Radar - it ... Ingcaciso, iintlobo, yokusebenza siseko. isixhobo esibonisa inqwelo-moya

Radar - ingqokelela iindlela zenzululwazi kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswa yokuqingqa imvelaphi kunye iimpawu into esebenzisa ngamaza erediyo. Eli ziko test elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba radar ekujoliswe (okanye target).

radar isimiso

izixhobo Radio kunye neendlela ekujongwe ukuba enze imisebenzi radar ngokuba iinkqubo radar, okanye izixhobo (radar okanye RLN). Imithetho radar esekelwe ophathekayo zilandelayo kunye neepropati:

• Imeko andise wave irediyo, ukudibana iinjongo kunye iimpawu zombane ezahlukeneyo, phangalala kubo. Wave kubonakala ukusuka ekujoliswe (okanye ukukhanya wayo), ivumela inkqubo radar ukubhaqa uchonge target.
• Ngokwemigama ezinkulu andise ezithathwe ngqo kwi ngesantya esingaguqukiyo kwindawo eyaziwa. Le nkolelo yenza kube lula ukuba balinganise umgama ukuya kujoliswe kunye zilungelelanise zayo emboxo (sisiphoso esithile).
• Ngokwesiseko isiphumo Doppler, amaza umqondiso kubonakala zafunyanwa kubalwa uqina iphiramidi ebonisa lwendawo kwemitha kakhulu RLN.

ulwazi zembali

Kwi ukukwazi amaza erediyo alwe khomba yamachiza omkhulu H. Hertz kunye njengononjineli wombane Russian AS Popov kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Ngokutsho lomenzi ukususela-1904, i-radar yokuqala kumisa injineli waseJamani uKarl Hyulmayer. Le fowuni, leyo wathi telemobiloskopom, esetyenziswa ngeenqanawa, eyayihamba iRhine. Ngokunxulumene nophuhliso moya lobunjineli ukusetyenziswa radar ibukeka ethembisa kakhulu njengento yokuzikhusela. Uphando kule ndawo kwakukhona iingcali eziphambili kumazwe amaninzi.

Ngowe-1932, lo mgaqo esisiseko ye-radar echazwe kwiincwadi zakhe Umphandi iLeningrad Institute of Electrophysics (iLeningrad Electrophysical Institute) Pavel Kondratevich Oschepkov. Б.К. Uye Kwakhona, ngentsebenziswano nabo BK Shembel and VV Tsimbalinym lango-1934 eboniswa radar prototype, ithagethi kubekwe ezinobude-150 m kunye umgama we-600 m. Yomsebenzi engaphezulu malunga nokuphuculwa radar kukwandisa iindidi zemisebenzi yabo nokuphucula ukuchaneka yokufumanisa indawo target.

iintlobo radar

Nature of ekujoliswe radiation magnetic lubonisa iintlobo ezininzi radar:

• A radar isixando uphonononga radiation okunexabiso (thermal, umoya kunye ezifana), nto leyo elenza ithagethi (imijukujelwa, moya, izinto space).
• Ngenkuthalo kwenziwa impendulo esebenzayo kwimeko, ukuba into kufakwa samaza bayo kunye nobudlelwane kunye nabo lwenzeka kwi algorithm "isicelo - impendulo".
• impendulo isixando Active ibandakanya isifundo lesibini (kuboniswe) kunomathotholo. Radar kulo mzekelo iquka samaza kunye akwamkele.
• radar semi-esebenzayo - icala ekhethekileyo esebenzayo, kwimeko apho kakutsha radiation esibonisiweyo ibekwe radars (imijukujelwa umz, into noshowo homing).

uhlobo ngalunye zinezibonelelo azalwa nezingalunganga.

Tindlela nezixhobo

Zonke izibonelelo radar kwi indlela esetyenziswayo ukwabelana radar radiation eliqhubayo idaleka.

Eyokuqala iqulethe kumafa yayo samaza kwaye i-radiation owenza ngaxeshanye kunye ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokwalo mgaqo, izixhobo radar yokuqala ziye zadalwa. Umzekelo nkqubo onjalo ukukhonza radioaltimetr (isixhobo yezokubhabha umisela ekususeni moya ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba) okanye kubo bonke abaqhubi radar yokuqingqa kwisantya kwesithuthi.

Xa indlela ukubetha amandla magnetic ukhutshiwe la elifutshane a microseconds ezimbalwa. Emva odala isikhululo uphawu isebenza kuphela xa zifunyanwa. Emva ukuqokelela nokubhalisa radiowaves radar kubonakala sithumela ukubetha entsha kwaye kwimijikelo ziphindwa.

iindlela Radar

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko ukusebenza kwezitishi radar kunye nezixhobo. Imvelaphi - sisinga isithuba. Ithwalwa ngokwe ngqo kwinkqubo kwangaphambili. Ngamafutshane ezilandelanayo ihamba umqadi radar ibe setyhula, helical, etsobhileyo, umlinganiswa sectored. Umzekelo, uluhlu eriyali sinokujikeleziswa kancinci kwisangqa (in azimuth) ngelixa ukuskena ekuphakameni (zithambekele phezulu kwaye phantsi). In ukufana iitshathi radar ukuskena umqadi wathwala ray. Ngalinye umyalezo walo ukuqhubekekiswa imijelo iinkcukacha ezininzi.

Yokulandelela indlela kuthetha directivity lomgadi eriyali ukuya into ekhethiweyo. Ithuba layo, ngokungqinelana nesikhokelo ithagethi uhambisa, kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo tracking ezenzekelayo.

I algorithm yokuqingqa uluhlu nolwalathiso

Isantya andise amaza kwi imozulu amawaka 300. Km / s. Ngoko ke, esazi uphawu ngosasazo ixesha elichithwa yokugubungela umgama ukusuka esikhululweni ukuya thagethi umva, kulula ukubala umgama into. Ukuze wenze oku kufuneka ngokuchanileyo babhale phantsi ixesha lokuthumela ubume kunye nexesha zokwamkelwa uphawu kubonakala.

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi indawo kwethagethi esetyenziswayo Ukuvumelanisa radar. Ukubekwa azimuth nokuphakama (ekuphakameni okanye ukuphakama) yenjongosenzi enziwa umqadi ube mnye eriyali elimxinwa. radar Modern esetyenziselwa le ngokwezigaba eriyali uluhlu (Par) uyakwazi ukucwangcisa umqadi ube ayemxinwa, lubonakala nodibaniso olunesantya esiphezulu ujikelezo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo ukuskena sithuba kwenziwa imiqadi ubuncinane ezimbini.

Eyona engundoqo iparameters kweenkqubo

Ukususela iimpawu yamacebo zobugcisa kwezixhobo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho zemisebenzi.

Beempawu radar okulwa oluphezulu:

• entsimini lwembono, kuphela asezantsi kunye noluhlu ubuninzi Ubhaqo ekujoliswe, a azimuth engile esemthethweni nokuphakama-engile.
• Sigqibo ebangeni, azimuth, ukuphakama nesantya (ukukwazi ukufumanisa parameters iithagethi ezikufutshane).
• ukuchana Umlinganiselo, nto leyo ilinganiswa bubukho iimpazamo ezinzulu, ngendlela okanye random.
• Ingxolo okukwazi nokuthembeka.
• The degree of esizisebenzelayo of retrieval nokusingathwa data umlambo engenayo yolwazi.

Ezona mpawu elikhankanyiweyo Committe wayibeka nokuyila zixhobo parameters ezithile zobugcisa, phakathi eyile:

• yefrikhwensi carrier, kwezwi le oscillations kuveliswa;
• indlela antenna;
• yokusasaza amandla kunye nokufumana izixhobo;
• Ubukhulu kunye ubunzima nkqubo.

Umgca umsebenzi

Radar - sisixhobo ubhetyebhetye eye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwinkalo emkhosini, inzululwazi kunye noqoqosho. Ukusetyenziswa ikhula nokwandisa Bulelani kuphuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa zobugcisa izixhobo zomlinganiselo technologies.

Ukusetyenziswa radar kwicandelo zomkhosi nga ukusombulula ingxaki ebalulekileyo kwakhona kunye nokubeka esweni kwendawo, efumanise umoya, umhlaba kunye namanzi ekujoliswe mobile. Ngaphandle radar akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso izixhobo yenzelwe ukwazisa iinkqubo navigation kunye neenkqubo zokulawula nemipu.

isiseko radar Military yinxalenye isilumkiso qhinga yokuhlasela enomjukujelwa nehlangeneyo imizili zokhuselo.

radioastronomy

Ithunyelwe ngamaza erediyo avela kumphezulu womhlaba kwaye ziboniswe kwi izinto kwisithuba kufuphi langaphandle, kwakunye on Earth iphela. izinto ezininzi isithuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba aphande ngokupheleleyo kuphela kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezisebenzisa, kwaye kuphela ukusetyenziswa ubuchule radar ngeenkwenkwezi yathwala ubutyebi ulwazi malunga nendalo kunye nesakhiwo. Kuba okokuqala radar isixando zokuhlola kwenyanga iye yasetyenziswa yi izazi zaseMelika kwaye Hungarian ngo-1946. Malunga nelo xesha, yokuthatyathwa ngokungakhethiyo kunye amaza erediyo avela ngaphandle.

izibona Modern abafumana eriyali enemilo sisitya enkulu phakathi ungqukuva (njengesipili le kugqame optical). Ubukhulu ubukhulu, ukuba buthathaka uphawu-eriyali ingathatha. yerediyo bavame ezintsonkothileyo, edibanisa nje izixhobo akhiwe kufutshane omnye komnye, kodwa kwi kumazwekazi ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ngeenkwenkwezi mihla - isifundo pulsars ziwe kunye nuclei esebenzayo, ekufundweni oluphakathi medium.

izicelo civil

Kwezolimo kunye namahlathi, izixhobo radar azohlukaniswa zokufumana ulwazi lonikezelo kwanokuxinana kwimiboniso zezityalo, ukufunda isakhiwo, parameters kunye neentlobo zomhlaba, ozibonayo kwangethuba umlilo. Xa geography yokwakheka radar isetyenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi ngesimo kwaye geomorphological, amisele isakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa yamawa, fumana zezimbiwa. Le zamanzi eliJongene iindlela radar iliso mfula engundoqo ye lizwe, ikhephu ngumkhenkce, ekuhleleni unxweme.

Radar - i umncedisi ezibaluleke bezulu. Radar lula ukufumana imeko umoya kumgama kwamashumi km, kwaye kucazululo lwedatha, kukho utshintsho yangaphambili kwiimeko zemozulu kwezinye iindawo.

uphuhliso

Kuba radar mihla uvavanyo iphambili njengenqobo lulwahlulo ngempumelelo kunye nomgangatho. Ukusebenza iimpawu ngokubanzi yamacebo zobugcisa kwizixhobo. Ukudala radar ogqibeleleyo - a zobunjineli kwaye ingxaki lwenzululwazi-technical, ukuphunyezwa apho kunokwenzeka kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwimpumelelo ezintsha Electromechanics nangezinto zobuchwepheshe, yokwazisa kunye namandla computing.

Iingcali ukuqikelela ukuba kwixa elizayo, iiyunithi engundoqo esebenzayo kwizikhululo yamanqanaba ezahlukeneyo ngobunzima kunye nenjongo eqinile-esebenzayo (kwimiboniso ngezigaba) uluhlu ngezigaba, ukuguqulela imiqondiso analog edijithali. Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yekhompyutha iza imishini ngokupheleleyo ulawulo kunye nemisebenzi esisiseko radar, ngokubonelela isiphelo umxhasi uhlalutyo olunzulu ulwazi efunyenweyo.