqela lezinto eziphilayo kakhulu. Bala inani lenani leentlobo ezifakwe kulobu bukumkani nzima nakwiingcali. Amanani avela kwi-300,000 ukuya kwizigidi eziliqela. Amakhowe ayingxenye yazo zonke izilwanyana zasemhlabeni kunye namanzi.

Ukwakhiwa kweeseli ezifayo

Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo beeselfomal ububanzi buyi-10 ukuya ku-100 μm. Ngaphandle, ikhutshwe ngegobolondo eqinile, okanye udonga lweselula. Iqukethe i-polysaccharides, i-lipids, i-phosphates, i-ushukela elula, amaprotheni, i-chitin nezinye izinto. Ngaphakathi, udonga lugqitywe nge-plasma membrane, enoxanduva lokumisa umzimba kunye nokugcina uxinzelelo.

I-membrane igcwele i-liquid-cytoplasm, apho zonke i-organelles zikhona. Ngendlela yeengqungqutyana ezincinci kwi-cytoplasm yi-glycogen ngokubonelelwa kwezondlo. Isiseko seseli yintluksi, iqulethe ulwazi lofuzo. Kukho ininzi, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwefungus. Maxa wambi i-nucleus iyinucleucleus.

Isakhiwo seeseli zefungi nazo zibonakaliswa nobukho be-vacuoles, i-centrioles, i-mitochondria kunye ne-lobas. Ziqulethe i-Golgi zixhobo kunye neemveliso zayo ezihlukeneyo, umzekelo, ii-phagosomes kunye ne-lysosomes. Umsebenzi oyintloko kuwo onke amaqumrhu ayo kukulungiswa kwemichiza yemveliso yemfihlo. I-endoplasmic reticulum imelelwe kwi -cell fungal nge- network branched of tubules ne-tubules ezenza imisebenzi emininzi. Phakathi kwabo - ukuqokelela kwe-carbohydrates, ukungathathi kwamandla kweentlanzi, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-hormone.

Isakhiwo sesisele sefungus sinikezelwa ngqalelo apha ngasentla.

Impawu ezahlukileyo kwisakhiwo

Kanye kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana, iifungi ziyi-eukaryotes ngenxa yobukho beenucleucle kwiiseli zabo. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, isakhiwo seselula sezinto eziphilayo sinokufana. Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zinobuninzi obuhlukeneyo, ngelixa isakhelo seeseli ezifayo ziphakathi.

Bona, njengezityalo, zinomlenze oqinileyo wesellu. Kuphela akuqukethe i-cellulose, kodwa i-chitin, ekhoyo kwezinye izilwanyana (i-crayfish, inambuzane, njl.). Ama-mushroom ayenayo i-chloroplast kwaye akakwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis. Njengazo izityalo, amangqamuzana e- mushroom aqukethe i-vacuoles, kwaye endaweni yesitashi, i-glycogen.

Into eqhelekileyo yesiqhumane kunye nezinye izilwanyana kukukho kwe-chitin, kwakunye nokuqokelela kwe-glycogen polysaccharide njengesondlo. Abameli bobabini zombuso banesondlo sokutya. Iiseli zezilwanyana, ngokungafani nefungi, asinayo i-vacuoles kunye nodonga oluninzi lwesellu, ngaphandle kwimbumba yokukhusela.

Isikhunta seMold

Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zefungi ziyi-mold, i-oomycetes yesayensi. Ahluke kwezinye iintlobo zeeseli zefungi. Isakhiwo salezi zityalo sineengaphandle zangaphandle. Abanalo mzimba wesoqhamo (isitho sokuzala), njengaleyo amakhowe. Yonke into enokubonwa ngamehlo enamehlo i-mycelium yamagatsha amakhulu, edla ngokufihla phantsi komhlaba emva kwe-mushroom ye-mushroom. Umzimba we-fetal ubonakaliswa ngokunyanisekileyo ngumbumba.

Isici esibalulekileyo sokuhlukanisa sisayizi yobukhulu becala. Ezi ziphilayo zi sasazwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi. Ukubunjwa kwakufunyenwe nakwiqhwa laseAntarctica. Lawa ma-mushroom avelisa ngama-spores kwaye ngokukhethekileyo amthande umswakama. Ziyaziwa ngokusinda okuphezulu kwaye zivumelane nezimo ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Isibongo asiyikubulala ngisho nemitha. Kukho iintlobo ezingabangela ubungozi obukhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni (i-aspergillosis, njl.), Kunye nezinye zisetyenziswe njenge-antibiotics (penicillin, cyclosporine).

Imvubelo

Enye yeentlobo zefungi yivuvu. Ngokungafani nentsimbi kunye nefungi, ngokuqhelekileyo ayifaki i-mycelium. Ukuzaliswa kwezi zityalo akukhona ngokukhawuleza, njengokuba "kwiintsapho" zabo, kodwa ngendlela yezityalo ngokusebenzisa ukwahlula okanye ukuhluma. Ezinye iindidi zisenza i-mycelium, ekwazi ukubola kwiiseli ezilodwa.

Iidye zikwazi ukubola iswekile kwi-carbon dioxide kunye notywala. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-fermentation. Xa kuqhutyelwa, amandla afunekayo akhululwa ngenxa yobomi befungus. Ukunyusa kunceda ukuphakamisa inhlama, ukuyenza ibe yinyameko, ngoko kudla ukusetyenziswa ekuphekeni.

Iidyokhwe zifuna imimiselo yendalo. Kubo, ubukho beeshukela kwi-substrate kubalulekile. Zisasazwa phezu kwezityalo kunye namaqabunga, kwindawo yamanzi nemithombo yomhlaba. Iintlobo zodwa zihlala emathunjini ezinambuzane ezondla ngemithi.