Ukumodareyitha kwisayensi yekhompyutheni yintoni? Iintlobo kunye namanqanaba omzekelo

Kulo phepha, siyancoma ukuxoxa ngeenkcukacha ngokubhekiselele kwisimo sekhompyutheni yesayensi. Eli candelo libaluleke kakhulu ekuqeqesheni iingcali zexesha elizayo kwiseknoloji yolwazi.

Ukusombulula nayiphi na ingxaki (ishishini okanye isayensi) inzululwazi yekhompyutheni isebenzisa le nkcukacha elandelayo

Kufuneka ihlawule ngokukodwa ingcamango "yomzekelo". Ngaphandle kobukho bekhonkco, isisombululo sengxaki asiyi kwenzeka. Kutheni umzekelo osetyenziswayo kunye nentsingiselo yeli gama? Siza kuthetha ngale nto kwicandelo elilandelayo.

Umzekelo

Ukumodareyitha kwi-informatics kukudweba komfanekiso wento ekhona ngokwenene ebonisa zonke iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kunye neepropati. Umzekelo wesisombululo seengxaki kuyimfuneko, kuba, eqinisweni, isetyenziswe kwinkqubo yesisombululo.

Kwikhosi yesikolo ye-computer yesayensi, umxholo wokumisela uqala ukufundiswa kwinqanaba lesithandathu. Ekuqaleni kwezingane kubalulekile ukuzisa ingcamango yomzekelo. Yintoni na?

• Ukufana okulula kwento;
• Ikopi eyancitshisiwe yento yangempela;
• Isicwangciso senkqubo okanye inkqubo;
• Umfanekiso wento okanye inkqubo;
• Inkcazo yento okanye inkqubo;
• I-analog yomzimba yento;
• I-analog yolwazi;
• Into ebambelayo ebonisa iimpawu zento yangempela kunye njalo.

Umzekelo ngumqondo obanzi kakhulu, njengoko sele usuvele ucacile ukusuka ngasentla. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba zonke iimodeli zihlukaniswe ngamaqela:

• Izinto;
• Efanelekileyo.

Imodeli yezinto eziphathekayo iyaqondwa njengento esekelwe kwinto ethile. Kungaba nayiphi na umzimba okanye inkqubo. Eli qela lidibene ngeentlobo ezimbini:

• Zemvelo;
• Analog.

Uluhlu olunjalo lunemiqathango, kuba kunzima ukubeka umda ocacileyo phakathi kwezi ntlobo ezimbini.

Imodeli enhle kakhulu kunzima ukuyibala. Inxulumene ne:

• Ucinga;
• I ngcamango;
• Ukuqonda.

Ingabandakanya imisebenzi yobugcisa (ithala, upende, uncwadi kunye nokunye).

Iinjongo zokwenza imodeli

Iimodeli kwisayensi yekhompyutheni ibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko iqhuba ezininzi iinjongo. Ngoku sicebisa ukuba sijwayelane nabo.

Okokuqala, imodeli inceda ukwazi ihlabathi elikufutshane nathi. Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo abantu baqokelela ulwazi olutholileyo kwaye bawudlulisela kwimbewu yabo. Ngaloo ndlela kwakukho umzekelo weplanethi yethu (ihlabathi).

Kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo, ukulungiswa kwezinto ezingekhoyo zenzeke, ngoku zizinzile kwimpilo yethu (i-umbrella, i-miller, njl.). Okwangoku, i-imaging ijoliswe ku:

• Ukuchonga kwemiphumo yenkqubo nayiphi na inkqubo (ukwandisa iindleko zokuthutha okanye ukulahla inkunkuma yeekhemikhali phantsi komhlaba);
• Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezigqibo.

Imisebenzi yokumodareyitha

Siye sichaza kwinqaku ukuba yintoni imodeli kwi-computer yesayensi. Le nkqubo inemisebenzi ethile, esiza kuxoxa ngayo kweli candelo.

Nguwuphi umsebenzi wokumisela? Masithi ukuba sinenkinga, ukusombulula kufuneka sixazulule ezininzi iingxaki. Okokuthi, lo msebenzi ngumngeni onokuthi uphathwe ngawo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba yonke imisebenzi ingahlukaniswa ngamaqela amakhulu amabini.

Imodeli yomlomo

Ziziphi iindlela zokwenza umzekelo? I-Informatics isebenzisa iindlela ezimbini kuphela-ulwazi kunye nemathematika. Kodwa kubalulekile ukukhankanya olunye uhlobo lomzekelo - isandi esisodwa. Ngaloo nto, ngoku sithetha kancinci.

Imodeli yomlomo ibhekisela kwicandelo elungileyo okanye elingabonakaliyo. Le nkcazo ngoncedo lweencwadi, amagama, izivakalisi. Ezi mzekelo ziquka:

• Umgaqo-nkqubo;
• Imigaqo yendlela;
• Ulwazi kwiincwadi zemfundo;
• Fiction;
• Inkcazo yomlomo okanye ebhalwe phantsi nayiphi na into, inkqubo okanye into.

Imodeli yeMathematika

Ziziphi ezinye iintlobo zeemodeli ezifundwa kwi-computer yesayensi? I-modeling ne-mathematical (i-algorithmic) ikwahlula. Nangona, njengoko kushiwo ngaphambili, imida phakathi kwemizekelo yezandi, izemathematika kunye neenkcukacha zinemiqathango.

Ngendlela elula, imodeli yeemathematika ichaza nayiphi na imeko kumbono wemathematika. Asiziqapheli thina, sisebenzisana nemodeli yohlobo lwemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo: Umama uthumela umntwana isonka kunye nobisi. Uyazi ukuba le mveliso ixabisa kangakanani kwisitolo ecaleni kwendlu. Ngoku kufuneka ubale ukuba unani imali yokunika umntwana. Cinga ukuba ubisi bubiza i-ruble engama-75 kunye nama-kopecks angama-50, kunye ne-ruble-30 i-kopecks ezingama-20. Ukuthenga konke kuya kubiza i-ruble 105, iikhokecks ezingama-70 (75.5 + 30.2). Lo ngumzekelo wemodeli yemathematika.

Umzekelo wolwazi

Ngoku makhe sithethe ngomnye uhlobo oluthile lweemodeli ezifundwe kwiklasi yesikolo sekhompyutheni. Ikhompyutheni yekhompyutheni, ekufuneka ifundwe yizo zonke iingcali ze-IT ezizayo, ziquka inkqubo yokuphumeza imodeli yolwazi usebenzisa izixhobo zeekhompyutha. Kodwa yintoni le, imodeli yolwazi?

Luluhlu lolwazi malunga nento. Yintoni le mzekelo ichaza, kwaye yiyiphi ingcaciso efanelekileyo enokuba nayo?

• Iipropati zezinto ezimiselweyo;
• Yakhe imeko;
• Uqhagamshelwano nehlabathi langaphandle;
• Ulwalamano kunye nezinto zangaphandle.

Yintoni enokuyenza njengomzekelo wolwazi:

• Inkcazelo yomlomo;
• Umbhalo;
• Ukudweba;
• Uluhlu;
• Scheme;
• Ukudweba;
• Ifomula kunye njalo.

Uhlobo oluthile lomzekelo wolwazi kukuba alukwazi ukuchukumiswa, ukunambitha, njalonjalo. Ayithwali uhlobo lokubambisa, kuba lubekwe ngendlela yolwazi.

Indlela yokwenza umzekelo

Kuphi iklasi yeprogram yesikolo eyenza isifundo somzekelo? Isikolo se-Informatics 9 sichaza abafundi kwesi sihloko ngokubanzi. Kule klasini ukuba umntwana ufunda malunga nendlela yokusetyenziswa kwemodeli. Sincoma ukuthetha ngale nto ngokubanzi.

Masiqale ngengqiqo "yenkqubo". Eli liqela lezinto ezidibeneyo ezisebenzisanayo ukufezekisa umsebenzi. Ukwakha imodeli, indlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo isetyenziswa rhoqo, kuba into ibonwa njengeprogram esebenzayo kwimeko ethile. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na into enzima iyakuthatyathwa, ke inkqubo iyahlula zibe ziincinci - iissysystems.

Injongo yokusetyenziswa

Ngoku siza kuqwalasela iinjongo zokwenza imodeli (iklasi yesayensi yeklasi 11). Ekuqaleni kwathiwa ukuba yonke imodeli yahlula kwiintlobo ezininzi kunye neeklasi, kodwa imida phakathi kwabo ayikho. Kukho imiqondiso emininzi apho kuyisiko ukuhlela amamodeli: injongo, insimu yolwazi, ixesha lexesha, indlela yokumela.

Ngokuphathelele iinjongo, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa ezi zilandelayo:

• Qeqesho;
• Amava;
• U ku xelisa;
• Umdlalo;
• Isayensi kunye nobugcisa.

Uhlobo lokuqala luquka ukufundisa izinto. Okwesibini ekhutshwe okanye ekhutshwe iikopi zezinto zangempela (umzekelo wokwakhiwa, iphiko lendiza kunye nokunye). Imodeli yokulinganisa ikuvumela ukuba uqikelele umphumo wesiganeko. Ukulinganisa kudla ngokusetyenziswa kumayeza nakwizentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, umzekelo unceda ukuqonda indlela abantu abaya kusabela ngayo ngoku okanye ukulungiswa? Ngaphambi kokwenza umsebenzi omkhulu kumntu kwi-organ transplantation, ezininzi iimvavanyo zenziwa. Ngamanye amagama, imodeli yokulinganisa ivumela ukuba isombulule ingxaki ngeendlela "zesilingo nephutha". Umzekelo womdlalo luhlobo loqoqosho, ishishini okanye umkhosi. Ukusebenzisa lo mzekelo, unokuqikelela ukuziphatha kwezinto kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Imodeli yesayensi kunye nezobugcisa isetyenziselwa ukufunda iprogram okanye iimeko (isistim esifana nokukhutshwa kombane, umzekelo wesiphakamiso seeplanethi zenkqubo yelanga, njalo njalo).

Indawo yolwazi

Kuphi iklasi labafundi ekwaziswa ngokubanzi ngokukodwa? I-Informatics yebanga le-9 ijolise ekulungiseleleni abafundi bayo iimviwo zokumkelwa kumaziko aphakamileyo emfundo. Ekubeni kwiikitikiti ze-EGE kunye ne-GIA kukho imibuzo malunga nokufakela imodeli, ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela esi sihloko ngokubanzi njengoko kunokwenzeka. Kwaye ke, njani ukuhlelwa ngokweenqanaba lolwazi? Ngokwale nkalo, ezi ntlobo zilandelayo ziyaziwa:

• I-Biological (ngokomzekelo, kubangelwe izifo zezilwanyana izifo, izifo eziphathekayo, izifo ezibi kakhulu);
• Uqoqosho (imodeli yokuziphatha kwenkampani, umzekelo wokwakheka kwexabiso lemarike, njalo njalo);
• Imbali (imvelaphi yomthi, imizekelo yeziganeko zembali, umzekelo wempi yamaRoma, kunye nezinye);
• I-Socialological (imodeli yomdla, ukuziphatha kwababhanki ukulungelelanisa imeko yezoqoqosho), njalo njalo.

Ixesha lexesha

Ngokwale mpawu, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zemizekelo:

• Dynamic;
• Static.

Kakade, ukugweba ngegama elinye, akunzima ukuqiqa ukuba uhlobo lokuqala lubonisa ukusebenza, uphuhliso kunye noshintsho lwento ngexesha. I-static inokukwazi ukuchaza into nayiphi na umzuzu ngexesha. Olu hlobo ngezinye izikhathi lubizwa ngokuba lwakhiwo, kuba umzekelo ubonisa isakhiwo kunye nemigqaliselo yento, oko kukuthi, inikeza icandelo lolwazi malunga nalo.

Imizekelo yesimo esichukumisayo kukuba:

• Isethi yamafomula abonisa ukunyuka kweeplanethi zesistim somhlaba;
• Igrafu yenguqu yokushisa kwemoya;
• Ukurekhoda kwevidiyo ye-volcanic eruption njalo njalo.

Imizekelo yesimodeli yesalathisi yile:

• Uluhlu lweeplanethi zenkqubo yeselanga;
• Imephu yeendawo kunye nokunye.

Indlela yokumelwa

Kubalokuqala kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthetha ukuba yonke imodeli inesifomu kunye nefomu, zihlala zenziwe kwinto ethile, ngandlela-thile imelwe okanye ichazwe. Ngokwale mpawu, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa imizekelo ngale ndlela:

• Izinto;
• Engabonakaliyo.

Uhlobo lokuqala luquka iikopi zezinto ezikhoyo. Ziyakuthinteka, zifuduze njalo njalo. Zibonisa iimpawu zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi, izenzo zezinto. Kutheni sifuna izinto eziphathekayo? Zisetyenziselwa indlela yokuhlola yokuqonda (indlela yokulinga).

Sifake isicelo kwiimodeli ezingezizo eziphambili. Basebenzisa indlela yokuqonda ukuqonda. Ezi ndlela zihlala zibizwa ngokuba zilungile okanye zingabonakali. Eli candelo lidibene ngamacandelo amancinci athile: imodeli engcamango kunye nolwazi.

Iimodeli zolwazi zinikezela uluhlu lweenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo malunga nento. Njengomzekelo wolwazi, iitheyibhile, amanani, iinkcazo zomlomo, imifanekiso kunye nokunye okunokukwenza. Kutheni lo mzekelo ubizwa ngokuthi ungasifanelanga? Into leyo kukuba ayikwazi ukuchukumiseka, kuba ayinayo into yokwenza izinto. Phakathi kwemizekelo yolwazi ukwahlula uphawu kunye nokubonakala.

Imodeli yokucinga ingenye yezigaba zokumisela. Le yinkqubo yokudala eyenzeka kwingcamango yomntu obandulela ukudala into ebonakalayo.

Amanqanaba omzekelo

Isihloko kwisayensi yekhompyutheni ye-9 kwibakala "Ukumodareyitha kunye nokuqulunqa" kunzima kakhulu. Kuyimbopheleleko yokufunda. Kwinqanaba le-9-11 utitshala unyanzelekile ukuba aziwa abafundi ngeendlela zokudala imodeli. Oku siyakuthi ngoku kwaye siya. Ngoko, amanyathelo alandelayo omzekelo ahlukeneyo:

• Ingxelo enentsingiselo yengxaki;
• Ukuqulunqwa kwemathematika kwengxaki;
• Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhomputha;
• Ukusetyenziswa komzekelo;
• Ukufumana umphumo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba xa sifunda yonke into esisijikelezile, iinkqubo zokwenza imodeli, ukusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ziyasetyenziswa. I-Informatics yinto ezinikezelwe kwiindlela zamhlanje zokufunda nokulungisa iingxaki. Ngenxa yoko, kugxininiswa kumamodeli angaphunyezwa ngoncedo lwekhompyutha. Ingqwalasela ngokukodwa kwesi sihloko kufuneka inikezwe ekuphuhliseni i-algorithm yokulungisa izisombululo usebenzisa iikhomputha zekhompyutha.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto

Ngoku makhe sithethe kancinci malunga nezixhumanisi phakathi kwezinto. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu:

• Ngomnye omnye (olu nxu lumano lwenkcenkcesha enye indlela okanye kwelinye icala);
• Enye kwiindawo ezininzi (iinqununu ezininzi zichazwe ngcitshulwa kabini);
• Uninzi lwabaninzi (olunjalo uxhulumaniso luboniswe ngcitshulwa kabini).

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iinqonkco zingazinzi kwaye zingenammiselo. Ukunxibelelana ngokungathinteli kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwimeko nganye yento. Kwaye kuphela izinto ezithile ezibandakanyekayo kwiimeko.