Acetic acid

Okanye organic monobasic carboxylic acid, i molecule equlethe athom carbon amabini kunye neqela carboxyl (got igama layo kuba iqulathe carbonyl kunye carboxyl amaqela), ebizwa-methane (yi mfanekiso kunye alkane kunye nenani elifanayo athom carbon) okanye acetic acid. Yena, efana onke amalungu esezantsi aliphatic yale iklasi ka-oganikhi khompawundi, abe livumba ivuza. ifomula yayo khemikhali angabhalwa ngolu hlobo: CH3COOH. Xa iimeko voice ulwelo enemibala. Density - 1.05 g / cm³. mass izinyo ilingana 60,05 g / Mol. Linyibilike kubushushu ka-16,75 ° C (ngezantsi ziikristale eqina efanayo ngumkhenkce, benjenjalo ukumemeza ice). Amathumba kubushushu ka 118,1 ° C. Isalathisi zokunganyangeki ilingana 1.372.

Abameli bale klasi ye-oganikhi khompawundi ithambile acid zehydrochloric okanye sulphuric, kodwa xa kuthelekiswa ne- asidi, olunzima kakhulu acetic acid. Iipropati imichiza kumiselwa amalungu ayo le molekyuli carbonyl kunye namaqela hydroxyl. Nya ngoko ngamandla omnye komnye ukuba iipropati eekhemikhali eziphathekayo kuphela kangangoko encinane embhoxo iimpawu iikhompawundi carbonyl (aldehydes, amides, ketones, esters) okanye alkoholi. Ionization kwenzeka amakhonkco O-H ngenxa electron etsala iqela carbonyl. Ngoko ke, lo uqhagamshelo kulula kakhulu ukuba kwahlula kunokuba alkoholi. Ukubana abantu elektroni kwiqela hydroxyl ukuya a carbonyl ngokuyinxenye kunciphisa i-atom carbon yoyalo ezintle, iyenza nzima ukuhlasela kulo nucleophile. Ngoko ke, izinto ezininzi zihlanganise lula iikhompawundi carbonyl musa azithethelele CH3COOH.

Ngezinga elincinane acetic acid nga kwahlula ukwenza ion ze-hydrogen: CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CO2ˉ + H3O +. Lubonakala yi neutralization kunye, neenqwelwana neziphumo ekubunjweni ityuwa: NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O . iityuwa acid Carboxylic ngokubanzi amanzi ayaphela. Olu phawu lula utsalo kwimithombo yendalo. Ngoko ke asidi baba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala uyazimela organic izinto. Ngokomzekelo, methane yafunyanwa iviniga. obusenyongweni hydrogen kwakheka phakathi molecule CH3COOH, ngokwenjenjalo organic izinyibilikisi kwisigaba igesi, ikho nje dimer.

Acetic acid kunye namanzi miscible kuzo zonke olinganise. Itshintsha iipropati yayo ngokuxhomekeke xi. Ngokuphakath malunga zesinyithi, kuquka isinyithi, magnesium zinc. Oku okuphindwe hydrogen netyuwa ebizwa-acetates: MG + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑. Ekubeni aluminium wakha passivation umboniso acid-resistant ye-aluminiyam oxide, itanki aluminiyam, kunye iitanki insimbi esetyenziselwa CH3COOH yezothutho.

Kushishino, acetic acid lukhutshwe igcwala umntu aldehyde kwegama elifanayo: 2CH3COH + O2 → 2CH3COOH. Ukususela 800 kg aldehyde walungisa ton CH3COOH. Kodwa indlela yakutshanje ku tswala - lulwelo kwisigaba igcwala of butane kunye nomoya mpilo kubushushu ka 150-170 ° C kwakunye noxinzelelo-50 umoya: CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2O2 → 2CH3COOH + 2 H2O. Enyanisweni, basabela inzima kakhulu ngaphezu kubonisiwe. Ngaphandle acetic acid, savelisa inani byproducts. Zombini ezi ndlela amaninzi bayacalulwa (ngenxa amaxabiso oyile aphezulu) ngokuthi carbonylation of methanol: CO + CH3OH → CH3COOH. Inkqubo Inzuzo phambi ngumnxibelelanisi nto leyo ityiwa rhodium, kunye bawo (activators) - ion iodide. Ukukwazi ezinye Cya ukuba inegwele ethyl utywala, kulandele igcwala e CH3COOH, esetyenziswa kwimveliso zengqo-: C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O . Le nkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye kuthatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela.

Acetic acid yenziwa ngokuhambelana GOST 19814-74 (zokwenziwa kunye neenkcukacha zeposi) GOST 18270-72 (ntumbuluko phezulu) kunye GOST 61-75 (izidubuli). Le iikhemikhali reagent ebalulekileyo yemichiza kwimizi ukuba busetyenziswa kakhulu zemveliso, zisetyenziselwa iiplastiki, zokwenziwa iifayibha, idayi, ifilim kunye nabanye. Yeyona izinto ekrwada ekuveliseni IVinyl acetate esetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokufumana sevilene (njengoko ethylene comonomer). Ukusetyenziswa acetic acid ngenxa yayo imichiza ngokwasemzimbeni. CH3COOH iityuwa ezi ndlela ukuba babe nokulungisa idayi kwi ifayibha.

Kumakhaya acetic acid olufakwe isoloko isetyenziswa njenge arhente descaling. Kushishino ukutya kwawo isetyenziswa phantsi ongeziweyo ukutya ikhowudi E260 ezifana iasidi umlawuli njengoko nesinongo. additive Food samkelwe ukuze sisetyenziswe kwi-EU, US, Australia nase-New Zealand. Kushishino yokutya isetyenziselwa iimveliso pickling ngokohlobo iviniga kunye uyondelelwano lwee- CH3COOH emanzini ka-3 ukuya kwi-15% okanye iviniga kunye iqhezu ngobuninzi ukwimo esisiseko 70%. Uninzi esters of acetic acid esetyenziswa kwishishini confectionery le.