Microbiology - oku ethile isayensi? eziphilayo Medical

Esisingqongileyo yokuhlala kwabantu, amacandelo athile apho asikwazi ukubona thina. Nangenxa ukongeza abantu kunye nezilwanyana, kukho kwakhona iqela sekuba, ichaphazela ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo yonke bume, kuyimfuneko ukufunda. Science, iindlela kunye neenjongo ezo ezijoliswe ekufundeni eziphilayo, imithetho yabo nobomi, kwakunye iimpawu yokusebenzisana indalo ngqo kuloo mntu, i eziphilayo.

Formation of eziphilayo

Njengenxalenye yezifundo eyunivesithi eqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba "Microbiology" izifundo ziquka izinto ezinxulumene imbali yenzululwazi. Ngaphezu koko, kuphuhliso azabelweyo ixesha esichazayo leyo elaqala neemicroscope kwe wayila kunye ngokutsha intsholongwane kuqala. eziphilayo ke entsha ngcembe wavula inzululwazi, kunye nokubaluleka kwazo uba eqondakalayo ngakumbi emntwini. Ngelo xesha ngakumbi yafunyanwa iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo zabantu.

Phakathi 1880 no-1890, nto leyo ithathwa i "Golden Age" ka Microbiology, ephawulwe inani liphezulu ngexesha amazwe. Kwaye ngokwemfanelo noRoberta Koha (iboniswe ngezantsi), abasungula iindlela ngenxa bucala iintsholongwane ukusuka ekhaya, angena kubethwa ngoyaba. Koko siye saqulunqa ezinye iindlela lokufumana iintsholongwane. iimpawu zabo indima eziphila ngokunjalo izinto ezenziwa ngabantu ziye zahlolwa ngokweenkcukacha.

Igalelo izazinzulu kuphuhliso yesayensi

Sisazinzulu sokuqala owayezama ekulungelelaniseni izinto sekuba waba Otto Friedrich Müller. Uchaza iintlobo 379 ngamnye ezincinane. Wabathatha kwiiklasi ezithile. Microbiology, ucoceko kunye lwezifo ukuba ebengekaphoswa ayo, kodwa iintsholongwane sele waba ingcamango yokuba izinto ngendlela ngamnye abahlala ukufikelela iliso yabantu ehlabathini.

Qwalasela eli hlabathi uze ufunde okungakumbi ngalo banceda izifundo Lui Pastera kunye Roberta Koha. Le yokugqibela akwazi ukuphuhlisa imigaqo ngenxa bucala ezincane ukusuka izinto isampulu wathatha evela abantu abagulayo, kunye Pasteur (kunye Goch) kuye kwagqitywa ukuba iintsholongwane - oku agents causative le ezimbi ezosulelayo. Hi ndlela leyi, ngexesha izifo ezininzi ziye zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo lezifo ngokubanzi, indima kwezi zifundo liye kubaluleke kakhulu.

Emva koko amagama amatsha amaninzi kuvela kwimbali yenzululwazi. Yaye yasungula eziphilayo. Izazinzulu ziye zenza ukuba le nto ukuba nkulu igalelo elikhulu ukuzukisa amagama abo. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi ezifana M. V. Beyerink, S. N. Vinogradsky, Hans Christian Igram, II Mechnikov, di Ivanovsky, LS Tsenkovsky, E. A. wethu , Z. A. Waxman, A. Calmette, R. F. Peyton kunye nabanye. Kakade ke, oku akuthethi uluhlu olupheleleyo izikhanyiso nenzululwazi, kwaye nangakumbi, asiyi kuba nako phantsi kweSiqendu ukuchaza zonke ngokwemeko yazo. Le khosi, enomxholo othi "zebhayoliji" (izifundo kunye zocweyo) uphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ezininzi iziphumo zophando ezi izazinzulu.

iindawo eziveziweyo zazo eziphilayo

Ngelo langoku nqanaba uphuhliso nayiphi na inzululwazi ziyaphucuka yenze uphando, nto leyo ke ithetha ukuba kukho amathuba isifundo epheleleyo ngakumbi micro-izinto ezithile kunye neempawu zazo. Ngenxa yokuvela zenziwa, evumela ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ukusebenzisa ulwazi malunga iintsholongwane naluphi na ulawulo kushishino. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, eziphilayo - ayikho nje intsimi yeengcingane ulwazi. It is a yisayensi eye amanye amasebe:

• eziphilayo jikelele;
• Medical (Mycology, ngeebhakther, ngumzuzu, protozoology);
• yezilwanyana;
• industrial;
• ezolimo;
• Amasebe eziphilayo Sanitary;
• eziphilayo emanzini.

eziphilayo Medical na inzululwazi ngokupheleleyo ekukho mycology, ngeebhakther, protozoology, ngumzuzu, zizifo kunye nococeko. Iindlela ukuvumela ukuqaphela kwamagciwane izifo ezosulelayo kunye amachiza asebenza asetyenziselwa ukunyanga kubo, bandakanya zokuthintela izifo ngaphambili kukhokelela pandemics abafayo kakhulu.

Zizifo ukuba mbaxa iinkqubo kwemichiza sifo phantse diverged ukusuka eziphilayo kwinzululwazi eyahlukileyo. Namhlanje, oku kudityaniswe umhlaza uyaliwa. Ngelo xesha linye ezinye namasebe eziphilayo akukho kangako: amvumela ukuba ukuqikelela amathuba ukusetyenziswa eziphilayo izakhi bacebise uphuhliso lwemozulu kunye noluntu eziphilayo yolwandle kunye nomhlaba. Enye into ebalulekileyo isicelo ithemba microorganisms amathuba kwezolimo ukuze kuliwe ukungcola, okanye ukwandisa izivuno zezityalo.

eziphilayo Iinjongo

isebe ngalinye eyahlukileyo eziphilayo ineenjongo zayo kwakunye neendlela eziya kubavumela ukuba kuzuzwe. Ngokukodwa, eziphilayo lwezonyango ijolise ukuphonononga inani liphezulu kangangoko ezincinane yayintsholongwane eyosulela yaye imiqathango yayintsholongwane eyosulela, intsebenziswano yabo umzimba womntu, ngokunjalo iindlela kunokwenzeka ukuba bakhusele abafowunelwa kunye izifo kunye nonyango.

Ukuphucula amagciwane uxilongo nakujoliso olutsha ekupheliseni microflora yayintsholongwane eyosulela kakhulu umhlaba onokuphila, yaye ugonyo prophylaxis ukuncedisana ubuchule eziphilayo zonyango. Ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali nangenxa ingozi yokuwa ye iinkqubo zendalo, kodwa akukho ndlela eya ngokupheleleyo balahle-arhente ezosulelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha langoku ibakala ucoceko kunye nococeko, eziphilayo kunye zizifo nga kakhulu ukunciphisa inani ezimbi ezinjalo kunye neengxaki zabo.

eziphilayo Industrial ijolise ukuphonononga iimpawu eziphilayo ukuze usetyenziswe kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo kwimveliso. Ingakumbi, le ndawo nathembisayo zophando lwezenzululwazi ukusetyenziswa iintsholongwane ze ukuthotywa umphutha mveliso. Kwinjongo eziphilayo kwezolimo isakhono isicelo eziphilayo umzuzu ukwandisa izivuno zezityalo kunye nolawulo izitshabalalisi kunye nokhula kunokwenzeka.

Veterinary Microbiology, kwakunye zonyango, adala befunda izilwanyana. Iindlela ukuchonga izifo, isifo kunye nonyango abahlobo bethu encinane kanye njengokuba ezifanelekileyo nje abantu. eziphilayo Water sele bafunda nokwakhiwa iilwandle ezincinane nokumisa ulwazi isakhono izicelo zazo kushishino okanye ezolimo.

eziphilayo Sanitary efundelwa ukutya ityhila iintsholongwane kuzo. Injongo yayo ukuphuculwa kweendlela ukungqinisisa ibhetshi izinto ezityiwayo. Ingxaki yesibini - bhubhani kwezifo ezosulelayo kunye nokwenza lokufumana abantu kumaziko ahlukeneyo ezinobungozi ngokwemigaqo zizifo bhubhane zoqhagamshelwano.

eziphilayo jikelele

eziphilayo jikelele - yinto inzululwazi, iindlela ezivumela ukuba wafundela Cya ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala. Le mveliso esisiseko enika ulwazi lwe eziphilayo ezifektri, kulimo, lwezilwanyana zonyango. Yena ukufunda iintsholongwane kunye neentsapho zabo, ukukwazi ezincinane ngakumbi iintlobo zosasazo zizondlo, iipateni yeentlawulo imimandla ethile zemozulu.

Gene aqhele nalo ngomnye iimfuno eziphambili bacteriologists, ekubeni le ndlela ivumela intsholongwane ukuba bafumane izakhono ezintsha ixesha elifutshane. Enye izezona kunganqwenelekiyo ukuba ukuxhathisa nemithi. Ukuvela enganyangekiyo omtsha ethile anti-infectives iintlobo iintsholongwane nzima kakhulu umsebenzi eziphilayo zonyango.

Kodwa loo nto bonke. eziphilayo Jikelele - inzululwazi iintsholongwane, nomngundo, lenyama. Oku kwakhona imfundiso sifo. Ngokuhambelana izinto ezithile ayinabantu kunye namasebe ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi: olukhuni, mycology, protozoology Zizifo. idatha entsha esuka isifundo iintlobo zonke iintsholongwane, umngundo kunye iintsholongwane, ziza kusetyenziswa kuwo naliphi na isebe eziphilayo yaye ngokubaluleka ethile.

ngeebhakther

Ubukumkani iintsholongwane ithathwa ukuba zininzi kakhulu kubantu bonke abanye, ofunda eziphilayo. Izihloko iintsholongwane uphando kuba kwaza. Ukuze Cazulula a omzimba ethile zohlobo olufanayo kufuna ukufunda ngenyameko morphology yayo kunye neenkqubo nemvelo. Ngokomzekelo, iintsholongwane ezininzi ama ijike glucose kwaye zisekelwe phezu kweli njengenqobo ezinxulumene kwiqela elithile.

inkcubeko ecocekileyo bacteria - evela kwezinye izinto zoluntu unxinzelelo izaku phawulwa. Bonke abantu bayo luya kubalulwa umbandela genetic enye, efanayo naleyo namanye amalungu zezohlobo olufanayo. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, zonke ezi ntsholongwane kuya baziphathe ngendlela efanayo njengenxalenye ayehlala kule ndawo. Kwezinye iimeko, le eziguqulayo inkcubeko enye wayethimb ngokukhululekileyo, ngenxa leyo, uhlobo olutsha. Ingahluka iseti eyahlukileyo enqanda kunye imiba virulence. Kwaye ngoko ukukwazi layo okubangela izifo ziya kwahluka.

ngumzuzu

Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, iintsholongwane zezona Nedlac. Bathi zonakeleyo, abakwazi ukuba ukugaya, kwaye ukuzalisa wanyula Amaqhinga parasitism. Kubalulekile ukuba nalo ezimangalisayo kunazo zonke kwamagciwane ukufunda Microbiology (Ngeentsholongwane). Zizifo kwakhona benza nezifundo ngeentsholongwane, kuba uninzi lwabo uyakwazi zisidimaze amajoni omzimba kwaye ibangele umhlaza.

Virus eziphilayo elula kakhulu kunye kodwa ukuba kufundwa ngokupheleleyo indlela okusebenza. Abakwazi ukugaya izondlo, kodwa ahlale ephila. Ungabinayo i izakhiwo elijongene imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ke isekhona. Ngaphezu koko, abanentsholongwane abekho genetic material kunye ezisebenza yaqala iiseli apho yokuzala iza kwenziwa.

Kucacile ukuba indlela intshayelelo kunye nokuzalana "yenzelwe 'ngendlela eya ukuphepha yonke imiqobo ekukhoplelwa cell olukhuselayo. Umzekelo intsholongwane kaGawulayo, leyo, nangona kukhuselo elinqatyisiweyo amajoni omzimba, ukosulela lula ebantwini ebangela immunodeficiency. Ngoko ke, eziphilayo kunye zizifo kufuneka ngokudibeneyo ukujongana nale ngxaki, sikhangela iindlela zokusombulula kuyo. Yaye ekubeni ntsholongwane ngenxa yemfuza isantya okumangalisayo uba iinketho ezininzi, iindlela ukuba kuliwe ezi kwamagciwane kufuneka ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

mycology

Mycology - nesebe eziphilayo jikelele, leyo lifunda jeli. Ezi eziphilayo enokubangela izifo ngomntu kunye nezilwanyana, kwakunye nobungozi kwezityalo. Sikuyo amaxhoba ukutya, kwaye ngenxa yokuba banako ukwenza imbewu, phantse ukungafi. Noko ke, logama nje yokuba inani elincinane imiba virulence nande kakhulu kancinci, umrhumo wabo izehlo jikelele esezantsi.

Ifungi eziphilayo kakhulu nokuziqhelanisa ukuhlala kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Kunqabile ukuba kumiwa kwamanzi kodwa zikhula phantsi kweemeko olungephi ukuya ukufuma eliphezulu. Kwaye, okuqaphelekayo, fungi ezimila nenqanawa ze iziphekepheke Bajikeleza Umhlaba kwaye abaninzi ebiyelweyo umonakalo eChernobyl reactor yenyukliya. Xa sijonga izinto ezinkulu ukumelana ukuba kuliwe ezi Cya, eziphilayo lokutya kunye nococeko kufuneka liphuhliswe ngakumbi. Oku kumele ukuba zibe negalelo kuphuhliso mycology kunye namanye amasebe ze eziphilayo jikelele.

protozoology

izifundo Microbiology lenyama. Oku kwiseli eziphilayo ezahlukileyo yibhaktheriya ubungakanani ezinkulu phambi yeseli ngumongo. Ngenxa ngokufumaneka kwayo, ukuba yebloko neemeko zokubhala zokusingqongileyo, kunokuba ukutshintsha dynamically. Noko ke, ukuba ziyakwazi ebangela izifo, ubuncinane abanye.

Ngokutsho manani ezibonelelwa yi-WHO, malunga ikota zonke iimeko zokugula accounted for lwemalariya. Nangona kunzima ukumelana ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba kukho iintlobo ezininzi Plasmodium. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukufunda olunye protists jikelele kwaye i-Plasmodium elithile elikhulu kunene.

zizifo

The Research Institute of Microbiology USSR waqhuba izifundo ezininzi kumajoni omzimba womntu. Uphuhliso kubo kunzima ukusebenzisa unyango, Noko ke, ngenxa uxilongo ngoku ufunwayo. Sithetha kuthotho kwesifo serological kwezifo ezosulelayo. It eziphilayo amayeza onyango ngenxa yobukho kwi yokugcina sisixhobo esibalulekileyo diagnostic.

Kubalulekile ukuba bonke yeSebe Epidemiology kunye Microbiology, ngendlela enye okanye ngenye kuchaphazela ingqiqo sifo. Kwaye zombini ukuyala ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokugonya. uphuhliso lwabo nayo ngenxa kwamaphepha immunologists yenzululwazi kunye microbiologists. Zimele ndlela inempumelelo azizithintelo ukunciphisa (kwaye kwezinye iimeko bade ukuphelisa) amathuba osulelo kukudibana ngamagciwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela ziintsholongwane. Ngoku ke uphuhliso imithi HIV kunye iintsholongwane ezibangela inkangeleko yamathumba zomhlaza.

indlela eziphilayo

Ukuze ukufunda silwanyana ethile - njengendlela ukufumanisa iimpawu morphology yayo, ukuhlola hetiseka yokusabela kwemichiza apho ikwazi wavela, Nakana RNA yayo athethwa igama elithile yomoya kunye uhlobo. isixa-mali esinjalo umsebenzi kufuneka enze xa kuvulwa inkcubeko entsha. Ukuba intsholongwane sele yaziwa (emiselwe awohluke le substrates yokubola, inkcubeko eendaba okanye iseli eludongeni), ngoko ufuna ukuthatha ukuba ifakelwe uhlobo. Nayiphi na kwezi misebenzi kufuna iindlela ekumgangatho kunye nezixhobo ezithile.

Kwakhona, eziphilayo lonyango na umsebenzi wayo: ukufumana arhente causative zesi sifo eziphilayo neencindi zomzimba, ezo iithagethi losulelo ngokunamandla, ayinakubhaqa ubukho pathogen kwabamakishi serological, ukumisela susceptibility umntu kwizifo ezithile. Le misebenzi ke ekuzakuqalwa, abancinane kakhulu, bemvelo, serological kunye neendlela komzimba.

Kwincwadi ethi "Microbiology" Vorobev A. V. yi paluxa leswaku microscopy kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa hayi indlela eyintloko ukuze ukufunda gciwane. Kuyinto ukukhanya, electron, isigaba umahluko, ezimnyama-intsimi kunye fluorescence. Umbhali uveza ukuba le ndlela ibalulekileyo inkcubeko ekuzakuqalwa kuthathwa, evumela ukuba yokutyala thanga eziphilayo ezifumaneka kwiincindi eziphilayo naphakathi izigulane.

Iindlela nenkcubeko inokuba virological kunye bacteriological. Amaninzi, uphando efunekayo igazi, umchamo, amathe, isikhohlela, ulwelo fluid. Kubo ke umzimba ningahlwayeli ngendlela medium kwezondlo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuba kuyokufunyaniswa isifo, ngokuba lwee- iintsholongwane kwi izinto eziphilayo lincinane kakhulu, yaye indlela nenkcubeko kuvumela ukwanda kwamagciwane.

I incwadi enomxholo othi "zebhayoliji" Vorobev A. V. et al ichaza iindlela for ukufunda iintsholongwane eziphilayo. Bona ngokususela kulwabiwo ityhefu ethile ezendeleyo kwiqela iintlobo yintsholongwane, okanye uhlobo olunye kuphela. iindlela komzimba ezinxulumene impahla ityhefu bacteria kubangela zegazi (okanye zegazi) kwi silwanyana ngexesha usulelo. Njengoko umzekelo inokuba kuchazwe Mantoux uvavanyo. iindlela ze-serological, ke ngoko baye omzimba athile kunye awakwazi ngayo iintsholongwane. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukugqiba ngokuchanileyo ubukho eziphilayo esiqwini okanye izinto fluid kususwa isigulane.

Omkhulu Impumelelo eziphilayo yezonyango

Microbiology - kubalulekile for umkhuba inzululwazi amayeza, nto leyo ngexesha ubukho yayo elifutshane isindise ubomi ezininzi. Umzekelo oyinhloko ukufunyanwa iintsholongwane ajongene nezifo ezosulelayo. Oku kwenza ukuba afumane olwa yokuqala. Enkosi kuye evela usulelo inxeba ikwazile ukugcina inani elikhulu wamajoni.

Kamva, ukusetyenziswa ntsholongwane yandisiwe, yaye namhlanje ivumela ukwenza imisebenzi enzima. Njengoko izifo ezininzi asinyangeki ngaphandle kokuba nokusebenzisa imithi, ubukho babo omane nje onke amayeza kwaye yenza kube lula ukuba asindise ubomi babantu abaninzi. Le mpumelelo belingana kunye bamachiza kunye isindise izigulane ezininzi ukusuka ntsholongwane yepoliyo, hepatitis B kunye ekupheliseni ingqakaqa. Kwaye ngoku kuphuhliswa iindlela ngumzimba yokujongana somhlaza.