Yintoni na ethile lwe-alfabhethi bamandulo? Ukuvela ulwimi olubhaliweyo kunye amagama kakhulu

Imvelaphi ukuvela yokubhala ebuyela kwinkqubo abangekaphuhli zoluntu. Kungelo xesha abantu baqala ukuphuhlisa ezahlukeneyo izakhono ukudlulisa imiyalezo usebenzisa imizobo. Thile kamva, kweza kube lula kombono yomfanekiso ngokuthi isibhale kwifomu ye indibanisela izandi, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, zibonakaliswe oonobumba. Ngoko kwakukho amagama yamandulo. Phi kwaye njani ilizwi lokuqala yabhalwa? Yintoni na ethile lwe-alfabhethi yamandulo ukufumana njani ukulwa? Zama ukuqonda ...

yakwazi yaseSamariya

Inkqubo yokuqala imiqondiso esibhaliweyo Inkolelo mbali, kwakukho malunga emihlanu enesiqingatha iminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo kule zokuhlala kwezolimo Sumerians - abantu ababehlala phakathi imilambo iTigris nomEfrate. Indlela yokubhala, ebizwa ngokuba "ngoonobumba", ngoonobumba extruded kwi ngesixwexwe uxande ngodongwe olumanzi usebenzisa izinti elo, leyo agcinwa engile okungephi. Okulandelayo tile atsha elangeni okanye wadubula eziko.

Ukusebenzisa iimpawu ngoonobumba Sumerians wadlula intsingiselo kweekhonsepthi ngendlela isitayile. Ngaphezu koko, zikhona ezinye iisimboli namanani abstract ( "ukukhanya", "ixesha"). Xa iyonke bekukho ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini imiqondiso eyayimela. Noko ke, ukubonisa intsingiselo iingqiqo ezinzima abambalwa kubo, ngoko ke Sumerians yaqaliswa mgaqo phonetic. Uphawu, apho sinxulumana isandi ethile, oko izakusetyenziswa ityumbe enye into ngalo isandi. Lo mgaqo yaba isiseko yokubhala namhlanje.

Yakhona laseYiputa yamandulo

Ukubhala eYiputa kwenzeka kule nkulungwane BC yesine. Ekuqaleni, lo ushicilelo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso eqhelekileyo - ezazibhalwa yamandulo kuvela kwinqanaba elilandelayo.

yokubhala yamandulo Egyptian ngokudibanisa iintlobo ezininzi:

• obhalwe - ifomu yokuqala yokubhala zaseYiputa. Xa ezingundoqo yayo ukubeka ukusetyenziswa imifanekiso okanye pictograms; yile iitekisi advantageously inkolo;
• hieratic - uhlobo lula yakhona. Yaba uhlobo "yokuqhagamshela izixhobo kwikhompyutha", elula ukugcina amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye noshishino;
• ifomu kamva kwaye elula ngokudibanisa zoshishino, zeziphi ii icon zisikhumbuza kancinane abalinganiswa ezindala - Demotic.

Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke iimeko, ukubhalwa waseYiputa waphawulwa inkalo efanayo, apho uphawu olunye lisenokuthetha njengengqiqo yonke kunye nesimbo, kunye nesandi ngamnye. Ukongeza, bekukho iibheji ezininzi ezizodwa - senjongosenzi ukuba kubalulekile ukuba ufuna ukucaciselwa nangakumbi lamaxabiso yomfanekiso.

Ngoncedo abalinganiswa, ngokuqhelekileyo wakrola imibhalo omkhulu ematyeni. Ieratikoy demotic uze wenze amanqaku kwi-ngqangi ngengcongolo ngeinki.

EFenike okanye yakwaSehire: owasungula oonobumba bokuqala

Eyona mpumelelo inkulu entsimini yokubhala uphuhliso yaba kokusungulwa oonobumba bokuqala. Ngokutsho kwithiyori okhoyo, abasunguli balo ngawo. Kuba lula yokwenza ushishino nabantu abathetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo, ukuba yokuqala XI-X iinkulungwane BC, ndibeke ukusebenzisa ingqiqo lwenkqubo yokurekhoda alpha-yesandi.

Noko ke, kukho inguqulelo yesibini ngemvelaphi oonobumba bokuqala. eyasungulwa wothulelw abemi bakwaSehire - ndawo iyintlango, ebekwe kumazantsi oLwandle oluFileyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba razgovaivali seirtsy ngolwimi lwabo. Xa XIX BC, amaYiputa, ukuthembisa zobuntlola yeSinayi Peninsula, waqesha ngazo ukwandisa inani-mkhosi yawo. Kukholelwa ukuba ushicilelo wenza iiforimani seirskimi kunye abakhokeli ongena amaYiputa ngokohlobo iingxelo, yaye ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela alfabhethi. Abaxhasi lo mbono bathi ushicilelo yokuqala ngokusebenzisa oonobumba be-alfabhethi, kwenziwa kanye abemi bakwaSehire.

iileta zaseFenike. Yintoni na ethile lwe-alfabhethi yamandulo

Oonobumba yaseFenike iquka iileta mabini anababini. Ezinye kwanemiqondiso zathathwa zokubhala sele ezikhoyo: umYiputa, Cretan, yaseBhabhiloni. Bonke oonobumba be-alfabhethi yamandulo uchazwa into schema eqhelekileyo ogama luqala isandi kwakuhambisana kule ncwadi. Bekukho imbalelwano umgaqo lokuzoba unobumba ngamnye igama lakhe kunye pronunciation. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amaFenike wabhalela ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo.

Yintoni na ethile lwe-alfabhethi bamandulo? Okokuqala, kukuba wayemela amaqabane kuphela semivowel. Izikhamiso yawa nje ngencwadi ebhaliweyo.

Kamva, oonobumba yamandulo yaseFenike yaba sisiseko nayiphi zonke ezinye iinkqubo Alpha-isandi, kuquka eYurophu apho.

ulwimi Greek - olunye lweelwimi midala ebhalwe zokuphila

Kwindawo yokuqala ukwenzela uphuhliso zonke nobumba Koloni yaba yokubhala yamaGrike amandulo. Ngu 403 BC they ceba kwinkqubo ebizwa ukubhala "ileta Corinth." Oonobumba Greek ekuqaleni iileta ezingamashumi amabini anesine. Okokuqala yafunyanwa ngama abembi kule mibhalo neelwimi wazikrola ilitye okanye zipeyintwe kwi izinto yodongwe.

Yintoni na ethile lwe-alfabhethi yamandulo isiGrike? Le mibhalo yokuqala esekhona, luphawulwa iileta ukuba imilo zejometri engqongqo kunye umgama ngokulinganayo phakathi kwemiqolo kunye oonobumba ngamnye.

iitekisi kutshanje ngesandla, ebonakala yi iileta ajikelezayo, kwakunye - amagama yokubhala conjoint. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, incwadi zamaGrike ziye iintlobo ezimbini iimilo oonobumba - omdana abakhulu nabancinci.

Kwixesha elizayo, oonobumba yamaGrike belibolekiwe ngamaRoma. Uninzi abalinganiswa bakhe zishiywe zingatshintshanga, yaye kongezelelwa kubo inani labo. Namhlanje, i-Roman (isiLatin) alphabet ngokubanzi, ngokuba lifikile ixesha lokuba ukutshintsha elincinane kakhulu.