Libala igama "Tale of adlulileyo Years". "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" yaye ngaphambi ezimnyama zakhe

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" - yenye yezona ezikhumbuzo ezininzi mandulo iincwadi Russian, ukudalwa leyo busuka emva kunyaka 1113.

Ubomi Nestor umkhumbuzi, umdali "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

Nestor umkhumbuzi wazalelwa eKiev ngo-1056. Ngelo elinesixhenxe, waya monki kwi Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Apho waba zakomkhulu.

Ngowe-1114 Nestor wafa, wangcwatywa kwi Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Novemba 9 no-11 Oktobha ikhumbula iCawa Orthodox.

Nestor umkhumbuzi eyaziwa ngokuba umbhali wokuqala lowo unako ukuxelela ntoni kwimbali ubuKristu. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala eyaziwa yaba "The Life of Saints Boris kunye Gleb," yaye kungekudala emva koko kulandele i "Life of St. Feodosiya Pecherskogo." Kodwa ke ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo Nestor, owakukhuphayo kuye udumo kwihlabathi-ngokubanzi - Kakade ke, "The Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", ilitye lesikhumbuzo zoncwadi yaseRashiya yamandulo.

Zabhalwa eli bali akangowakhe kuphela Nestor umkhumbuzi. Kunoko, Nestor ngobungcali baqokelela ulwazi kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo nokudala indaba enye. Ukuze asebenze Nestor Chronicle olufunekayo ntsomi ezelwe, njengoko wayesebenzisa amabali yabathengisi, abahambi kunye namajoni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha bakhe besaphila, amangqina amaninzi iimfazwe ukuhlaselwa Polovtsy, ngoko akwazi ukuphulaphula amabali abo.

Izintlu "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" atshintshiwe. Ngowe-1113, Vladimir Monomakh wanika wesandla Vudubickiy, ngo-1116 izahluko zayo yokugqibela ziye kuyasetyenzwa umphathi uSylvester. Le umphathi uSylvester waya kulwa ukuthanda umphathi Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, enika wesandla Vudubickiy.

yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" koko bangena yemihla ezifana Laurentian, Hypation, First Novgorod.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, nayiphi umlando yamandulo Russian iqulathe iitekisi ezininzi, ezinye zazo libhekisela imithombo ixesha ngaphambili. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", uluhlu esasenziwe ngenkulungwane ye-14, yaba yinxalenye Laurentian Chronicle, okudalwe indela Lawrence. Kunoko, monk Lawrence wasebenzisa nokudalwa seal Nestor njengomthombo esingundoqo indaba yakhe. uluhlu Igama "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" lidla wadala yi igama seal, ngubani ngokwenza uluhlu, okanye kwindawo apho uluhlu lwe do. Phakathi kwezinye uluhlu yamandulo ngenkulungwane ye-15 ka "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" wadalwa phantsi kwegama Hypation Chronicle.

Umxholo "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

Iqala i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" imifanekiso yeBhayibhile. UNowa emva konogumbe ayephinde oonyana bakhe - UHam, uShem, noYafete - kulo lonke ihlabathi. uluhlu Igama "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" Kwakhona libhekisela ekuqaleni yezibhalo zezi ngxelo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba abantu Russian baka noYafete.

Ke umkhumbuzi ubalisa ngobomi zezizwe East Slavic kunye nokusekwa kwe ngurhulumente eRashiya. Zakomkhulu ibonisa ilivo, njengoko apho mzuzu, Isidlele, eHorebhe kunye nodade wabo Lybid weza kulawula kumazwe aseMpuma Slavic. Apho waseka isixeko Kyïv. izizwe Slavic abahlala kumantla eRashiya, wabiza abazalwana Varangian, kangangokuba abalawula kuzo. Igama Rurik abazalwana sineus kunye truvor. uluhlu Igama "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", kakhulu, kuba phantsi usukelo balizukisa obusa eRashiya, yaye ngenxa yale njongo kubonisiweyo imvelaphi yakhe amazwe. Ukusuka Vikings, zeza eRashiya, waqalisa indlu yakomkhulu eRashiya.

Ngokomthetho umlando uchaza imfazwe ngokunjalo iintetho malunga ukwakha ngayo amabandla nezigodlo. Events umlando imbali Russian ubona ngokwemeko ngembali yehlabathi kwaye ixhulumanisa ngqo ezi ziganeko kunye neBhayibhile. Prince imbuka Sviatopolk wambulala Boris kunye Gleba abazalwana mbali ithelekisa ngokubulala Abheli, nto leyo eyenza uKayin. Prince Vladimir, ebengabhaptizi eRashiya, xa kuthelekiswa ne umlawuli waseRoma uConstantine, owenza ubuKristu njengoko esemthethweni eRashiya. Phambi ubhaptizo, Prince Vladimir wayeyindoda engumoni, kodwa ubhaptizo ngokupheleleyo batshintsha ngayo ubomi bakhe, waba njengengcwele.

Isiko kwi "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

Ukubunjwa "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka 'kuquka kungekuphela nje izibakala zembali, kodwa isithethe. Isiko wakhonza ku umkhumbuzi imithombo ebalulekileyo yolwazi, ekubeni zaphelelwa ithuba lokufunda ngento eyenzeka amakhulu ambalwa okanye eminyaka ngaphambi kwakhe.

Igqala le kokusekwa isixeko Kiev imalunga imvelaphi umzi, emva lowo yena igama. Tale of the Oleg Wise ibekwe yeembali okubhaliweyo isixelela ngobomi nokufa Prince Oleg. Igqala le Princess Olga, emxelela malunga nendlela kakhulu kwaye nogonyamelo ukuphindezela ukufa kuka Prince Igor, nayo ifakiwe kule umlando. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" isixelela kwebali Prince Vladimir. Kuye kwafika abathunywa lwezizwana ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye ehambisa ngamnye ukholo lwabo. Kodwa ukholo ngamnye kuneengxaki zako. AmaYuda akazange abe ilizwe labo, balelwa ku amaSilamsi fun nokusela ezinxilisayo iziselo, amaKristu isiJamani babefuna ukumbamba eRussia.

Kwaye Prince Vladimir ekugqibeleni wayeka kwisebe yesiGrike ubuKristu.

Indima komba "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

Ukuba ufunda ngenyameko okubhaliweyo ingxelo, kuba kucacile ukuba umkhumbuzi uhlawula ingqalelo omkhulu ezintweni ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ukubamanya namashishini kunye namandla kaThixo. Iinyikima, izikhukula nembalela, yena ucinga isohlwayo kaThixo, yaye kwelanga zesola yenyanga, ngokwembono yakhe, sisilumkiso kumagunya ezulwini. kwelanga Solar badlale indima ekhethekileyo ubomi wabathetheli. Abaphandi uqaphele ukuba umhla umqondiso kunye nesihloko "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" kakhulu, kuchatshazelwa nesenzeko endalo kunye maxesha ixesha.

eclipse Solar ubona i-Prince Igor Svyatoslavich ngo-1185 phambi kokuba uqale uhambo lwakhe phezu Polovtsy. amajoni yakhe wamlumkisa kuye, esithi ukuba umnyama loo nto ayilunganga. Kodwa ke umthetheli umyalo kwabo baya yotshaba. Ngenxa yomkhosi wakhe abhalelwe. Kwakhona, lo ilanga ngokuqhelekileyo esaxela ukufa Prince. Phakathi kuka 1076 ngeminyaka 1176, kwakukho 12 kwelanga solar, yaye emva ngamnye kubo kukho ukufa omnye kubathetheli. Bhala wabekwa ukuba isiphelo sehlabathi, nokuba iMini Yomgwebo iya kuza ngowe-1492, yaye elungiselela abafundi bakhe kulo. Imbalela kwelanga waxela imfazwe kunye nesiphelo kukuba kwehlabathi.

Iimpawu zendlela of "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

uluhlu Igama "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" uchazwa iimpawu uhlobo kwezi rekhodi. Okokuqala, yemihla izenzo ezithile iincwadi yamandulo. Oko kukuthi, aqulathe iimpawu lweendidi ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo zeetekisi. Oku akuthethi yintsomi nje kwiincwadi zembali, kodwa ke ukudibanisa iimpawu zombini. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", uluhlu apho ifumaneka Novgorod, kakhulu, ezi mpawu.

Chronicle ngokwayo, ngokucacileyo, luxwebhu olusemthethweni. Scientist NI Danilevsky ukholelwa ukuba yemihla zaye ayenzelwanga abantu ngoThixo owawuza ukufunda nawo Umgwebo Wokugqibela. Ngoko ke, encwadini yeembali zeengcombolo izenzo abathetheli kunye baphantsi kwabo.

Lo msebenzi akukho utoliko umkhumbuzi wezinto iziganeko, kungekhona ukufuna izizathu zabo, kodwa nje incazelo. Okwangoku, kunye butshijolo kwimeko elidlulileyo. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", apho Loluhlu cishe yi "uhlobo evulelekileyo" apho iinkalo ezahlukeneyo lweendidi ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo zeetekisi. Njengoko usazi, kwiincwadi yamandulo lalingekafiki ukwahlulwa ecacileyo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi ezibhaliweyo ezazikho yemihla kuphela, ngoko ke ukudibanisa iimpawu inoveli, izibongo, amabali kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni.

Ntoni igama "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

Igama igumbi wanika umlando umgca wokuqala "Tale of adlulileyo Years Ce ...". "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" lithetha "I Tale of kwiminyaka edlulileyo", ekubeni igama elithi "zasehlotyeni" ngolwimi mandulo lithetha "unyaka." Abantu abaninzi bazama ukufumana loo nto yaziwa ngokuba "I Tale of adlulileyo Years". Ngengqiqo ngokobubanzi ibali malunga ubukho kweli hlabathi, kungekudala emva elindele umgwebo kaThixo. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", uluhlu apho ifumaneka woonongendi, uthathwa ukuba umsebenzi yokuqala.

ezimnyama zangaphambili

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" yathotyelwa uhlahlelo lwemibhalo ngokucokisekileyo. Bafumana ukuba sisekelwe phezu kwiincwadi indaba ngaphambili.

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" kwaye phambi nasemagumbini zayo ezihlangeneyo, oko kukuthi, "The Ibali" sifana kakhulu oko akubhalileyo ngaphambili. Imbali yanamhlanje ngokubona Academician AA Shakhmatova abahlola zonke iirekhodi yamandulo usebenzisa indlela lokuthelekisa. Wafumanisa ukuba umlando kanye sokuqala yaba eKiev Chronicle yamandulo, eyasekwa ngo-1037. It awaqhubana ngayo into, xa imbali yoluntu, yaye kaloku, yakuba ibhaptiziwe Rus.

Ngowe-1073 Crypt Chronicle zadalwa. Ngowe-1095, uhlelo lwesibini Kyïv-Pechersk arch, kodwa ibizwa ngokuba Primary Chronicle.

usuku imifuziselo

umhla Ikhalenda ngo "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" zazibonwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuba akukho amaxabiso akukho imihla mihla abantu ikhalenda, umkhumbuzi ukuba umhla nganye okanye usuku lweveki apho iziganeko zenzeka, bazaliswa ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo zembali. Kwaye umkhumbuzi rhoqo wazama ukuba ukukhankanya imihla okanye imihla waba intsingiselo enkulu wayisa ixabiso elikhulu. Abakhethekileyo okanye engcwele, kuba iintsuku ngexesha kuthathwa ukuba ngoMgqibelo nangeCawa, imihla ezikhankanywe kwi "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", ngokulandelelana amaxesha 9 no-17, kunye evekini ekhankanyiweyo ngaphantsi rhoqo. NgoLwesithathu kubhekiswa kuzo amaxesha-2 kuphela, izihlandlo ezithathu Lwesine, Lwesihlanu izihlandlo ezihlanu. NgoMvulo nangoLwesibini zikhankanywe kanye kanye. Kungaphikiswa ukuba olube yimpumelelo umhla kunye negama "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" kakhulu enxibelelene kwimeko yonqulo.

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ngokusondeleyo inxulumene ehlabathini yonqulo, ngoko zonke iimpawu zayo ziye esekelwe oku. Zakomkhulu ubona zonke iziganeko kuphela kwimeko oluzayo iMini Yomgwebo, ngoko ejonga kuwo ukusuka kwindawo ngembono yokuba amandla kaThixo. Ke ukulumkisa abantu ngalo imfazwe ezayo, imbalela kunye kwesivuno. Bona ndibavelele villains ababulalayo nokubulala kunye nokuphanga, kwaye phezulu elingenatyala phakathi kwetrone kaThixo. Izinto ezingcwele zabangcwele bathathe kumgangatho engaqhelekanga. Oku kungqinwa amabali malunga ubomi abangcwele Boris kunye Gleb. Kwakhona neetempile ziindawo ezingcwele, nto leyo awukwazi ukungena abangendawo kunye ezintlangeni.