IDaover Dam. Idamu leHoover e-USA: imbali yokwakha, inkcazelo, ifoto

Idama yeHoover yindlela yokwakhiwa kwamanzi kunye nombane we-hydroelectric e-United States. Yakhiwe kwindawo ephantsi yeMlambo yaseColorado. Ukuphakama kwedama kungama-221 m. KuMnyama Canyon, kufuphi ne -Nevada neArizona. Layibizwa ngokuba lihloniphe umongameli we-31, u-Herbert Hoover, owadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni kwayo. Ukwakhiwa kwedama kwenzeka ngo-1931-1936.

Idata leHoover liphantsi kolawulo lweSebe lase-United States i-Bureau of Land Reclamation. Ngenye yezona ziqheno ezidumileyo zaseLas Vegas.

Ngaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuphakanyiswa kwedam, iColorado (umlambo) yayivame ukubonisa ubundlobongela. Ngexesha lokuqhaqha kweqhwa kwiintaba, kwavame ukukhukula kwimihlaba yamafama asezantsi. Abaqulunqi bakholelwa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwamadaka kuya kunceda ukuguqulwa kwamanzi emanzini. Ukongezelela, kulindeleke ukuba eli gumbi liza kushukumisa ukuphuhliswa kwezolimo ezinkcenkceshe kwaye ibe ngumthombo wamanzi kwiindawo ezininzi zaseMzantsi California.

Enye yemingcipheko esemqoka ekuphunyezweni kweli projekthi yayiyikungabaza kwababameli bamazwe ase-Colorado. Umlambo, okanye kunokuba uphuhliso lwawo lwamanzi, kufuneka uhanjiswe ngokufanelekileyo phakathi kwabathengi. Kwakukho iingcamango zaseCalifornia, nazo zonke iimpembelelo kunye nemali yazo, zaziza kubangalisa ibango lemithombo yamanzi kweli gumbi.

Ngenxa yoko, ikhomishini yaqulunqwa, eyayiquka omnye ummeli kwilizwe ngalinye elichaphazelekayo, kunye nommeli ovela kurhulumente wephondo. Isiphumo semisebenzi yaso yiSivumelwano esisayinwe kuMlambo i-Colorado. Kuyo, iindlela zokwabiwa kwezibonelelo zamanzi zazinzileyo. Le nto yavula indlela eya kumiswa kwedama.

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-hydraulic yesi sikolo kwakudinga ukukhangwa kweemali ezinkulu kwi-budget yelizwe. Umthetho-mali owenziwe ngemali uvunyiwe yiNdlu ye-White House kunye ne-Senate yase-United States kungekudala. Ngomnyaka we-1928, uCalvin Coolidge wasayina i-bill, ebeka phambili phambili ekuphunyezweni kweli projekthi. Izabelo zokuqala zokwakha zenziwe emva kweminyaka emi-2 kuphela. Lowo owayengumongameli nguHerbert Hoover.

Isicwangciso esinikezelwe ukwakhiwa kwedama eBoulder (eCanyon yoMlambo waseColorado). Kwaye nangona ekugqibeleni kugqiba ukuyakha kwi-Black Canyon, le projekthi yaziwa ngokuba yiProjekthi yeBoulder Canyon.

Ukwakhiwa

Ukwakhiwa kwamadama emva komgca wanikwa iinkampani ezininzi. Phakathi kwabo: Iinkampani ezithandathu, Inc., iMorrison-Knudsen Inkampani; Inkampani Yomsebenzi we-Utah; Inkampani yePalest Bridge; Henry J. Kaiser & WA Bechtel Inkampani; MacDonald & Kahn Ltd., i-JF Shea Inkampani.

Abasebenzi

Izinkulungwane zabasebenzi zathatha inxaxheba ekwakheni (ngo-1934 inani elininzi lilingabantu abangama-5251). Ngaphantsi kwemiqathango yesivumelwano, ukuqashwa kwabasebenzi baseShayina kwakungavumelekanga, kwaye inani labafundi bamnyama abazange lidlule kwi-30, ngelixa beqeshwe emsebenzini ophantsi kakhulu. Kwacatshulwa ukuba kufuphi nedamu kubakhi baya kwakha idolophana encinane, kodwa ishedyuli yabuye yahlengahlengiswa ekunyuseni inani lemisebenzi kunye nokukhawulezisa inkqubo (ukunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, eyayiyiphumo lokuKhulelwa Kokukhulu). Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha lokufika kwabaphathi bokuqala, isixeko sasingakalungi, kwaye abakhi bodabi basebenzisa ihlobo lokuqala kwiinkampu.

Izimo zokusebenza zengozi kunye nokulibaziseka ukuhanjiswa kwezindlu kwakhokelela kwisiteyathelo, esenzeka ngo-1931. Ngelo xesha, abasebenzi bahlakazeka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla (amapolisa asetyenziswa amatoni kunye nezixhobo). Nangona kunjalo, isantya sokwakhiwa kwedolophu sagqitywa ukuba siphuthume, kwaye entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo abantu bathuthele kwiindawo zokuhlala zisesigxina. Ngexesha lokwakha eBoulder City, ukugembula, ubuhenyu, kunye nokuthengiswa kotywala kotywala kwakunqatshelwe. Ukuvinjelwa kokugqibela apha kwahlala ngowe-1969. Ukugembula kweshishini elifanayo alivunyelwe nanamhla, okwenza i-Boulder City idolophu kuphela kwisizwe saseNevada, esisebenza ngokufanayo.

Izimo zokusebenza

Idonga yaseHoover, isithombe esichazwe kweli nqaku, lakhiwe phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Eminye yomsebenzi wenziwa ngee-tunnels, apho abasebenzi behlelwa yi-carbon monoxide, elalilapha ngobuninzi (ngoko abanye abakhi bafa okanye bakhubazeka). Umqeshi wachaza ukuba ukufa kwaba ngumphumo we-pneumonia, kwaye wayengekho uxanduva. Ngelo xesha, ukwakhiwa kwalo dama kwakuyindawo yokuqala yokwakha apho abasebenzi banikwa iinqununu zokukhusela.

Ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwedam (dam), inani labantu abangu-96 lafa. Yona yokuqala yile yimihlaba yezobuchwephesha uJ. Tierney, owatshisa ekupheleni kwe-1922 eColorado, ekhetha indawo engcono yokwakha. Okumangalisa kukuba, ixhoba lokugqibela lomdaka nguPatrick Tierney, unyana wakhe, owafa emva kweminyaka engama-30, ewa e-tower tower.

Umsebenzi wokuqala

Ukwakhiwa kwedamu lomdaka kwakuhlelwe kumda phakathi kweArizona neNevada kwi-canyon encinci. Ukuguqula amanzi kude kwinqanaba lokwakhiwa, ii-tunnels zadalwa. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ubude bawo buyi-4.9 km. Ngowe-1931 ukwakhiwa kweengxowa zaqala. Ukuhlobisa kwabo kwenziwe ngekhonkrithi, ubuninzi obuyi-0.9 m, ngenxa yokuba ububanzi obuncedo bemigangatho yamanzi bafikelela kwi-15.2 m.

Iingxowa emva kokugqitywa kwezakhiwo zahlanjululwa ngokukodwa nge "iplagi" zekhonkrithi kwaye kwiindawo zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha amanzi amaninzi. Inyaniso yokuba i-spillway ayifumaneki emzimbeni wodama ngokwawo, kodwa ngokusebenzisa imigudu ekhoyo ematyeni, inika ukuzinza kwisakhiwo sonke.

Ukulungiswa kwamadaka-caissons

Ukukhusela ukukhukhula kwamanzi, kunye nokukhutshwa kwendawo yokuhlala, kwakhiwa amadamu amabini e-caisson. Ibhodlela eliphezulu laqala ukumiswa ngowe-1932, nangona ngelo xesha ama-tunnels angaphandle ayigqityiwe.

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukwakhiwa, amanyathelo athile athatyathwa ukuhlambulula iindonga ze-canyon kwiindawo kunye namatye ngokukhululekileyo amatshe: aqale ahlaselwa yi-dynamite, aze ahlahle.

Ukwakhiwa kwedamu lekhonkrithi

Kwisiseko sedam, ikhonkrithi yokuqala yachithwa ngowe-1933. Ngenxa yokuveliswa kwayo, iifowuni ezikufuphi zezinto ezingekho emgangathweni zafunyanwa. Ukongezelela, ngokukodwa kule njongo, izityalo zekhonkrithi zakhiwe.

Ekubeni imisebenzi yelo bunzima ayizange ikhutshwe phambi (kufuneka kuphawulwe apha ukuba akukho namadama ehlabathini angalinganisa ububanzi balo bhili), izicwangciso ezininzi zobugcisa ezisetyenziselwa kwinkqubo zikhethekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, enye yeengxaki yayikupholisa ikhonkrithi. Ngenxa yolu, esikhundleni se-monolith eqhubekayo, iDama yeHoover yakhiwe njengesichungechunge samakholomu adibeneyo ngendlela ye-trapezoids. Oku kwavumela ukushisa okugqithisiweyo okwakhululwa ngexesha lokuqiniswa komxube ukusabalalisa.

Iijineli zaqaphela ukuba ukuba iDamente Idama yayiza kwakhiwa njenge-monolith, bekuza kuthatha iminyaka eyi-125 ukupholisa ikhonkta kwiqondo elifunekayo. Ngenxa yale nto, iintlukwano zingabonakala, kwaye ngokuzayo kuza kubakho ukutshabalaliswa kwedama. Ukongezelela, nganye ifomu ukukhawulezisa ukupholisa kweekrete zekhonkrithi ziqulethe inkqubo yokupholisa iipayipi zensimbi zetsimbi, apho amanzi amanzi aphelile afika khona. Kumele kuthiwe ukunyangwa kwekhonkrit akukapheli namhlanje.

Isikhululo samandla

Ukudalwa komgodi wesityalo sogesi samanzi senziwa kunye kunye nokumba umgodi, owawujoliswe kwisiseko sedam. Umsebenzi ogqityiweyo wokucubungula wagqitywa ngowe-1933, ngomnyaka ofanayo, ikhonkrithi yokuqala yathululelwa kwisakhiwo sityalo.

Umbane wokuqala owenzela umbane ugqityiwe ngowama-1936. Emva kweminyaka engama-25, ngeli xesha lwakhiwa kwesi sikhululo, ezinye iirakhi zezixhobo ezongezelelweyo zaqaliswa. Ngomzuzu wamanje, iirakhi ezilishumi elinesixhenxe ziveliswa apha, zinamandla angama-2,074 MW.

Indima yesitishi samandla namhlanje

Isityalo sisinendima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukulinganisela kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwintshona yeUnited States. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuxhomekeke kuhlengahlengiso komthwalo kwi-generators nganye, elawulwa yesikhululo sokuhambisa esisePhoenix. Okuthakazelisayo, ngaphambi kowe-1991, inkqubo yokulawulwa kwesoloko isetyenzisiwe; Kwixesha elizayo ikomputerization yale nkqubo yenziwa.

ZoLwakhiwo

Iprojekthi yasekuqaleni yayicinga isisombululo esilula kakhulu sokwakha izityalo zamanzi kunye nedama. Kwakucatshulwa ukuba ibhodlela ngaphandle liza kuba ludonga oluqhelekileyo, lubekwe phezulu phezulu nge-balustrade, lwenziwa kwisitayela samaGothi. Nangona isakhiwo sendawo yesityalo akuzange sihluke kwi-workshop elula.

Ngabantu abaninzi bexesha, iprojekthi ecetywayo yagxeka ngenxa yokulula kwayo ngokweqile, leyo, ngokombono wabo, ayihambelani nendawo yokwenza i-Dam kaHoover. Ngenxa yoko, umqambi waseLos Angeles uGordon Kaufman wamenywa ukuba aphinde aphinde enze iphrojekthi. Wakwazi ukuvuselela iphrojekthi, emva kokuphelisa ngaphandle kwalezi zakhiwo kwisitayela se-Art Deco. Ngenxa yoko, inxalenye engaphezulu yamanzi yayihlotshiswe ngeengqungquthela, "ezikhulayo" ngqo kwidam. Ukongezelela, wabeka umlindi kwiindonga ezisezantsi. Ezinye zazo zibonisa iNtaba yeNtaba, kunye neyesibili-sePacific North America.

Igama ledam

Ekuqaleni, idama leHoover kwakufuneka lenziwe kwiBoulder Canyon, ngoko ke, kumaxwebhu aseburhulumenteni ayebizwa ngokuba yi "Boulder Dam". Xa kuvulwa ngokusemthethweni lo lwakhiwo, uRay Wilbur, uNobhala we-Interior wase-US wamemezela ukuba isakhiwo siya kuthiwa nguMongameli wase-US u-Hoover. Ngalolu ngxelo, uWilbur waqhubeka nenkolelo yokunikezela ngamagama oongameli kumadama amakhulu e-US. I-Congress yase-US yavuma le gama elisemthethweni ngo-1931.

Emva konyaka, uHoover walahlekelwa ukhetho kuFranklin Delano Roosevelt, umviwa ovela kwiidemokhrasi. Emva kokuba uRovelvelt ethathe isikhundla, ulawulo lwase-US lucetyiswa ukuba lushintshe igama lamanzi kwi "Dam yaseBoulder". Ngeli thuba, isigqibo esisemthethweni asizange sithathwe, kodwa kuzo zonke izikhokelo zokutyelela kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni wale minyaka, igama likaHoover laphela.

Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokufa kukaRoosevelt, uJack Anderson, umbutho waseCalifornia, wazisa iphrojekthi yokubuyisela isakhiwo egameni likaHoover. Ibhajethi ehambelanayo yasayinwa ngumongameli, kwaye ukususela kuloo mzuzu idama labizwa ngokuba yi "Hoover Dam".

Xabiso lezothutho

Kwidama kude kube ngo-2010, kwakukho umgwaqo omkhulu 93, owawukhokela kwisikhokelo seMeridional waza waxhuma umda waseMexico kunye nelizwe lase-Arizona. Inxalenye yomgwaqo omkhulu owawukufuphi kwidamu, umthamo wezothutho kunye nomgwaqo omkhulu owawunqumlayo awuhambisani. Indlela isecaleni elinye kuphela, kwaye ukuhla kwayo inyoka kumda kubandakanya ukujikeleza okuncinci kunye nokukhawuleza, indawo ezinokubonakala kakuhle. Ukongezelela, indlela ibhekiselele kwiindawo zokuhamba komhlaba.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba emva kokuhlaselwa kobutyhafu ngo-2001, i-traffic yayingqinelwe kulo mda. Ezinye iindidi zeemoto ngaphambi kokuba ivesi zihambelana nokuhlolwa okufunekayo ukukhusela ukuthuthwa kweziqhuqhumayo, ezinye zihlolwe kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ngo-2010, kufuphi neDam Hoover, ibhuloho kaMike O'Callaghan yavulwa. Yandisa kakhulu amandla alo mgwaqo omkhulu.

Impembelelo kwindalo

Ukubunjwa kweMead kunye nokwakhiwa kwalo dama kunempembelelo enkulu kuMlambo waseColorado, urhulumente wamanzi, ngakumbi ngakumbi kwizinto eziphilayo. Amadama amaninzi ayingozi kakhulu. Ngethuba leminyaka engama-6 yokwakhiwa kwedama kunye nokuzaliswa kwamanzi, i-delta amanzi ayifumananga.

Ulwakhiwo lwamaxesha amaninzi ekhukula, ahluke kwi-canyon yoMlambo i-Colorado. Kodwa le nto yayibeka isoyiko ngqo kwiintlobo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezisele zilungele ukukhukula. Ukulungiswa kwamanzi emanzini kunciphise inani leentlanzi. Ngeli xesha, iintlobo ezi-4 zeentlanzi zisongelwa ukuphela.

Nanamhlanje, kwiindawo ezikufuphi ngasemanzini aseMead, unokubona umkhondo ukusuka kumgangatho wamanzi aphezulu, owafikelelwa ngo-1983. Le nto yayingenxa yemali enkulu engavumelekanga yemvula eyawa ngenxa yempembelelo ka-El Niño entshonalanga yeUnited States.

Umfanekiso wale dama wasetyenziswa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa. Ngokomzekelo, ibhampu ichazwe kwincwadi ethi "One-storied America" nguIlf noPetrov, kwiifilimu "I-Universal Soldier" kunye ne "Transformers", kunye nefilimu ebonwayo "Beavis and Butthead."