Isifundo period: inkcazelo yeklasi kwezentlalo, ubomi bakhe, indawo yokuhlala, iziseko kunye nemilinganiselo

inkqubela ethile lokuqonda lwentlalo phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba zaba sisikhubekiso olu hlobo, njengoko isincoko nokomzimba. Nekrasov and Belinsky, ukudala leekhalenda-ebizwa ngokuba isikolo esitsha, ngokungathi uzama ukubuyisela umsebenzi yoncwadi eRashiya kwi ryleevskoy silwe kwaye iziphethe bestuzhevskoj "North Star". Iqela elikhulu ngokwaneleyo ababhali iinguqulelo kwiimbono phambili ngelo xesha, ngoko ukuqonda imisebenzi creative iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo.

iinjongo eziyinyani

iingangamsha Revolutionary kudala indawo Democrats inguqu eyiyo, ngoko, ukuze endaweni romanticism civil ngayo isicwangciso somsebenzi esengqiqweni. isifundo period wayengomnye engazo kuthatha ixesha pre-revolution. Igama elithi "amalungu" uncwadi esetyenziswayo na abasunguli kunye nabaxhasi yesikolo esitsha. Kubonakele kakhulu ekuqaleni.

Koni ngakumbi ngo-1841 esipapashwe "kwiphephandaba yoncwadi" imizobo ezincinane isigqebelo ngamagama funny: "Physiology ubuhle obhinqileyo", "Physiology empumlo", umzekelo. Abaguquleli ubudala efanayo bazisa "Physiology zemidlalo izindawo" French yaye "Physiology umntu otshatileyo."

Ukuqonda yanamhlanje ilizwi ayihambiselani oko kwakuthetha ntoni yi bexesha Nekrasov. iincwadi Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19 Bakukubona oko njengoko isifundo zokuziphatha kunye nangendlela lenkolo kwindawo ezithile zobungcali okanye ongqongileyo kwezentlalo.

zomzimba of Petersburg

Ababhali, abaphandi kwicala entsha uncwadi aye wagqiba ekubeni athethe umfundi amalungu ka Petersburg. Yaye akukho esemthethweni, icala phambi beli ziko ezinkulu zorhwebo kunye neyolawulo zithathwa ubomi ubugcisa kunye nezentlalo ezantsi yakhe. isincoko period njenge uhlobo kwakhona ngocoselelo upeyinte umfanekiso ubomi nekrwada, ngaphandle kude emva emfihlekweni, oko kukuthi, emva izitalato kunye ematyotyombeni.

Ngoko ke, Vladimir Dahl wazisa isiketshi sendawo St. Petersburg janitors, Ivan Ivanovich Panaev wachaza Petersburg wemihlathi Alexander Kulchytsky - Petersburg omnibus, kunye evgeniy Grebenka - kwicala St. Petersburg ... umbhali kwafuneka wangena uhlobo intloko yakhe zonke iinkcukacha nako kuqwalaselwa ngobunono ngakumbi ukuba yeqhelekileyo uxolo baseman.

iinkcukacha jikelele

isifundo period kwiincwadi Russian ixesha engalungileyo kuloo kakhulu ngokusondeleyo abanomdla amalungu yaloo nto le nzala yaba self-ngokwaneleyo. indlu Image, ifoto, intetho okanye amacandelo nasengqondweni ucingo ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi ibalulekileyo umbhali, ukuba kukhuza amahlwempu alusoloko lusebenza.

Ezi kweyela naturalism - ngengqiqo kwaza kwekota - wenza umbhali nokugxekwa. Nangona ukuphuhliswa ubugcisa kubomi bentlalo, Kakade ke, kukhuthaza. ukufunda Character ayikho nje iingxaki umsebenzi, kodwa ke uhlobo, kunye ingoma.

heroes nangokubhengezwa echaza isakhiwo imihla yobomi bemihla ngemihla, eyimbali wanikwa iindawo ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi yelenqe weza ngelize, njengoko isincoko alawule - Imizobo ngamnye kunye nemifanekiso yobomi bemihla ngemihla, ezinxulumene na iyila, elingelilo inyathelo elinye, kwaye enye ingxaki eceleni.

zomzimba yabalimi belizwe

Uhlobo Umzobo komzimba ngokukhawuleza yaba kusefashonini, waba igama elitsha kwiincwadi 1840s. ababhali Petersburg akazange ayeke. Inzala ebomini umlimi, isabelo sakhe womhlaba nawo lalilikhulu kakhulu. Ukuxelwa kwalo mxholo ababhali abatsha ingakumbi ukwahlula Grigorovich ( "Anton lilishwa" yaye "The Village"), Dal ( "ndoda Russian"), Herzen ( "I ulisela Magpie").

Apha kufuneka ibe Nekrasov kunye kumbongo wakhe "Indlela", apho nesiphiwo emilise umlimi eziqhelekileyo idluliselwe, nangona onesiphiwo kakhulu, kodwa serfdom zonakala. Abathelela kakuhle kwicala ngokoqobo kunye amalungu kule lali Russian, Ivan Turgenev, owathi ngo-1847 waqala ukuzivakalisa izincoko evela kumnikazi kunye nobomi nabalimi.

abagxeki uvelwano

Ukuphuhliswa uhlobo entsha livelana kakhulu Belinsky. Wazama ukuzithethelela kwakubekwe inkangeleko, ukuba nentsusa kwento kunye nemfuneko yokuba into enjalo, njengoko isincoko nokomzimba. Usenza njengenye lweendidi ze lobuntatheli okanye izincoko, ukuhlola iklasi ethile kwezentlalo, kwakunye nemigaqo yayo, imilinganiselo kunye nokusingqongileyo inikwa kumanqaku ngokutsha ugxekwa, apho ubonakalise ibali elitsha ubomi zaba balimi. Ngokuqhelekileyo imisebenzi ababhali kule uhlobo Belinsky bamdumisa eliphezulu.

iimpawu Composite ufanelwe ingqalelo yakhe. Belinsky wayekholelwa ukuba ukufunda ukusebenza komzimba kufuneka sibe nayiphi na ibali okanye inoveli. Ngoko ekugxekeni Grigorovich, waphawula umbhali italente ngenxa imizobo ubomi boluntu, kodwa wawukhalimela "Ilali" kwembaliso. Ezingeloncedo le mveliso, ngokutsho Belinsky, ukuba Bonisa zonke imizobo yobomi yasemaphandleni kufuneka ngaphandle wakhanyela naluphi uxhulumaniso, kodwa kufuneka ukuphefumla ingcamango.

isincoko ekhaya

A umkhwa entsha kwiincwadi akuveli kanye njengoko nxaxheba kunye iintsingiselo eziphambili uyilo kutyhilwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Belinsky waqiniseka ukuba kwaqala Gogol bytopisatelstvo owenza iincwadi nezinto ezintsha eziqaqambileyo kangangokuba yabangela ngabaxelisa ezininzi, Gogol wabonisa uluntu ukuba Eyokuqiqa yokwenene kwinoveli Russian, kuba wayekunye naye, waqala ixesha olutsha uncwadi lwethu.

Abalandeli Nikolaya Vasilevicha Belinsky wakhetha Vladimir Sologub kunye inoveli yakhe "Le Abafundi Ababini", "A Tale of galoshes ezimbini", "I-Bear" yaye "Chemist". Sologub, intshisakalo elondoloza, waza wabona lilize ubomi wempangelo, ngokuchaseneyo qotho kwakhe nokunyaniseka zabantu ukususela kwiklasi asezantsi. Belinsky waphawula ukuba ukholo olunzulu kunye nenkolelo evutha Sologub hayi, kuba maxa wambi umfanekiso kungachukunyiswa. Nangona kunjalo, ingqiqo ixesha langoku kunye ngqo leyinene kwenza inoveli Sologub lixabiseke kakhulu.

indima kwezemfundo

Ingakumbi iimpawu kakuhle ebonakalayo mzobo komzimba "Dream Oblomov kaThixo". Umlinganiswa hero leyo niqashele zonke kuchaziwe Goncharov izinto endaweni akuyo. Ukuba yonke into ububele, kodwa nkqu ukulunga akuthethi sithethe lokwaneliseka Oblomov obomi. isikhundla sakhe lokwenyani ayinanto ulusizana, uTshawe uyazi.

Waphupha ebuntwaneni, lwenzeka kwi kwamadoda Oblomovka apho ukwazi kwaye frolic inkwenkwana akazange avunyelwe ukuba nkqu ukunxiba. Abakhonzi kuphela ukusebenza apho. Iphupha Oblomov izisa ngomzuzwana ubomi bakhe ayikho lubonakale, kodwa sakujika. Esengumntwana, kwaye ngoku yonke sele ndaqonda i Oblomov, nokuvuka, ke ababuyeli.

amathemba uxakekile

Kwakukho nabalobi ngamandla Belinsky azidityaniswa kumqolo wokuqala iincwadi Russian, nangona ubone ezinye iintsilelo yale leta, kodwa wayeqinisekile ukuba bonke ababhali baza kuba nako koyiswe.

Ngethemba ukugxekwa leyo, umzekelo, I. I. Panaev, ogama inoveli "ixhegokazi", "Onager", "Actaeon" kunye nabanye wabiza ubuncinane zesiganeko oluphawulekayo kwiincwadi Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19. Waphawula ukuba la mabali kuphela kakhulu oko kuyinyaniso, iimpawu, ngobuchule tenaciously bayaliqonda. Belinsky wabona into, ndandifeketha na, othingazayo, ongazinzanga, kodwa echaza ukuba luhlaza italente emangalisayo. Eneneni, aba ipropati yokucinga umbhali, ukoyisa koko, akazange aphumelele.

Kwakhona gqi umgxeki kunye neenoveli V. I. Dalya, apho kukho ubuciko kakhulu, iimpawu ezimangalisayo ubomi merchant ekunene. Ibali "Batman", wenza jikelele ebuncwaneni iincwadi Russian. Kwaye wayephindaphinda ukuba emva Gogol Dahl - kuphela italente yokuqala, imbongi lokwenyaniso umzobo nokomzimba. Enyanisweni, Ingqumbo yeminyanya ayikho iincwadi ezinkulu, kwaye ikamva kunokuba ngokukhawuleza phambili.

Fantasy ihlabathi nxamnye inyaniso ngqwabalala

Ngoku sonke siyazi ukuba inyaniso ubomi inyaniso uncwadi, kwaye kuyinyaniso ukuba abanye ubugcisa zibiza kakhulu ngakumbi. A abalobi bekhulu-elinethoba baba indlela neprotoronnoy ufuna le ngokoqobo boncwadi. Wabhala malunga umahluko omkhulu phakathi indlela, indlela, umxholo kunye nomoya kwiincwadi endala kunye kwisikolo esitsha. Eli bali endala ezotywe ihlabathi fantasy, kwaye amatsha - ubomi benene.

umbutho entsha yesikolo zimilile, xa Belinsky uncediswa ababhali abancinane - Grigorovich, Nekrasov, kancinane emva koko - Dostoevsky. Emva koko ke zaqokelelwa kwaye yapapashwa phantsi editorship ka Nekrasov ezintathu Almanac: imiqulu emibini "Physiology of Petersburg" yaye "Petersburg Collection", eyaba uhlobo imanifesto eli intshukumo zoncwadi. Kukho ziphela kwaye uluhlu imigaqo creative (isandulela Belinsky), kunye umendo ingqondo yemveli.

Kakade ke, akukho yobuciko akazange ahlale kunye uhlobo kunokuba abangekaphuhli - kunye ndenjenje ababhali. Apha simele siqale ukubiza "Amanqaku a Hunter" Turgenev esithi: nokwenziwa kwayo yonke imigaqo yokubhala komzimba umzobo ezisibhozo imifanekiso uhlobo ziye ucime iisampulu eliphezulu igama zemibongo. Plus - antiserfdom babecinga ukuba ihamba umfundi Kuyo le "Notes".

magazini Old entsha

Ukususela ngo-1847 yaqala ukuya zalungiswa "Contemporary", ezaba iqumrhu intshukumo eziphuhlileyo Russian zoncwadi. Nangona ukutshintsha kubahleli (zits-sihlalo), imithetho phephancwadi ngokupheleleyo N. A. Nekrasov. iminyaka engamashumi eli phephancwadi ibe uthandwayo kweli lizwe.

Imisebenzi epapashwe "Contemporary" yaye "Amanqaku iLizwe loobawo", baba ngokubanzi kunye nenjongo ngokucacileyo isazobe komzimba, yaye iindlela zobuchule ezisetyenziswa ngumbhali, ayiphelelanga iinkcukacha kubomi bemihla ngemihla abalinganiswa. yapapashwa Kukho "An Ibali Ordinary" Goncharova, apha ke inxalenye yesibini nice inoveli Herzen kaThixo "Ngubani na ityala?". Le noveli yonke yapapashwa isihlomelo "Contemporary". Kubonakele M. E. Saltykov (Shchedrin hayi noko) kunye inoveli yakhe yokuqala. Kunye Fyodor Dostoevsky. iincwadi Russian kwenkulungwane ye-19 ngenxa mzobo nokomzimba ezifumanekayo kunye kakuhle ngendlela entsha, hayi esikolweni - ngokoqobo.