U shishino? Ingcamango, uluhlu kunye neendidi zamashishini

Imikhosi evelisayo ikhula ukukhula, okwenza ulwahlulo olongezelelweyo lomsebenzi kunye nokwakhiwa kwamasebe oqoqosho lwesizwe kunye namaqela abo. Kwimeko yokufunda iinkqubo zezoqoqosho zwelonke, kubalulekile ukunika impendulo kumbuzo: "Iyintoni imboni?"

Uqoqosho lwelizwe lonke

Ulwakhiwo oluninzi loqoqosho loqoqosho lwesizwe lubonakaliswa ngobuninzi beenkqubo zokuvelisa ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokwabiwa kweempahla ezivelisiweyo.

Yonke inkqubo yeessystem kunye neenxibelelwano zoqoqosho lwesizwe zimelelwe ngolu hlobo. Utshintsho lwayo lunokubangela ukuqaliswa kweenkqubela phambili zenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe kwimveliso yokuvelisa, utshintsho lwezoqoqosho kunye noluntu nakwizinye iinkqubo zehlabathi. Kukho amashishini amancinci kunye namacandelo amacandelo ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yokunyamalala kwexesha elidala, kukho utshintsho kwiintlobo zemveliso. Icandelo lilinganiselwe izinga lokusebenza kwecandelo lezomnotho loqoqosho lwesizwe. Yaye isifundo sayo siya kwenza ukuba sikwazi ukuqonda ngokucacileyo iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenzeka kwizoqoqosho lwehlabathi.

Ulwakhiwo lobunzima belizwe

Isakhiwo soqoqosho lwelizwe sinokwahlukana ngokwemiqathango elandelayo:

1. ISebe (isebe lisikhokelo esahlukileyo kwezoqoqosho): ezolimo, ishishini, izithuthi, njl.
2. Ukusebenza (ngokwemisebenzi eyenziwe): uphethiloli kunye namandla, ukwakhiwa, ubunjineli kunye nezinye izakhiwo.
3. Ingingqi (ngokubhekiselele kwingingqi kwindawo ethile).

Iyintoni imboni?

Uhlolisiso lwesakhiwo sezoqoqosho lwelizwe lungaxhomekeke ngokucacileyo kunye nomxholo esiwucingayo. Ngaloo ndlela, bonke abavelisi bensimbi benza i-metallurgical sector, zonke i -grarians - ezolimo, njl. Ngako-ke, imboni yiseti yabavelisi bezinto ezilungileyo ezizithengisayo kwikarhwebo enye (jikelele).

Ngokwenza oko, abaninzi abakhiqizi banokuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi zeemveliso, ngoko ke ukuchanekileyo kuya kuba yinkcazelo elandelayo. Isebe lihlangene nezifundo zobudlelwane bezoqoqosho, abenzi beentsikelelo zoluhlobo oluthile, ukuqhuba lo msebenzi ngolu hlobo lunye lwezixhobo. Ukuthengiswa kwemveliso kunokwenziwa kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo. Ukuze kube lula ukuhlalutya koqoqosho, kukholelwa ukuba umvelisi ngamnye uvelisa enye into efanelekileyo, ukuyiqonda emakethi enye.

Unokumisela njani umthengi wemveliso ethile? Intsingiselo yegama elithi "isebe" lisebe, ulwalathiso, ngoko ke, abaphulaphuli abajoliswe kuyo baya kudla iimveliso zayo. Ukuba unika umthengi kakuhle, uya kuthengwa ngabantu belizwe. Imveliso ngesimo se-intermediate good inomdla kubameli bamanye amacandelo oqoqosho. Ngoko ke, amashishini okucwangcisa izikhumba zezilwanyana athengisa imveliso yesikhumba esiqingqiweyo ngokugqibeleleyo, yithi, ukunyusa iifekthi. Into ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni uqoqosho lweemarike kukugcina umlinganiso wokubonelela kunye neemfuno kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo zoshishino.

Ulwakhiwo

Isebe liyilo loqoqosho olubalulekileyo, ngoko uhlolisiso lwesakhiwo salo, olubonisa ukubunjwa, ukulungiswa kunye nokudibanisa kwamashishini ngamnye, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ubunzulu beenkqubo zezoqoqosho.

Isakhiwo soshishino esikhulu sithonywe ngamanani amaninzi, okubaluleke kakhulu kuwo:

• Ukuqaliswa kwenqubekela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe;
• Ukukhula kwenkcubeko kunye nenhlalakahle yoluntu;
• Intsebenziswano, ukuxininiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zenkqubo yokuvelisa;
• Izibonakaliso ezicwangcisiweyo zokukhula kweshishini kunye nazo zonke iicandelo zalo;
• Iinkqubo zamazwe ngamazwe olwahlulo lwabasebenzi;
• Iimeko zezopolitiko zehlabathi;
• Isikhundla sikarhulumente kwiimarike zehlabathi.

Isakhiwo sesebe sisona siphumelele kakhulu kwimeko apho ukusebenza kwayo kuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe, kwaye ikwazisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokuvelisa imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi kunye nezinto eziphathekayo.

Ukuqoqa

Ingcamango yoshishino ihambelana ngokusondeleyo kunye neenkqubo zokuqulunqa kunye nokuvelisa. Izikhokelo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho zihlanganiselwe kumaqela athile, apho umthamo wezinto eziphathekayo / umkhiqizo okanye ukufana kwenkqubo yezobuchwepheshe kunokusebenza. Iqela lama shishini lidla ngokuba lizoshishino.

Bonke abo benza umsebenzi wokubhaka (imiqulu, isonka, i-bagels, njl.), Kufuneka baqokelelwe kwicandelo lokubhaka. Abavelisi beekesekese (ice cream, ieskese, iigwele) kufuneka badibaniswe kwi-confectionery. Bonke "ababisi babisi" (abavelisi bamasi, i-cottage cheese, ukhilimu omuncu) - kwishishini lebisi. Abavelisi bezityalo, ababandakanyeka ekuhlaleni imithi yezithelo (amapheya, ipum, imipula) - kwi-horticultural.

Ngenjongo yokuvelisa ngokubanzi inkqubo zezoqoqosho, kunokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa bonke abenzi abadweliswe ngokusekelwe kwimveliso yokutya kwimveliso yokutya. Kulo mgaqo ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwamashishini kwizoqoqosho zanamuhla kwenzeka.

Icandelo loqoqosho lwelizwe

Ukwenza ngale ndlela, unokufumana izikhombisi-ndlela ezininzi zezoqoqosho ezinobunye. Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni imboni eqoqosho, ukuqwalaselwa kwezifundo ezinje ziza kunceda. Ngaloo ndlela, ngalinye lala macandelo lenziwe ngokusekelwe kwisimo esifanayo semveliso. Kule mihla, amacandelo aphezulu oqoqosho ahlukeneyo:

1. Ulimo, amahlathi, ukuzingela nokuloba.
2. Shishini.
3. Shishini lo shishino.
4. Ukwakhiwa.
5. Ugesi, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kunye negesi.
6. Urhwebo: ukuthengisa nokuthengisa.
7. Ezokuthutha kunye nokusetyenziswa.
8. Mayeza.
9. LeMfundo.
10. Iihotele kunye neevenkile.
11. ZeMali.
12. Inkonzo ka rhu lumente.

Kuyinto ebonakalayo yezoqoqosho ukuhlanganiswa kweli candelo kwiindawo ezinkulu:

1. Icandelo lemveliso yezinto eziphathekayo - ukusuka kwezolimo kuya kwakha.
2. Icandelo leenkonzo (ubudlelwane obungabonakaliyo) - ukusuka kwi-trade to service service.

Ukudibanisa kwala macandelo amabini ehlabathi jikelele kuya kubhekisela ngokupheleleyo yonke imveliso kunye neenkqubo zezoqoqosho ezenzeka kwilizwe.

Ukwahlula kwamashishini ngo-OKONKh

Iindidi zemisebenzi yamashishini oqoqosho lwesizwe enza i-need for their classification and ordering. Isigaba sonke seRussia "Amasebe oqoqosho lozwelonke" yindlela yokuqokelela iintlobo zemisebenzi kwimiyalelo eqwalasela uhlobo lwemisebenzi yabo kunye neempawu zesakhiwo. Olu hlobo lupheliswe ngo-2003, kodwa kucetyiswa ukuba uqale ufunde isakhiwo secandelo ngokuchanekileyo nayo. Uhlobo lwamasebe oqoqosho lozwelonke, ngokweqela kwi-ОКОНХ, lahlula ngamaqela amabini. Ukubunjwa kwabo kuboniswe kwitafile.

Ukwahlula ngokwe-OKVED

Okwangoku, eRashiya, ukuhlelwa kwamasebe obume boqoqosho kuzwelonke kusekelwe kwimiba yoqoqosho (OKVED), okubandakanya ukwahlula kumaqela alandelayo:

Ulwakhiwo lomsebenzi

Nawaphi na amasebe oqoqosho, amaqela abo okanye amacandelo oqoqosho abubonakaliswa ngenani labasebenzi abandakanyekayo kwishishini (sebenzela kumashishini acacisayo, ngokomzekelo, bafeze u-5% wabasebenzi basefama bonke). Umlinganiselo wengqesho kumacandelo ahlukeneyo woqoqosho lwesizwe ubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wengqesho kwaye kuxhomekeke kwimveliso yabasebenzi kunye nemfuno yempahla eyahlukeneyo.

Ngoko ke, le nkqubo yenziwa njani ngokubanzi kwilizwe loqoqosho? Isakhiwo sengqesho asixhomekekanga ngokungaguqukiyo kunye neenguqu kwezoqoqosho lukazwelonke. Ibonisa ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kunye nezinye iimpawu zokusebenza koluntu.

Isakhiwo sengqesho sichaphazelekayo:

1. Uluntu-abucala:

• Iqeshwe kwicandelo likarhulumente loqoqosho;
• Iqeshwe kwicandelo labucala.

2. Intlalontle-ibonakalisa isakhiwo seklasi yoluntu, umlinganiselo wabemi abanemiqathango eyahlukeneyo yokuphila.

3. Isebe-ibonisa izinga lokuphuhliswa kwamasebe obume boqoqosho karhulumente.

4. Iingingqi-zichaphazela ezi zilandelayo zikhokelo zoqoqosho kwimimandla:

• Umgangatho wokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zabasebenzi;
• Inqanaba lophuhliso lwemithombo yemvelo yommandla;
• Umgangatho wezoqoqosho;
• Ubunzima obucacileyo babantu abaqeshiweyo.

5. Uqeqesho lwezakhono - linika ulwazi malunga nenani kunye nobuchule bokusebenza kwezibonelelo zommandla.

6. Ubulili kunye nobudala.

7. Iintsapho-ezibonakaliswe ngolu hlobo:

• Ubonisa imeko yoqoqosho jikelele kwelizwe;
• Izikhombisi zabantu zixhomekeke ngqo kwizinga lemali yengeniso yentsapho, okuthi, ukufa nokuzala;
• Ukuguqulwa koqoqosho kufuneka kwenzeke ukwenzela ukwandisa izinga loqoqosho lweentsapho eziqeshwe.

8. National - wasikhangela amandla yabasebenzi kuzwelonke.

Zonke ezi linki ezinento kuqoqosho lwesizwe kwaye ayisekho ngokwahlukileyo.