Uhlalutyo lwamanzi avela kumthombo: intengo, izalathisi kunye neelabhu. Kukuphi ukuhlalutya kwamanzi ukusuka emthonjeni?

Xa umthombo wokusela wamanzi utyunjwe ngokubanzi, kukhethwa phambili kwi-artesian (ingcinezelo) yamanzi. Ukungcola, baqinisekisiwe ngokuqinisekileyo emanzini ngamacandelwana angenawo amanzi. Ukungabikho kweso sidlulele kwamanye: ii-horizons ezihamba nge-free, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Kufuneka ukuba uhlaziye amanzi emthonjeni, obangela ukuhlolwa komgangatho wamanzi angokwemvelo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemimiselo yolawulo lwamanzi okusela. Sebenzisa umthombo wokunwa kwamanzi okusela, ukuba kukho isigqibo esiphumeleleyo esikhutshwe ngumzimba weRospotrebnadzor.

Sampling

Ukunyaniseka kweziphumo zemichiza-i-bacteriological study ixhomekeke kwiziphi na izitya kunye nokuba zithathwe njani iisampuli, kungekudala emva kokusampula amanzi ahlaziywa emthonjeni.

Ukukhethwa kwangaphambili kweesampulu ukupompoza amanzi ukusuka emthonjeni ukuya ekukhanyeni okupheleleyo kwejethi kunye nendawo eguqukayo rhoqo. Izikhombisi zeekhemikhali kufuneka zichongwe ngaphandle kweeyure ezingama-72. Ukuba oku akunakwenzeka, isampuli ikhuhliwe kwaye igcinwe (kwibhubhoratri). Iisampula zamanzi zihanjiswa kamva, zilahlekelwa iipropati zayo, kwaye iziphumo zohlalutyo zihlala zingathembeki. Iipropati ze-bacteriological zamanzi kufuneka zichongwe zingakapheli iiyure ezingama-24 emva kwesampulu.

Ukuhlalutya kwamakhemikhali amanzi ukusuka emthonjeni, iisampuli zithathwa kwiiplastiki. Hlanza ingilazi ecocekileyo okanye iplastiki (entsha okanye ngaphantsi kwamanzi amabhodlela) iibhotile. Bahlanjululwa ngamaninzi ngamanzi. Iibhotile zizaliswe ukuze kungabi namabhobho emoyeni kwiitya. Umthamo wesampuli uxhomekeke ekubeni luphi uhlalutyo oluya kwenziwa. Ukunciphisa kwanele i-1.5 litres, ukuze uzaliswe ngokupheleleyo-3 ilitha.

Kuhlalutyo lwe-radiation, amanzi athululelwa ngokukhawuleza ngebhodi, ehla phantsi kwebhotile ukuphepha ukungazinzi kweerdon.

I-laboratory ye-SES iya kukhupha isampuli kwiimvavanyo ze-bacteriological. Baya kukwazisa nendlela yokukhetha ngokufanelekileyo isampuli. Kungcono ukuba uchwepheshe webhanti akwenza oko. Ixesha lokuhambisa le sampulu alikho ngaphezu kweeyure ezimbini. Uhlalutyo lwamanzi ukusuka kumthombo we-SES lwenziwa ngokukhawuleza.

Izalathisi ezifanelekileyo

Amanzi okusela kufuneka abe: kunye nezixhobo ezinobuncwane (organoleptic properties) (oko umntu akubona ngamalungu engqondo), inobungozi kwindlela yamakhemikhali ayo, ekhuselekile kwimisebe kunye nobudlelwane be-bacteriological.
Amanzi okusela ahlolwe yimizimba, imitha, imichiza kunye ne-microbiological properties.

Iipropati zomzimba

Ubushushu bamanzi bubalwa kwisayithi yesampulu. Ukuqhubeka kwesi sibonakaliso kumaxesha ahlukeneyo konyaka kunesiqinisekiso sokungabikho kokungena kwamanzi angaphezulu.

Ukulahlwa kunye nokunambitheka ngcamango kuya kugqitywa kwindawo okanye kungekudala kweeyure ezingama-2 ukususela ngexesha lokukhethwa. Ngokwemvelaphi, ukuvumba kungabakho: imvelo (marsh, putrefactive, hydrogen sulfide, intlanzi, njl.) Okanye i-phenolic, camphoric, i-chloric, i-resin kunye nabanye).

Amanzi amaninzi atywalayo angenasipholi kunye nongcamango. Vunyelwe ukusebenzisa amanzi xa uvavanya ukunambitha kunye nokuvumba kumanqaku amabini.

Ukungabonakali kwamanzi kudibaniswa nobukho kuyo ukuxinwa kunye ne-colloids. Isiqhelo salolu lathisi lwamanzi okusela sisentimitha ezingama-30. Ukuba ukukhanya kungabonakali ngaphantsi kwe-10 cm, ke iinqununu ezinqunyanyisiweyo ziyakunikwa.

Umbala wamanzi ngumbala obangelwa zizixhobo ezahlukeneyo (i-humic, tannic, i-colloids yensimbi). I-indicator enexabiso lokungabi ngaphezu kwama-degrees angama-20 avunyelwe, okanye ukufikelela kwi-35 ukuba kuvunyelwene noMgqirha oyiNtloko weSicatshulwa kwintsimi.

I-Turbidity yamanzi, ngokwemigangatho, ivunyelwe kwizinga le-1.5 mg / l, kodwa akukho.

Ukuqhuba umbane wamanzi kuncike ngokuthe ngqo kumxholo wetyuwa.

Iimpawu zeChimpi

Uhlalutyo lwamanzi avela kumthombo kufuneka lubandakanye inkcazo:

• Ukusabela okusebenzayo (pH) - isilinganisi se-acidity okanye i-alkalinity, iqinisekiswa ngongqokelela lwe-i-hydrogen ions. Imida yesalathisi yi-6.5-8.5.
• I-alkalinity - umxholo weetyu ze-acid acids.
• Ubunzima bubungakanani-ixabiso elipheleleyo le-calcium kunye ne-i-magnesium ions. Ngeenjongo zokusela, i-concentration engavumelekanga ayikho ngaphezu kwe-7 meq kwitha nganye.
• Iindawo zokuhlala ezinomileyo - zibonisa ubungqina bokungcola. Ngamanzi okusela, lo mfanekiso awufanele ube ngaphezu kwe-1000 mg ngetitha.
• Izinto eziqukethe i-nitrogen ziquka ammonia, nitrites (nitrous acid) kunye ne nitrate (nitric acid). Ziyi "bamakishi" zokungcola kwamanzi. Ukuba kukho i-ammonia emanzini, kodwa ayikho i-nitrites-ukutshatyalaliswa kwintsholongwane yamaprotheni. Ubukho babo obudibeneyo bubonisa ixesha elithile kwixesha lokungcoliseka kokuqala. Ukuba akukho i-ammonia, kodwa i-nitrites kwaye, ngokukodwa, i-nitrate-amanzi ahlambulula. Ungcoliseko ludala. Ngeenjongo zokusela, kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa amanzi ngeendlela ze-ammonia kunye ne-nitrites. Ama-nitrate avumelekanga angabi ngaphezu kwe-10 mg / l. Uxinzelelo lwala manzi okusela amanzi ka-50 mg nganye ngeetitha luphazamisa umsebenzi we-oxidative wegazi.
• Ukuxhamla (umlinganiselo we-oxygen elinganayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-oxidizer) yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kubonakala ngexabiso elingaphezu kwama-5 mg / l O ₂ .
• I-hydrodrogen sulfide - ngaphezu kwevumba elivuthiweyo lamaqanda abolileyo, linika amanzi umsebenzi owonakalisayo, kubangele ukugqithisa kweepayipi ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kweebhaktheriya zesulfure.
• Ukukhupha i-oxygen - nangaliphi na ixesha lonyaka ubuncinane i-4 mg nganye ngeyure.
• Intsimbi (umxholo okonke) - engabi ngaphezu kwe-0.3 mg kwithayitha yamanzi.
• I-Sulfates - ayikho ngaphaya kwama-500, i-chloride-ingabi ngaphezu kwama-350 mg kwithayitha yamanzi.
• Ama-microcomponents (amanani avumelekileyo anikwa mg mg nganye ilitha): i-arsenic - ayikho ngaphezu kwe-0.05; I-Fluorine - ayikho ngaphezu kwe-1.5 kwiindawo ze-I-II kunye ne-II ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-1.2 mg / l ye-III yezulu; I-Copper - engekho ngaphezu kwe-1; Zinc - ngaphantsi kwe-5; I-Manganese - engekho ngaphezu kwe-0.1.

Uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwamanzi avela kumthombo luqulethe ezinye iimboni ezincinci: i-mercury, i-lead, strontium, i-cadmium, i-molybdenum, i-selenium, i-cyanides.

Iimpawu ze Microbiological

Inani elipheleleyo le-microbial alikho ngaphezu kwama-50 e-microbial colonies kwi-1 ml yamanzi ovavanyo. Ku-100 ml yeesampuli, ii-coliform kunye ne-briterant thermotolerant akufanele ibe khona.

Imigangatho yokukhusela imitha

Ngenxa yamanzi okusela, ukulinganiswa kwamanani kusekwe (Bq / l):

• I-radioactivity iyonke yeengqungquthela ze-alpha 0.1;
• I-radioactivity iyonke yee-partica ze-beta 1.0.

Olunye ulwazi

Uxanduva lokumisela imilinganiselo yococeko yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba anikwe umthengi, obizwa ngokuba ngumthetho waseRashiya ngumsebenzisi wamanzi. Ngokomthetho wamanzi, unyanzelekile ukuba enze ilayisenisi yakhe imisebenzi, kunye nokufumana ilayisenisi yokukhutshwa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Olu xwebhu lubeka uluhlu lwezinto ezihlalutyiweyo kunye nexesha apho amanzi ahlalutya khona kuwo. I-Rospotrebnadzor ineebhubhorari ezivunyelwe kuzo zonke izixeko zaseRashiya. Eli liziko lombuso lilawula ulawulo kunye nolawulo malunga nomgangatho wamanzi anikeziweyo. Unokuyalela ukuqhutyelwa kohlalutyo kuyo nayiphi na enye ibhoratri, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo uvumelekile ukwenza iimvavanyo ezidweliswe. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokunikezelwa kwamanzi okusela okuphambili, kufuneka ukuba umsebenzisi wamanzi afumane isigqibo sogqirha olusisiseko sokuhlalutya amanzi kumthombo. Ixabiso lokumisela isalathisi esinye sinama-ruble angama-450.