Nuclear energy: i Russian NPP ngobukhulu

IChernobyl ntlekele kunye iziganeko ezinkulu izityalo amandla "Fukushima-1" yenyukliya ziye zabangela umonakalo omkhulu kuphuhliso amandla enyukliya ehlabathini lonke. Ngenxa yemigudu koonondaba wadala saqinisekisa ingozi kukuba naliphi na mveliso isityalo amandla enyukliya. Kodwa ke, njengoko izazinzulu ezininzi, uhambelwano olugqithayo ukunika umbane kufuneka noko, kodwa, umzekelo, Balakovo - ngobukhulu izityalo amandla enyukliya eRashiya - yinto isoyikiso akukho ngaphezulu kunayo nayiphi na enye indawo woshishino abangaka lilodwa.

Umgaqo ukusebenza NPP

Zonke izityalo amandla enkulu osebenza amafutha enyukliya, ziyafana isimiso ukusebenza. Ukuveliswa kwamandla usebenzisa ubushushu into eveliswa elilawulwayo ngokucandeka yenyukliya chain reaction amafutha - uninzi uranium zizityebi. Le nkqubo yenziwa kwindawo reactor yenyukliya - "intliziyo" esityalo.

Ngaphezu koko kukho ulungiselelo zomphunga eshushu esilawula ngabavelisi turbine. Kuxhomekeka kuyilo zinokuthi rotors asetyenziswe kwizityalo amandla zonke iintlobo kwaye yakhiwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukusebenza enyukliya Okukodwa izityalo amafutha.

iintlobo zamandla

Kukho iindidi eziliqela kubenzi kuzo amafutha ezahlukeneyo, njengesipholisi acandacanda undoqo, kunye retarder efunekayo ukulawula indlela chain.

I zamandla kakhulu ukonga kunye nemveliso yaba, apho inkqubo kulwelo usebenzisa, amanzi "ukukhanya" eqhelekileyo. Xa kuyilo, ezo ntlobo zimbini ezingundoqo:

• RBMK - RBMK. It izibini le torque injini ilungisiwe ngqo kwi core, ngoko eli ziko kuthiwa fluidized. Eli reactor amandla wesine kwi eChernobyl, ukufakelwa olu hlobo isebenzisa, umz, station Kurskaia - isityalo enkulu Russian.
• VVER - VVER. Le nkqubo kaloliwe ezimbini hermetic: kwindawo yokuqala - radioactive - amanzi kuthunyelwa ngqo undoqo, ukubizela ubushushu ukusuka yenyukliya ngokucandeka chain reaction kwi yesibini - zomphunga is generated leyo kondliwa umbane kwiinqwelo. zamandla ezinjalo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu onamandla eYurophu, Zaporizhzhya NPP, abasebenza enye enkulu Russian NPP - Balakovo.

Uhlobo lwesibini reactor - igesi-lupholile, apho zeenkqubo esweni usebenzisa grafayithi (reactor EGP-6 Bilibino). Eyesithathu - kwisibaso ngohlobo uranium zendalo, kwaye ngo "ngamanzi enzima" - oxide deuterium - njengesipholisi nemodareyitha. Okwesine - DB - fast neutron reactor.

Isityalo amandla enyukliya kuqala

I ulwazi lokuqala ekusetyenzisweni zamandla zenyukliya ukuveliswa amandla lwaqhutywa kwi-US, Idaho National Laboratory ngo-1951. -Reactor wenziwa utyando kwi amandla ezaneleyo ukulungiselela ukukhutshwa kwezibane ezine watt-200. Emva kwethutyana isityalo ukunika umbane waba yonke isakhiwo apho uphando wenziwe reactor yenyukliya. Kuthungelwano ngamandla kwakunxibelelene emva kweminyaka-4, kunye kwidolophu ekufutshane ARCO kwilabhoratri waba ngowokuqala ehlabathini ukunika umbane nge mveliso samandla senyukliya.

Kodwa isityalo yokuqala ehlabathini amandla enyukliya yorhwebo sisityalo samandla enyukliya, yesuka kwi Obninsk, ukulungela kummandla USSR ehlotyeni ka-1954 yaye ngoko nangoko uqhagamshele kwi-network. Ukusuka apha Sivela ishishini amandla enyukliya yaseRashiya. Power Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant yayincinane - 5 kuphela MW. Emva kweminyaka 3 kummandla Tomsk, kwisixeko Seversk, oko kwabalelwa ukusebenza kwinqanaba lokuqala isityalo eSiberia wenyukliya ngamandla, nto ezo 600 MW emva koko. Eli ziko ke imvelaphi inyuselwa khona, eyenzelwe ukukhupha neplutoniyam izixhobo kwibakala, yaye amandla ombane kunye thermal zizinto byproducts. Namhlanje zamandla kula kwizikhululo kukubhibhidla amazinyo.

isityalo amandla enyukliya kwi USSR

Ukususela ngasekupheleni 1950 kunye 1960 nasekuqaleni eSoviet Union waqala ukwakha olunzulu umbane kwimimandla ehlukeneyo yelizwe. Uluhlu lwezityalo senyukliya Russian kunye republic Union siquka 17 izakhiwo ezinjalo, apho 7 ababesele ngaphandle Federation imini-langoku Russian:

• Armenian, kufuphi nesixeko Metsamor. It has iiyunithi ezimbini kunye umthamo opheleleyo we-440 MW. Emva kwaloo nyikima-1988, nto leyo eye yazibonakalisa NPP ngaphandle naziphi na iingozi ezinkulu ngenxa bathembisa kuyilo ukumelana zenyikima, kwagqitywa ekubeni imise isigqibo sayo. Noko ke, kwixesha elizayo, ngenxa yemfuneko enkulu yombane, urhulumente kwiriphabliki ligqibe ekubeni ngokusesikweni ngo-1995, iyunithi yesibini. Nakubeni oko kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno okwandayo ukhuseleko elezobugcisa kunye nelozokusingqongileyo, i-European Union unyanzelisa ukugcinakala kwayo.
• Ignalina senyukliya izityalo kumntla-mpuma Lithuania owawusebenza ukususela 1983 ukuya ku-2009 yaye lalivaliwe ngesicelo European Union.
• Zaporozhye, isityalo inamandla amandla enyukliya eYurophu, akhiwe kwi kweenxweme Kakhovka Reservoir, e Energodar, yakhiwa ngo-1978. Its ukwakheka 6 VVER-1000, ve yesihlanu lombane Ukraine - 40 billion kWh / ngonyaka. Lihambelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nemigangatho ye-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
• Rivne, kufutshane nedolophu kummandla Kuznetsovsk Rivne e Ukraine. It has 4 VVER umthamo opheleleyo we-2835 MW. IAEA iye banconywa yi iziphumo zophicotho ukhuseleko.
• Khmelnytsky, kufutshane nedolophu Neteshin, kufuphi nomlambo Gorini e Ukraine. 2 sibandakanya VVER-1000.
• South-Ukrainian, ukwakweli kunxweme Bug Southern kummandla Mykolaiv of Ukraine. 3 VVER-1000 zinika 96% kumazantsi Ukraine kufuneka umbane.
• Chernobyl, kufutshane nedolophu Pripyat, yaba kwisiza inkulu eyenziwe intlekele -26 ku-Epreli 1986 ngonyaka. Kugqibela zamandla ezine RBMK-1000 wayeka ngo-2000.

Ratio umbane eveliswa kwisityalo, kwi-eneji iyonke izityalo zamandla enyukliya ngobukhulu, ngamanzi, TPP eRashiya imalunga-18%. Oku ngaphantsi kakhulu, umzekelo, inkokheli kwishishini ngamandla enyukliya - France, apho nani 75%. Ngokutsho eyamkelwe qhinga amandla kaRhulumente zethuba elifikelela ku-2030 icetyelwe ukuba ukwandisa eli umlinganiselo kwi-20-30% nokwandisa imveliso umbane nge iiyunithi amandla abasebenza amafutha enyukliya, amaxesha-4.

Russia amandla enyukliya

Zingaphi nuclear amandla izityalo eRashiya namhlanje? Kwilizwe lethu kukho izikhululo-10, ukuba kumafa wayo iiyunithi 35 iindidi ezahlukeneyo (malunga ne-100 izibonelelo ezifana asebenza kwi-US). Ulwabiwo omkhulu baye bafumana reactor amanzi enoxinzelelo (PWR) - iziqwenga-18 kuphela. Kwezi, 1,000 MW - 12, enye i-6 - 440 MW. Nephepha 15 channel abilayo zamandla 11 RBMK-1000 no-4 - EGP-6.

Yintoni na isityalo samandla enyukliya ngobukhulu Russia

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho nkqubo Rosenergoatom inkokeli ngokucacileyo phakathi izityalo amandla enyukliya amandla kunye negalelo kwibhalansi yeli lizwe. Kukho 2 sinzima, apho inani elifanayo lisetyenziswa (4) ka efanayo VVER-1000. It Balakovo and esibizwa isityalo samandla senyukliya. Ngamnye kubo umthamo opheleleyo we-4,000 MW. Amandla efanayo kuxhomekeke kwisityalo kumandla Kursk naseLeningrad, okusetyenziselwa Unit 4 RBMK-1000 uhlobo. Kulo mzekelo, isityalo inamandla amandla enyukliya ehlabathini - yaseJapan Kashiwazaki-Kariwa - linamacandelo 7 umthamo opheleleyo we-8212 MW.

Ukufumaneka lwamashishini amandla hlobo kwalo isahlulo yaseYurophu eRashiya kwakhokelela ekubeni yokuba badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunikeni umbane kwimimandla engundoqo ye-lizwe. Embindini weRashiya, kwaye ingakumbi ntshona, isabelo samandla senyukliya amandla balance ukuya kwi-40%.

6 nezinye Russian NPP

Igalelo kwicandelo amandla Russian negalelo Kola isityalo, inkulu isityalo samandla senyukliya eRashiya kwi kwintsimi emantla, esebenza ngamandla ezimbini tysyachemegavattnyh. It uyaqhubeka ukwazisa amandla amatsha kwi isityalo Novovoronezh wenyukliya namandla, apho bafumana ukusetyenziswa ezintsha, VVER -1200 ngcono. Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant kwingingqi Sverdlovsk kungathathwa njengeqonga Esalingwayo eenzululwazi zenyukliya Russian. Isebenzisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamandla, kuquka zamandla neutron ukuzila. E Chukotka, ibekwe station Bilibino nokuhambisa kummandla ubushushu kuyimfuneko.

Umbuzo oko amandla enyukliya yeyona inkulu eRashiya, ukuze kwakhona babe ezifanelekileyo xa iiyunithi ezintsha ziya kuqaliswa ngo kwisityalo Rostov, apho de ezintathu, kwaye umthamo wazo ngu-3100 MW. It unawo amandla efanayo ESmolensk, ukusebenza zamandla RBMK.

amathuba

Le nkqubo yophuhliso lwecandelo kuthathelwa ingqalelo, njengoko izityalo amandla enyukliya eRashiya kufuneka ukwakha iiyunithi abaninzi kufuneka kutsha wazibeka ukusebenza ukuphucula unikezelo amandla. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kwiinkalo North, eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. Kukho ezise- uninzi kwiinkampani ze-oyile negesi ekhobokisayo, lo gama kusekwe isiseko yoqoqosho Russian.

Enye yezona iinkalo ethembisayo, eye icandelo amandla enyukliya Russia, - ukudalwa ezidadayo isikhululo samandla thermoelectric enyukliya. Oku kusekelwe zamandla ngokukhawuleza KLT-40 esezantsi-amandla iiyunithi amandla transportable (ukuya kwi-70 MW). Ezi zakhiwo mobile onokusinika nakwiingingqi ezisemaphandleni umbane, ukufudumeza mveliso kunye zasekhaya kunye namanzi acocekileyo. Kokugunyaziswa lwenani lencopho amandla enyukliya kuqala "uMikhail Lomonosov" icwangciswe kule minyaka izayo.