Enzyme akasakwazi nokusebenzisa kwabo

Ingcamango i-enzayim ekumiseni kwabakho ngelo kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngelo xesha, emva ngowe-1916, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba adsorbed kwi carbon sucrose ndaphelelwa umsebenzi encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Ngowe-1953, D. kunye N. Shleyt Grubhofer babesenza pepsin kuqala ziyabophelela, amylase, le carboxypeptidase kunye RNase ukuba yenethiwekhi ezingenakunyibilika. Ingcamango enzyme akasakwazi wavunyelwa ngokomthetho ngo 1971. Loo nkomfa lokuqala Enzyme Engineering. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. Okwangoku, ingqiqo enzyme akasakwazi ngengqiqo ngokubanzi kunokuba kwakunjalo kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha. Sithatha didi ngokweenkcukacha.

Overview

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. Kwaye mmobilizovannye enzyme - imichiza ezo zamntu edityaniswe kunye yenethiwekhi ezingenakunyibilika. Ngelo xesha linye kugcina iipropati zabo encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Okwangoku, le nkqubo ngazo iinkalo ezimbini - ngaphakathi kwemida yenkululeko buso, izele nentshukumo zeprotheyini neemolekyuli.

isithunzi

. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ezithile iingenelo enqanda wambamba. Ukwenza zokuthundeza owahlukeneyo, kulula ukuba lwahlulwe basabela esiphakathi. может быть многократным. Ezi izifundo zophondo zifumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa enqanda akasakwazi ingaphinda-phindwa. Xa inkqubo ziyabophelela zihlanganisi Ukutshintsha iimpahla zabo. Azuza le zeendawana Okukodwa, ukuzinza. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wabo uqala ukuba baxhomekeke iimeko zokusingqongileyo. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. enzyme akasakwazi eqinile kwaye eliphezulu izinga lozinzo. Kuyinto ngaphezulu kwe, umzekelo, ukuba enzyme simahla kumawaka, amashumi amawaka amaxesha. Konke oku kunika kahle eliphezulu, ukhuphiswano kunye inzuzo kobuchwepheshe, apho kukho wambamba enzymes.

zenethiwekhi

J .. Porath ichonge iimpawu eziphambili zemathiriyeli efanelekileyo ukuba isetyenziselwe immobilization. Abathwali kufuneka ube:

1. Insolubility.
2. uzinzo High eziphilayo nemichiza.
3. Capacity for kusebenze ngokukhawuleza. Abathwali kufuneka ukuhamba lula ukuya uhlobo izidubuli.
4. esibamba enkulu.
5. Le permeability ezifunekayo. Isalathisi wayo kufuneka ibe yamkelekile ngokulinganayo ngenxa enzyme coenzymes, iimveliso basabela kunye substrates.

Okwangoku, akukho umbandela zingavumelana ngokupheleleyo nezi mfuno. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa, wasebenzisa babethwele ezifanelekileyo ukuze immobilization enqanda kwicandelo elithile kweemeko ezithile.

ngezigaba

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo zayo ezibonakalayo, nakunxibelelwano apho khompawundi ziguqulwa zibe enqanda akasakwazi zahlulwe zibe ezingaphiliyo organic. Ukubambana kwabo iikhompawundi ezininzi lwenziwa abathwali polymeric. Ezi izinto eziphilayo yahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: zendalo kunye zokwenziwa. Kwimeko nganye kubo, ke, ukubeka amaqela kuxhomekeka kubume. iziphathi ezingaphiliyo ikakhulu zimelwe izinto iglasi, iiseramikhi, udongwe, dust, grafayithi carbon emnyama. Xa usebenza izinto ezithandwayo iindlela chemistry owomileyo. enzyme akasakwazi zifunyanwa enamathela umboniso yenethiwekhi ye titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium, ചിഹ്നം uphawu okanye kuqhutywe neeplastikhi organic. Ingenelo ebalulekileyo kokujonga le lula yokuzalwa ngokutsha.

abathwali protein

Le lipid, polysaccharide neprotini izinto athandwa kakhulu. Phakathi yokugqibela kukunika neeplastikhi zezakhiwo. Ezi ikakhulu ziquka collagen, fibrin, zenziwe ngekeratini, kunye gelatin. iiproteni, luninzi kokusingqongileyo. Ukuba ziyafumaneka nenoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba kukho inani elikhulu lamaqela ezisebenzayo ukuhlanganisa. Neeproteni kwahluka biodegradability. . Oku kukuvumela ukuba wandise ukusetyenziswa enqanda akasakwazi njengonyango. Ngelo xesha, liye iiproteins kunye neempawu ezimbi. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. Bobubi usebenzisa enzyme ekumiseni ukuba abathwali iproteni na immunogenicity eliphezulu elidlulileyo, kwakunye nethuba lokuba ukuphumeza kwindlela abasabela ngayo kuphela kumaqela athile.

Polysaccharides aminosaharidy

Ezi zinto zibekwe amaninzi kusetyenziswa ngechitin, dextran, kwincindi, agarose nezakhi zayo. Ukuze polysaccharides baba ukumelana ngakumbi abasabela ngayo ngemixokelelwane yomgama epichlorohydrin crosslinked emnqamlezweni. Ubume enemingxuma kumaqela ahlukeneyo ionic aziswa kakhulu ngokukhululekileyo. Ngechitin okongezeleke kukuninzi njenge imveliso inkunkuma processing mveliso laseMqonci kunye oononkala. Le nto yohlukile ukumelana iikhemikhali kwaye isakhiwo Pore echazwe kakuhle.

iipholima

Eli qela unengxubevange zezibonelelo kunye nokufumaneka. Oku kuquka Iipholima esekelwe acrylic acid, styrene, Polyvinyl utywala, lyu neeplastikhi polyamide. Abaninzi kubo babe namandla ezahlukeneyo ngoomatshini. Ngexesha ukuguqulwa zinika ithuba ezahlukahlukeneyo ubungakanani Pore phezu uluhlu olubanzi, ukuqaliswa kumaqela ahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo.

Tindlela ezibophelelayo

Okwangoku, kukho lunee ezimbini ngokwesiseko ahlukile immobilization. Eyokuqala lokulungiselela iikhompawundi ngaphandle imixokelelwane covalent kunye yenethiwekhi. Le ndlela emzimbeni. Enye ngobuwena kubandakanya kukuvela bond covalent kunye eziphathekayo. Le ndlela chemical.

adsorption

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Nalo akasakwazi enzayim ezifunyenwe yi ukugcinwa ichiza kumphezulu yenethiwekhi ngenxa eziziintsali, hydrophobic, unxibelelwano electrostatic kunye imixokelelwane hydrogen. Adsorption yindlela yokuqala eshukumis ukuhamba lweziqalelo. Noko ke, okwangoku olu khetho andilahlekwanga ukufaneleka kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, lo adsorption uthathwa ukuba indlela lixhaphakileyo immobilization kolu shishino.

ingakumbi indlela

Uncwadi zesayensi ichaza phezu enqanda 70 ephuma indlela adsorption. Njengoko abathwali eyenziwa advantageously, iglasi aneentunja, clays ezahlukeneyo, polysaccharides, alumina, iipholima, titanium kunye nezinye zesinyithi. Kulo mzekelo, le yokugqibela zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukusebenza adsorption beziyobisi kwi umbandela yenethiwekhi umiselwa porosity kunye umphezulu ethile.

indlela isenzo

Adsorption enzyme ukuya izixhobo ezingenakunyibilika ilula. Oku kuphunyezwa kukudibana neqhinga zolwelo ophethe iziyobisi. Kusenokuthabatha indlela static okanye nabanamandla. Isisombululo enzyme kugalelwe i elitshisiweyo entsha, umzekelo, titanium hayidroksayidi. Emva koko, phantsi kweemeko inobulali, i-compound womile. Umsebenzi enzyme ibizwa igcinwe xa loo immobilization phantse 100%. Xa oku ufikelela xi ethile 64 mg gram ye yenethiwekhi nganye.

izinto ezimbi

Bobubi ziquka ephantsi adsorption amandla ezibophelelayo enzyme kunye othwala. Kwinkqubo yokutshintsha kweemeko yokusabela kuba izinto ilahleko esiphawuliweyo, ukungcoliswa iimveliso, desorption le protini. Ukwandisa amandla isekela ziyabophelela sele iguqulwe kancinane. Ngokukhethekileyo, izinto iphathwa kunye ion zesinyithi, iipholima, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi hydrophobic kunye arhente polyfunctional. Kwezinye iimeko, ichiza ngokwayo phantsi ukuba ukuguqulwa. Kodwa ke kaninzi ngokwaneleyo, oku kukhokelela ekuncipheni kumsebenzi wayo.

Ukufakwa kwi gel

Olu khetho yinto exhaphakileyo ngenxa ekwahlukeni futhi elula. Le ndlela efanelekileyo hayi kuphela izinto ngamnye, kodwa kananjalo nezakhiwo multiehnzimnyh. Ukufakwa kwi ijeli kwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwimeko yokuqala, ichiza kudityaniswe isisombululo monomer zolwelo, uze wenze le polymerization. Oku kukhokelela kubume bendawo kwi ijeli equlethe molekyuli enzyme izisele. Kwimeko yesibini, ichiza yaziswa kwi Polymer ogqityiweyo. ngoko ke atshintshelwe zibe kwimeko gel.

Ukuqaliswa izakhiwo bukhanye

Undoqo yale ndlela sikuko immobilizing umxube transcriptase zolwelo eyahlukileyo ukusuka zeendawana. Isebenzisa i inwebu semi-akubonakali. Ludlulele amacandelo eliphantsi ubunzima ngemolekyula of cofactors kunye substrates kwaye ibamba iimolekyuli enzyme enkulu.

microencapsulation

Kukho iinketho ezininzi ukwazisana isakhiwo iyakhanya. Eyona umdla ezi protein microencapsulation kunye ukubandakanywa liposomes. Le ndlela yokuqala ecetywayo 1964 yi T. Chang. It sikuko ukuba isisombululo enzyme yaziswa capsule ecinywe iindonga zazenziwe Polymer semipermeable. Inkangeleko wobuso inwebu ebangelwe abasabela ngayo iikhompawundi ze polycondensation interfacial. Omnye kubo ichithwe kwi organic kunye nezinye - kwisigaba zolwelo. Njengoko umzekelo inokuba kuchazwe ukuyilwa kwento microcapsule ezifunyenwe yi polycondensation of sebacic acid halide to-nani (isigaba eziphilayo) kunye-hexamethylenediamine 1,6 (ngokulandelelana, kwisigaba zolwelo). Ububanzi inwebu libalwa hundredths kukho micrometer. Ixabiso njengezingxobo - amakhulu okanye amashumi micrometers.

NoQukaniso liposomes

Le ndlela immobilization seliza microencapsulation. Liposomes anikezwa lipid kwiinkqubo bilayers lamellar okanye ukulenza. Le ndlela yasetyenziswa okokuqala ngo-1970 F. Kuba ukungcola liposomes ukusuka isisombululo lipid yenziwa ngokwenza isinyibilikisi ephilayo. Ezicekethekileyo film eliseleyo iphaphatheke isisombululo zolwelo, apho enzyme ekhoyo. Ngethuba lale nkqubo, i-self-indibano izakhiwo bilayer lipid. . Zithandwa kakhulu ezi enzayim akasakwazi njengonyango. Oku kungenxa yokuba uninzi molekyuli yenzelwe le lipid matrix of inwebu eziphilayo. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. Okuqukiweyo liposomes ezi enzayim akasakwazi ezibalulekileyo izinto uphando amayeza, sivumele ukufunda nokuchaza iipateni zonke iinkqubo zobomi.

Ukwenziwa uxhulumaniso olutsha

Immobilization ngokwakha iintsontelo ezintsha covalent kwaye phakathi enzayim bomthonyama lithathwa luninzi biocatalysts yemveliso mass ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso. Ngokungafaniyo iindlela emzimbeni, olu khetho kunika iqhina lakho kwaye womelele kwemolekyuli kunye eziphathekayo. imfundo yakhe kudla kunye nokuzinziswa ichiza. Nangona kunjalo, indawo enzyme kwi imizuzu 1 covalent nisondelelane kuthelekiswa yenethiwekhi kudala iingxaki ezithile ekwenzeni inkqubo encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Molecule siyahlukana izinto ngalo faka. Njengoko kaninzi oku bekwenza arhente poly- kunye difunctional. Bona, ngokukodwa, hydrazine, cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl chloride njalo njalo. Umzekelo, ngokuba ezivela galactosyltransferase enzyme zosasazo kunye ngokulandelelana ilandelayo ifakiwe -CH ₂ -NH- (CH _{2) 5} -CO-. Kwimeko enjalo ekhoyo kwi isakhiwo faka, kunye molecule othwala. Bonke bephela idityaniswe kwiintambo covalent. Zibaluleke kakhulu yimfuneko ukwazisa amaqela ezisebenzayo kwi indlela, akuyomfuneko ukuba umsebenzi ekujonganeni le element. Ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo, glycoproteins ziqhotyoshelwe kwiproteni yenethiwekhi hayi ngaphezulu, kwaye ngalo moiety ekudleni. Ngenxa yoko i-enzayim ezinzile esebenzayo wambamba.

iiseli

zithathwa Iindlela ezichazwe ngasentla ukuba jikelele zonke iintlobo biocatalysts. Ezi ziquka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuquka iiseli, izakhiwo subcellular, immobilization leyo iba kutshanje ngokubanzi. Oku kungenxa ilandelayo. Xa immobilization kweeseli akuyomfuneko ukwahlula abacoce amalungiselelo enzyme ukuphumeza cofactors kwi basabela. Ngenxa yoko, kuba lula ukufumana iinkqubo ukuba enze iinkqubo multi-inyathelo ziyenzeka ngokuqhubekekayo.

Ukusetyenziswa enqanda wambamba

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. Xa neyeza lemfuyo, kushishino kunye namanye amashishini abo amalungiselelo yasekhaya zithandwa ezifunyenwe ngeendlela ngasentla. Olusele iindlela practice zinika isisombululo kwiingxaki ukuphunyezwa unikezelo ekujoliswe kweziyobisi emzimbeni. enzyme akasakwazi zivumelekile ukuba ufumane amachiza elide-ngokwenza zinetyhefu oluncinane kunye allergenicity. Ngoku izazinzulu ukusombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene bioconversion ubunzima namandla, usebenzisa iindlela ekuzakuqalwa. Okwangoku, zingenza igalelo elivakalayo umsebenzi wokwenza ubuchwepheshe kunye nee-enzayim wambamba. amathuba nophuhliso izazinzulu ngokwaneleyo ebanzi. Ngoko ke, kwixesha elizayo enye indima ephambili kwinkqubo yolawulo phezu bume kufuneka ube lilungu lawo iindidi ezintsha uhlalutyo. Ngokukodwa, umbuzo ziyakwazi, kunye enzyme immunoassay. Okubaluleke ezithile iindlela eziphambili ekusetyenzweni feedstocks lignocellulosic. enzyme akasakwazi zingasetyenziswa yokukhulisa ngemiqondiso ibuthathaka. sayithi Active abe phantsi kwempembelelo kumajelo eendaba, ephantsi sonication, ntshikilelo ngomatshini okanye baboniswa phytochemicals zinguquko.