"I-Angara" (ukuvelisa isithuthi): iinkcukacha kunye nokuqaliswa

Iindwendwe kwi-space kwiminyaka emininzi emva kokuqaliswa kwe-satellite yokuqala ye-elishumi kuye kwaba rhoqo kangangokuba ummi ophakathi akayilandele ngokusondeleyo. Kwimijikelezo yomhlaba osondeleyo, amakhulu amakhulu eenjongo ezahlukeneyo ahlala ejikeleza. I-Satellites inikezela unxibelelwano, ulwalathiso, ukuhamba, zisetyenziselwa uphando, kwaye ziba zizinto ezifanayo eziqhelekileyo zobomi banamhlanje njengeefowuni, abafundi be-laser okanye iikhomputha zabo, ezizizukulwana ezidlulileyo ziphela kuphela.

Kodwa izinto zeendawo zokufakelwa zifuneka ukuba zifakwe kwiindawo ezichaziweyo, kwaye oku kuye kwaba yinto efanayo nezo zithuthi eziqhelekileyo ezinikezelwa ngamashishini amashishini, iinqwelo-moya, iinkampani zokuthumela okanye izithuthi. I-Russia yiyona nkokheli yehlabathi ekunikezeni ama-satellites kwisiza esiseduze-seMhlaba. I-rocket ye-Space "Angara", inokwenzeka ukuba, ngokukhawuleza iya kuba yinto ebonakalayo yalo msebenzi.

Ngamandla e centrifugal

Emva kokuwa kwe-USSR, iRashiya yalahlekelwa ngokusemthethweni kwayo i-cosmodrome eyona nto, ehlala kwingingqi yaseBaikonur ize ibe yiKazakh. Ewe, unokuyisebenzisa, kodwa ngoku ufanele uyihlawule, kwaye kuninzi kakhulu. Izizathu zokubangela ukuba izakhiwo zokuqaliswa kwezixhobo zokuqala zeSoviet zakhiwe kwingxenyeni esezantsi yelizwe zilula. Ukusondela kwe-cosmodrome ukuya kwi-equator, amandla amakhulu e- centrifugal ngenxa yokujikeleza kwiplanethi ejikeleze i-axis yayo. Ngako oko, ubukhulu behlabathi be-rocket kulula ukunqoba, kufuna i-fuel engaphezulu (ezinye iimeko: Cape Canaveral, iFrench Guinea). Ukuxhomekeka kweRashiya kumazwe angaphandle, nokuba ngumhlobo onobubele, akufuneki. I-Cosmodromes "i-Plesetsk" kunye ne "Vostochny" iindawo ezintsha zokuqala, apho kufuneka kuqaliswe khona kwixesha elizayo. "I-Angara", isithuthi esitsha sokuvelisa isizukulwana, kufuneka sibe namandla ngokwaneleyo ukubeka imithwalo yezohwebo kwindawo yokujikeleza kwiindawo ezisemntla eBaikonur.

Imisebenzi yeK KB

Ngaphambi kweengcali zeGKNPTS im. UMV Khrunichev kunye neK KB (Energia, KB Makeev, Energomash, njl.), Esebenza ngokubambisana naye, babenelungelo lokudala ubunzima obugqithise uluhlu lweendaba ezisetyenziswe ngaphambili. Kuloo nto yayikhiqizwe e-Ukraine, "iiProtony", "iiCyntoni" kunye ne "Zenith-2." Zonke ezi sampuli zeteknoloji yesikhala zafuneka zitshintshe umkhosi we-Angara. Impawu zobugcisa beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendaba zihlukeneyo kumandla kwaye ubuninzi bomrhumo ohlawulelwayo obufakwa kwi-orbit. Ukufezekisa i-universal, kwakudingeka indlela entsha yokucinga.

ISekela eliPhezulu loMlawuli oyiNtloko we- SPC. Khrunicheva A. A. Medvedev ngexesha lo msebenzi kwiprojekti ekhusele ukukhutshwa kwakhe kogqirha. Kamva waqhuba iqela loyilo.

Ukwakhiwa kweModeli

Ukususela ekuqaleni, izithuthi zaseSoviet zakhiwa ngokwemodyuli. Iinqanawa zeVostok zineenjini kwiipakethe ezine ezijikeleze i-missile's shell. Abaqulunqi be-Khrunichev Uphando lwe-Space Space kunye neCandelo loPhicotho babesetyenziswanga nje ukudala inkqubo enamandla kakhulu yokukwazi ukubeka impahla enzima. Kwakudingeka baqulunqe intsapho yabathwali bamandla ahlukeneyo ukuhambisa izinto zobunzima obuhlukeneyo kwiindawo eziseduze-zomhlaba. Ngoko kwakukho uluhlu lwe "Angara".

Isithuthi esilwayo siquka ukwakhiwa kwayo imodyuli yendalo yonke ehlukeneyo "Angara 1.1" kunye ne "Angara 1.2". Ii-UM ezintathu okanye ezihlanu zidala amandla aphezulu okuphatha imithwalo yeeklasi ezilandelayo "Angara-A3" kunye ne "Angara-A5". Le ngcamango inika inkqubo yendalo yonke kwaye ikhulise amandla okuthengisa kwishishini lezithuba zaseRashiya, elikhululekile ukuba lisebenzise ukuguquguquka nokukhusela iindleko ezingadingekile.

Kukho olunye ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo kunye nenzuzo yokuba "i-Angara" ibonakaliswe yi - isithuthi esakhelwe ngokupheleleyo eRashiya kwaye ixhotyiswe kuphela ngamacandelo asekhaya nakwiindawo. Iziganeko zakutshanje zibonisa ngokucacileyo uqoqosho lwe-space-teknoloji yeRussia Federation.

Iinkcukacha zobugcisa

Isalathisi esiyinhloko ubukhulu bokuthi i-rocket ye-Angara ingayifaka. Iimpawu zobugcisa zixhomekeke kwinani leemodyuli zehlabathi jikelele ezibandakanyiweyo ekuyilo. Kwimeko ephezulu kunazo zonke yomqhubi (uchungechunge A-7, ngokwemibolo ye-UM) kunye nenani elipheleleyo leetoni ezili-1100, umrhumo wokuhlawulela ufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-35. Oku kufana neProteton-M ingavusa, ukususela eBaikonur. Iklasi eliphakathi limelelwa ngenguqulo ye-A-3, ingafikelela kwiiyuni ezili-14.6, ngelixa lilinganisa iithoni ezingama-481. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, i-rocket ehamba phambili kunazo zonke i-Angara, iziganeko ezihambelana nezinto ezingenanto ezinkulu kunye ezinzima, ezidinga ukuba ziqaliswe kwiindawo (3.8 tons).

Ukongeza kwi-flexibility of the device, kukho enye imeko ebalulekileyo eyenza ukhuphiswano lwezorhwebo lwendawo yaseRussia. Umgaqo wokwakha oyimodyuli wenza kube lula kwaye ungabizi ukuhambisa izithuthi kwi-cosmodrome. Izibhamu zingeniswa ngisho nangomzila wesitimela ngendlela edibeneyo.

Imiba yendalo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-heptyl njengothuthi kubathwala abanzima ngokubambisana ne-oxidants enobungozi kakhulu kubangela umngcipheko wokungcola kwendawo kwimeko yengozi okanye ezinye iimeko ezingavamile. Isiseko somxube we-rocket nganye, ephethe i-"Angara", iyinjini ye-RD-191, esebenza kwi-diesel ye-RG-1. I-oxidizing agent i-oksijeni ephuhliweyo, eyandisa kakhulu ukhuseleko lwenkqubo kwaye iyanciphisa imiphumo eyingozi kwimimandla. Kule meko, imodyuli nganye yendalo ivelisa i-212.6 itoni.

Ukuyila

Iprojekti yecandelo liye lavunywa ngu Yu. N. Koptev, intloko yeRosaviakosmos, kwaye ivunyiwe nguNgqongqoshe wezoKhuseleko, obunakho ubuchule obubandakanya imisebenzi yeBhodi yoBumbe. Umsebenzi waqhubeka iminyaka elishumi, ngenxa yoko, iprototype yavanywa. Ngo-2008, ukuhlolwa komlilo kwimodyuli ye-missile ehlanganisiweyo yenzeka eKhimmash (FC SIC RKP). Emva koko, ngo-2009, yadlulisela oko kuthiwa "ukuhlolwa okubandayo" kunye nokuhlolwa kwebhenki kwenkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, iintlanganiso zamagesi usebenzisa i-fuel components. Ekugqibeleni, ngowama-2010 onke amanqaku e-Angara URM avivinywa ngendlela epheleleyo. Isithuthi sokuqaliswa saziwa njengesebenza. Zonke iiyunithi kunye neenkqubo zenziwa phantsi kohlolo lwangaphakathi. Ngoku kwinqanaba leemvavanyo zendiza.

Qala kuqala uvavanyo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba izibalo zichanekile kangakanani, kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphumelele kangakanani iimvavanyo zomhlaba kunye neebhenki, ubungqina obubalulekileyo bokusebenza naluphi na ubuchwepheshe bezithuba zobugcisa buyisiphumo esiphumeleleyo. Kwacetywayo ukuba ngoJuni 27, 2014 "I-Angara" iya kuqala kwi-Plesetsk cosmodrome. Isithuthi sokuqaliswa siza kuphakamisa isigaba sesibini ngaphandle kokungena kwi-orbit, kunye nokucwangcisa ukufanisa ukuhlawula umvuzo, ukunqoba i-5.7 km km kunye nomzila we-ballistic kunye nokuwela kwindawo echongiweyo yaseKamchatka (uvavanyo lwe-Kura). Oku akuzange kwenzeke ngaloo mini. Ukumalunga nomzuzu omnye nesiqingatha ngaphambi kokuqala, inkqubo yokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo inikezele ngolwazi ngokungahambi kakuhle kwenkqubo yepetroli, ibonakaliswe kwixinzelelo le-oxidizer. Isikhathi sokuqala sokuqala sagqitywa. Mhlawumbi uMongameli waseRashiya wayecaphukile ngenxa yokwehluleka, kodwa, ngokucacileyo, wayevuyiswa kukuba inkqubo yokuqonda ayizange ivumele ingxaki enkulu.

Uhambo luqhelekileyo

Amafutha apheliswe, i-rocket isuswe kwi-pad yokuqaliswa kwaye zonke iinkqubo zivivinywe ngokugqithiseleyo kwindawo yokufaka nokuhlola. Kuthatha ixesha elide kunokuba kulindeleke, ngoko ukuqala kwahlehliswa kwakhona. Ekugqibeleni, kwenzeka, kwenzeka ngoJulayi 9. Uhambo luye lwadlula kwimodi eqhelekileyo. Kwinqanaba lesi-43 leminithi ye-4 emva kokuqala, isigaba sokuqala sahlula sawela kwi- Pechora Sea . Isigaba sesibini saqala injini ngemizuzwana emibili, sasebenza imizuzu eyi-8. 11 imizuzwana Ukuhlaziya i-head fairing kwenzeka emva kwemizuzwana engama-10 emva kokuhlukana kwesigaba sokuqala. Ngokubanzi, yonke into yacaca ngokucacileyo kwishedyuli enikwe. Iyonke into eya eKamchatka ithatha imizuzu engama-21.

Ikamva le-Angara

Ngelo xesha kwakukho ukuqaliswa kwezimbini, kwaye zombini bephumelele. Ngethuba lesibini, imodeli yeetoni ezimbini yabekwe kwi- orbit geostationary , eya kuba yilapho ilungelelwa elwandle. Kuzo zombini iimeko, ukuguqulwa kwakulula, akukho mfuneko yokuhambisa iitoni ezingama-35 kwiindawo eziseduze-zomhlaba, nangona iimpawu ze-Angara A-7 missile vumela oku.

Kungenzeka ukuba emva kokulwa neengxaki zezoqoqosho, ukusebenzisana ngamazwe kwi-space kuza kufaka isigaba esitsha sophuhliso, i-ISS entsha iya kubonakala, okanye ingcamango yeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya ziya kuvela. Kwimeko yokugqibela, umphathiswa onamandla kakhulu uya kuba yizothutho eya kuzisa kwi-orbit indawo enkulu yokupaka indawo kwiindawo zokudibanisa.

Okwangoku, umsebenzi uqhubeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba "i-Angara" yokuqaliswa kwabantu.