Mirror ceba? Imbali esipilini. Kukweliphi ilizwe owavela esipilini?

Nezibuko kukhona jikelele ezenziwe iglasi eye nokwaleka ekhanyayo. Zisetyenziswa kuphela ekhaya kodwa nasemsebenzini, kwaye njengesakhi esibalulekileyo kwezixhobo zenzululwazi ezininzi, ezifana ngeeteleskopu, izixhobo mveliso, iikhamera zevidiyo kanye laser. Abantu kuqala wabona ukubonakaliswa yakhe izadunge emanzini, emifuleni, phezu komlambo, nto leyo yaba njengesipili yokuqala - ngoko waqalisa imbali yazo elide.

Mirror History of the World Ancient

Nezipili yokuqala ngumntu zaye likhazimlisiwe yiglasi black ilitye mlilo - obsidian - nto leyo ithathwa isangqa. Ezinye iisampulu yezibuko ezo zifunyenwe eTurkey. ubudala babo kubizwa ngokuba 6000 BC.

Kukweliphi ilizwe owavela esipilini? Le reflectors yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu ngokohlobo kumaqhekeza obsidian olukhazimlisiweyo kwafunyanwa eAnatolia - Turkey yanamhlanje. AmaYiputa amandulo kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa yezibuko ngobhedu olukhazimlisiweyo umva ezihonjiswe bephela njengezivatho. Abemi bamandulo kweMilambo njengoko benza nezipili yesinyithi emenyezelayo kunye nomphezulu kubonakalisa ilitye olugudisiweyo yabonakala kuMbindi naseMzantsi Merika phantse iminyaka engamawaka amabini BC. e. Xa inkqubo ukuvela sokwenza yesifundo namhlanje ubuzinyaswe lonke yempucuko.

Apho owavela esipilini? Kukweliphi ilizwe? Kukholelwa ukuba ukuveliswa glasi metal-exhaswa, baqale Wabonakala Lebanese nakwiTsidon AD ngenkulungwane yokuqala. Nezipili yokuqala iglasi abadalwe mna AD, amaRoma - ukusuka iglasi ezikhule kunye substrates phambili. Glass reflectors okokuqala kwenziwa kwi AD ngenkulungwane yesithathu.

Ukuveliswa iglasi uthule indlela kwinkulungwane XIV, kwakhokelela ukufunyanwa yezibuko khaxa, okunyuke ngakumbi udumo lwabo.

Stone Mirror Central America

Ngale sithathwa njengomnye izinto ezenziwe ngesandla zonqulo ibalulekileyo kwinkcubeko ezaziwayo Central America. Kukweliphi ilizwe owavela esipilini? Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane kunye zeminyaka of inkcubeko Central America kunye eMesoamerica wazuza nezithethe ezithile kunye izithethe zonqulo malunga imiphezulu ebonisa. Enye iinkolelo kwemininzi eqhelekileyo, njengoko ezenziwa kule yamaMaya, Aztec kunye Tarascan - oko kakuhle ukuba nezibuko kukhona nezinyuko ukunxibelelana kunye noothixo kunye nemikhosi otherworldly.

Kuyinto lakudala iinkolelo yobutsha iqwalasela nawuphi umphezulu kakuhle amanzi isixhobo esinamandla kaBhalam. Nezipili, waqala ngaloo mihla eMesoamerica, kuqala ezenziwe isiqwenga esinye intsimbi, nto leyo eye likhazimlisiwe ukuba iqondo eliphezulu reflectivity. Kamva, kwakukho nezinye izinto, yaye imveliso ezinkulu ezintsonkothileyo. Enye iisampulu nenkcubeko Mesoamerican Classic kakhulu ithandwa - izipili pyrite kaMoses ezibe ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwisixeko adumileyo Teotihuacan.

China: izibuko zobhedu

Apho owavela esipilini? Kukweliphi ilizwe? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo kunzima kakhulu. Imbali yezibuko ukuyigubungela minyaka 8000 yokugqibela uphuhliso mihla, kodwa enye abameli ibalulekileyo isincedisi eziqhelekileyo namhlanje baba reflectors zobhedu Chinese, imbonakalo yokuqala ziphantsi 2900 BC. e.

Kukweliphi ilizwe owavela esipilini? Xa reflectors China ezenziwe aluminiyamu ebuntsimbi, umxube wezinto itoti kunye nobhedu, ebizwa metal isipili leyo ngokupheleleyo luze waba umphezulu kakhulu iingcinga kunye ngobhedu olukhazimlisiweyo. Reflectors ezenziwe aluminiyamu ngentsimbi okanye amatye anqabileyo ziye ingqalelo izinto ezixabisekileyo kakhulu kumaxesha amandulo yaye zifumaneka lula mkhulu kakhulu.

Kodwa ke amaYiputa ngokukhawuleza kweny yobhedu kwezinye izinto - a obsidian olukhazimlisiweyo, esetyenziswa 4000 BC. e., selenite olukhazimlisiweyo, ubhedu kunye aluminium ezahlukeneyo. China waqala imveliso yezibuko, esebenzisa mercury amalgam nkqu 500 AD, kodwa kwangaxeshanye waqhubeka ukuphucula ubugcisa ngeempahla zobhedu. Ke yaqhubeka isetyenziswa de ngenkulungwane XVII-XIX, xa oomatiloshe Western wazisa isipili mihla kweli lizwe.

Mirror Luxury Venice

Kweli xesha kumaxesha, iglasi isipili iphelile ngokupheleleyo. Ngaloo mihla, iinkonzo bavakalisa ukuba uMtyholi ejonge ihlabathi ukusuka kwelinye icala kumphezulu ebonisa. Amanenekazi Elihlwempu ukusebenzisa metal Imiphezulu likhazimlisiwe okanye kuyimisela nezitya ezikhethekileyo amanzi. Glass isipili emva kuphela kwinkulungwane XIII. Kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho iteknoloji unokwakhela lokuvelisa ezi mveliso eNetherlands. Emva koko - eFlanders kunye nesiJamani eNuremberg, apho isityalo yokuqala ekuveliseni yezibuko ezinjalo ihlelwa 1373.

Apho owavela esipilini? Kukweliphi ilizwe? Ngoko nangoko, ungandixeleli. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ekhoyo master glaziers kuphalala tin ezishushu ngokuhlamba yeglasi, yaye emva koko, xa tin ukupholisa, abelana zibe ngamaqhekeza ezahlukeneyo. John Peckham, ilungu le-odolo Franciscan, ezichazwe 1279, le ndlela, kodwa isipili onjalo wasungula omnye - ibali nzima ukukhumbula. iinkosi yelo basungula "ubuchule isipili tyaba" kwiinkulungwane kuphela ezintathu kamva. Bafumana indlela mabaqhoboshele ithini kumphezulu omthebelele kweglasi. Ngo-1407 i Venetians, abazalwana Danzan del Gallo, bathenga lomenzi evela iinkosi Flemish, kunye eVenice yabamba ulawulo kwimveliso yezibuko libalaseleyo yelo kunye iinkulungwane enesiqingatha. Ukongeza, inkosi sele udale okhethekileyo ebonisa umxube apho igolide nobhedu zaye zongezwa. Ngenxa kuyo, zonke izinto ezibonakala esipilini wakhangela kukuhle ngaphezu ngokwenyani. Ixabiso njengesipili yelo xesha xa kuthelekiswa neendleko wenqanawa yokulwa enkulu. Ngexesha Renaissance eYurophu reflectors bakhiwe enamathela yeglasi itoti kunye mercury amalgam. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi Venice waba iziko ekuveliseni yezibuko ezinjalo. Lo mzi-mveliso ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze phantsi kwegama Saint-Gobain yasekwa eFransi.

Malunga nezipili nobugqi eRashiya

In Russia nezibuko ingqalelo njengeyabo ezimbi. Ngowe-1666, iCawa Orthodox uye wavalwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngababingeleli. Ukususela ngelo xesha, yaye kwakukho eninzi neenkolelo nxamnye nezipili. Namhlanje, abaninzi kubo kubonakala kuthi etyeni yaye siyazikhohlisa, kodwa abantu bathabatha oku nzulu kakhulu. isipili Broken, umzekelo, waba ngumqondiso amashwa iminyaka esixhenxe. Kungenxa yoko le nto yaphukile okanye elinye moto uxolo kuqala ubuqhitala bokoyiswa, uze emva koko kwafuneka kungcwaba pieces onke amasiko. Ilinganisa mascots osetyenziswayo ukubonisa ukufa. Ayisafani ukuba into eqhelekileyo ukugquma zonke iindawo ekhanyayo xa safa umntu endlwini. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba akuyi kuvumela umphefumlo kwenziwa ongasekhoyo nematha omnye nezipili, umtyholi.

Isixhobo yokuqala ebonisa e Germany

Kwisixeko eNuremberg (Germany) ngo-1373 wabonakalisa mveliso yokuqala yavulwa. Ezi izincedisi ziye ngenkuthalo kusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. A isipili kwinkulungwane XVI ukuba babe yinxalenye izithethe twisiseka eyimfihlakalo, nobugqwirha.

Ngubani owavela esipilini? Country Germany? ngo-1835 godu nguYusto von Liebig, ekhemesti waseJamani abasungula reflectors zeglasi silvered, apho kukho umaleko zesinyithi ezicekethekileyo mayifakwe kwi iglasi usebenzisa ukuncitshiswa imichiza nitrate zesilivere. Olu qambo bavunyelwe ukwenza iimveliso ezifana ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kwaye okokuqala kwimbali yabantu abaqhelekileyo wayenokumthenga esipilini. Kukweliphi ilizwe owavela esipilini? Wikipedia isixelela iziganeko ezimbalini kuphela. Sinako ukuthelekisa kuphela.

isicelo oyimfihlo

Kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini, iimpawu reflex isicelo iintlola ukusuka Spain kunye yaseFransi nokhowudo kunye zokucazulula lonxibelelwano eyimfihlo. Le nkqubo ikhowudi eyimfihlo lwasungulwa ngenkulungwane ye-15, uLeonardo da Vinci. Izibhalo ziye ukuyifunda kwi "ngokomfanekiso esipilini", ngoko ngaphandle umgangatho onjalo nako ukuwulesa umyalezo. Nezibuko kukhona enye inxalenye enkulu fyabo ngelo xesha - a periscope. Kungenzeka inconspicuously sigcine iso utshaba ngokusebenzisa inkqubo lokunxibelelana ebonisa lens usindisa ubomi ngexesha lemfazwe. Xa ezingamashumi War Years ' izipili zazisetyenziselwa simfamekisa utshaba ngexesha ekulweni vangama kakhulu kwelanga. Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuba sijolise xa amehlo zimfanyekiswe amawaka reflectors ezincinane.

Nezibuko baye benza uhambo olude ngokusebenzisa ibali. Namhlanje akunakwenzeka ukufumana indlu ngaphandle le into elula. Baye kudala ukususela babe yinxalenye yesiqhelo yemihla ngemihla, amaxesha amaninzi phantsi. Kufuneka bawahloniphe imiba yophuhliso yembali esipilini yaye baqonde ukubaluleka engakholelekiyo ubuhle vangama yayo.