GIS - is ... Geographic Information Systems

GIS - GIS a iinkqubo zale mihla mobile, banayo ukukwazi ukubonisa indawo yakho emephini. Xa intliziyo yale propati ebalulekileyo ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa ezimbini: yolwazi lwejiyografi kunye global. Ukuba ifowuni ephathwayo une iklip GPS-receiver, usebenzisa isixhobo olunjalo ukucacisa indawo yayo kwaye ngoko echanekileyo lilungelelanise GIS ngokwayo. Ngelishwa, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi lobume kunye neenkqubo kwi ezincwadini zesayensi Russian-lwimi, emelwe linani elincinane iincwadi, ngoko phantse akukho lwazi malunga ubuchule ezisisiseko ukusebenza kwazo.

ngezigaba GIS

division Geographic Information Systems lwenzeka kwi umgaqo ndawo:

1. GIS Global isetyenziselwa ukuthintela umntu-ezenziwe neentlekele zendalo ukususela 1997. Ngezi data kusenokwenzeka kwixesha elifutshane ngexesha ukuqikelela isikali yentlekele, isicwangciso ukutshona iziphumo, ukuvavanya umonakalo kulahlekelwa bubomi bakhe, ngokunjalo ekucwangciseni izenzo wobuntu.
2. kuphuhliswa Regional Geographic Information System kwinqanaba likamasipala. It ivumela ukuba abasemagunyeni bathi- ukuqikelela uphuhliso kummandla othile. Le nkqubo imele phantse zonke iinkalo ezibalulekileyo, efana notyalo-mali, impahla, zokuqhuba inqanawa, ulwazi, ezomthetho kunye nabanye. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezi nobuchwepheshe ithuba ukwenza nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kubo bonke abemi. Regional Geographic Information System kungoku nje isetyenziswa kakhulu ngempumelelo ngokukhuthaza utyalo-mali kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kuqoqosho kule ngingqi.

Ngalinye kula maqela ngasentla has a iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ethile:

• I-GIS jikelele ibandakanya inkqubo yesizwe kunye subcontinental, ngokuqhelekileyo kwisimo karhulumente.
• Xa wommandla karhulumente - elasekhaya, sub-mmandla, zendawo.

Idatha kwi data iinkqubo zengcaciso kumacandelo ezikhethekileyo womnatha, ebizwa geoportals. Bona zibekwe kuwonke-wonke ukuze ngokutsha ngaphandle zonke izithintelo.

isimiso ukusebenza

Iinkqubo zolwazi Geographic ukusebenza kumgaqo ukubhala kunye nokuphuhlisa algorithm. Ivumela ukuhamba into iboniswe kwimaphu GIS, kuquka ukuhamba ifowuni ephathwayo ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yasekuhlaleni. Ukuze ubonise le ngongoma kwindawo umzobo, kufuneka ukwazi zilungelelanise ezimbini ubuncinane - X kunye Y. Xa kufuneka isindululo into kwi imaphu ukuze ubone ukulandelelana zilungelelanise (Xk kunye yk). intsebenzo yazo kufuneka zihambelane kumaxesha ahlukeneyo kwinkqubo GIS yasekuhlaleni. Oku sisiseko yokuqingqa indawo kwento.

Le ukulandelelana zilungelelanise kuba igcinwayo umgangatho NMEA-ifayile GPS-receiver, enze intshukumo benene emhlabeni. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokusekelwe algorithm ngazo apha ukusetyenziswa kwedatha NMEA-ifayile kunye uququzelelo ze isikhokelo injongosenzi kwintsimi ethile. Idatha oluyimfuneko zingafumaneka njenge ngenxa yokulinganisa inkqubo intshukumo ngokusekelwe khompyutha.

ubuchule GIS

iinkqubo zolwazi Geographic nakhelwe phezu idatha yoqobo, leyo kuthathwa ukuba ukuphuhlisa algorithm. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iseti zilungelelanise (Xk kunye yk), sihambisane nesikhokelo injongosenzi ngohlobo NMEA-fayile kunye nemephu GIS yedijithali kwi kwimimandla kwisayithi ekhethiweyo. Umceli-mngeni kukuphuhlisa algorithm ezivakalisa isindululo into indawo. Ekuhambeni lo msebenzi algorithms amathathu aye ahlalutywa, engunobangela msebenzi.

• Lokuqala algorithm GIS - it uhlalutyo data NMEA-ifayile ukuze ndikhuphe ngoko ke nokulungelelanisa ngokulandelelana (Xk kunye yk),
• I algorithm yesibini isetyenziselwa ukubala into engile kwingoma, lubala parameter lwenziwa ivela empumalanga ulwalathiso.
• I algorithm sesithathu - ukujonga izinga le into kuthelekiswa iincam.

algorithm ngokubanzi: ingqiqo jikelele

A algorithm nolahlo ngokubanzi xa besenza ukuhanjiswa into indawo emephini GIS iquka algorithm zintathu zikhankanywe apha ngaphambili;

• NMEA data ukuhlaziywa;
• yokubala umkhondo engile nto;
• ukumisela indlela kwisalamane into kumazwe ehlabathini lonke.

Iinkqubo zolwazi ngokwezelizwe kunye algorithm ngokubanzi kunye ezisisiseko element wolawulo - i timer (Timer). ingxaki Standard nto kukuba ivumela inkqubo ukujikelezisa iziganeko rhoqo. Ukusebenzisa into enjalo ukucwangcisa ixesha elifunekayo ukwenza isethi iinkqubo okanye imisebenzi. Umzekelo, ukwenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ixesha lekhefu Owesibini mnye, kuyimfuneko ukubeka iimpawu zilandelayo Timer:

• Timer.Interval = 1000;
• Timer.Enabled = True.

Ngenxa yoko, njalo kuya kuqalisa inkqubo yokufunda uququzelelo X, Y yenjongosenzi le NMEA-ifayile, kangangokuba le ngongoma kunye uququzelelo efunyenwe iboniswa kwimephu GIS.

Umgaqo of operation timer

Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo geoinformation imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Emephini yedijithali ezintathu kwindawo ephawulwe (isimboli - 1, 2, 3) apho bahambelana isikhokelo le into kwi ezahlukeneyo amanqaku ngexesha tk2, tk1, TK. Bona qiniseka ukuba eziqhagamshelene ngomgca ongqindilili.
2. Kuvulwa nangaphandle timer, umbutho ulawulo nesiboniso into kwimaphu, ngokusebenzisa, umsebenzisi ayicinezele lamaqhosha. ukubaluleka zabo zidityaniswe ethile nga kufundwa phantsi scheme.

NMEA-fayile

Sele ukuchaza isakhiwo GIS NMEA-ifayile. Olu xwebhu ibhalwe format ASCII. Enyanisweni, oku protocol for benikana ulwazi phakathi GPS-ngumamkeli kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifana PC okanye nePDA. umyalezo NMEA nganye iqala uphawu $, elandelwa isixhobo ukuchongwa ubhalo-ezimbini (kuba GPS-ngumamkeli - GP) kwaye iphela ulandelelwano \ r \ n - buyela ubhalo labagcwalisi kunye byte. Lokuchaneka kwedatha kwi saziso ixhomekeke kuhlobo lomyalezo. Yonke ingcaciso iqulethwe ngomgca owodwa, kunye namasimi wodwa ngeziphumlisi.

Ukuze siqonde indlela iinkqubo zolwazi lobume, kwanele ukufunda uhlobo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi umyalezo $ GPRMC, equlethe ubuncinane, kodwa zesiseko data: yendawo lento, isantya yayo kunye nexesha.
Cinga nje ngomzekelo ethile apho ulwazi okubhalwe kuyo:

• umhla yokufumanisa uququzelelo yenjongosenzi - ngoJanuwari 7, 2015 g;.
• UTC UTC Positioning - 52s 10h 54m;
• uhlela yenjongosenzi - 55 ° 22,4271 'N 36 ° 44,1610 'E

Sigxininisa ukuba uququzelelo yenjongosenzi sele izidanga kunye nemizuzu, leyo nani lokugqibela unikwa ukuya kwiindawo ezine lokugqibela (okanye iingongoma njengoko inxalenye lokugqibela kwenani wokwenene USA format). Kwixesha elizayo kuya kufuneka ukuba ifayile kwindawo NMEA-inkululeko yento ukwimo emva kwekoma sesithathu kunye nobude - emva wesihlanu. Ekupheleni womyalezo sisasazwa checksum emva kokuba isimboli '*' ngohlobo lemivo emibini hexadecimal - 6.C.

Information System Geographic: Umzekelo algorithm

Cinga algorithm Uhlalutyo NMEA-ifayile ukuze kwakhona iseti zilungelelanise (X kunye yk), ulungelelene umendo intshukumo le into. Yenziwe amanyathelo aliqela alandelelanayo.

Ukubekwa uququzelelo le into Y

NMEA analysis data algorithm

Inyathelo 1. Funda GPRMC umtya NMEA-fayile.

Inyathelo 2: Fumana ingongoma indawo yesithathu wokugqibela kwi umtya (q).

Inyathelo 3: Fumana indawo kwindawo yesine umtya (r).

Inyathelo 4. Fumana, uqala q indawo, indawo ubhalo lokugqibela (t).

Inyathelo 5. Ukuze uthabathe umlinganiswa elinye lamagama na isikhundla (r + 1).

Inyathelo 6: Xa lo mlinganiswa yi W, ngoko NorthernHemisphere variable imiselwe ku-1, kungenjalo -1.

Inyathelo 7. Kucatshulwe (r + 2) imiqolo zabalinganiswa ukususela isikhundla (t-2).

Inyathelo 8. Kucatshulwe (tq-3) imiqolo zabalinganiswa ukuqala ukusuka kwindawo (q + 1).

Inyathelo 9 ukuguqula woguqulelo inani lokwenene Y Inanai elihambiselanayo lika injongosenzi ebale eziqala.

Ukubekwa uququzelelo le into X

Inyathelo 10. Fumana indawo kwindawo yesihlanu kumgca (n).

Inyathelo 11. Fumana indawo kwindawo yesithandathu kumgca (m).

Inyathelo 12: Fumana, uqala kwi n, indawo ubhalo lokugqibela (p).

Inyathelo 13 Susa umlinganiswa othile bomtya ibekwe ku- (m + 1).

Inyathelo 14. Ukuba le umlinganiswa 'ungu', ngoko ke umahluko EasternHemisphere imiselwe ku-1, kungenjalo -1.

Inyathelo 15. Susa imiqolo zabalinganiswa ukuqala ukusuka kwindawo (p-2) (m-p + 2).

Inyathelo 16. Susa (p-n + 2) umqolo zabalinganiswa ukuqala ukusuka kwindawo (n + 1).

Inyathelo 17. ukuguqula woguqulelo inani lokwenene nibale X Inanai elihambiselanayo lika injongosenzi eziqala.

Inyathelo 18. Ukuba NMEA-fayile ukufunda ekupheleni, ngoko hamba uye kwinyathelo 1, kungenjalo yiya kwinyathelo 19.

Inyathelo 19. Finish algorithm.

Kwinyathelo 6, kunye 16 algorithm isebenzisa ezitshintshayo kunye NorthernHemisphere EasternHemisphere iikhowudi wokwamanani Iindawo into ehlabathini. Kule northern (ekumazantsi) ikhweyitha NorthernHemisphere bume kuthatha ixabiso 1 (-1), ngokulandelelanayo, okufanayo empuma (entshona) ikhweyitha EasternHemisphere - (-1) 1.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-GIS

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo zolwazi ngokwezelizwe kwande kwiindawo ezininzi:

• Neeminerali kunye cartography;
• urhwebo kunye neenkonzo;
• uluhlu;
• Uqoqosho oluphangaleleyo kunye nolawulo;
• wokhuselo lowo;
• engineering;
• imfundo kunye nabanye.