Kokulungiswa allotropic

Allotrope zibhekiselela kukukwazi-athom le element ukwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto ezilula. Ngoko ke bakha iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo enye kwenye.

Izilungiso Allotropic izinze. Iimeko rhoqo uxinzelelo, kwiqondo elithile, ezi izinto ungahambisa yedwa kwelinye.

Izilungiso Allotropic ukuze abunjwe ngayo iimolekyuli ukuba inani eyahlukileyo-athom. Umzekelo, iifom element oxygen ozone (O3) kunye ioksijini into eyiyo (O2).

Izilungiso Allotropic abe eziqinileyo ukuba isakhiwo crystal eyahlukileyo. iikhompawundi ezifana ziquka, umzekelo, idayimani kunye mifanekiso. Ezi zinto - carbon allotropic ukulungiswa. Le Ingxenye zekhemikhali kuba ezintlanu izinto ezilula: ezinamacala nekalikedo cc, mifanekiso, carbyne (iifom ezimbini).

diamond ezinamacala ezifumaneka awe kunye zilungiswe elabhoratri ngokutshisa elide phantsi kweempembelelo xi eliphezulu kakhulu.

Diamond yaziwa, oko zeyona zonke izinto ezikhoyo endalweni. Usebenza xa ukugrumba iliwa ahlabayo neglasi. Diamond sikhanya ezingenambala kwento crystalline ene-svetoprelomlyaemostyu eliphezulu. Diamond ziikristale babe efestileni cc ubuso-wedwa. Isiqingatha crystal athom akhiwe kumaziko leziphelo kunye eziphezulu le tyhubhu, kunye nesiqingatha eliseleyo athom - kumaziko zobuso kunye eziphezulu omnye ityhubhu, nto leyo lisisiqalo ngokunxulumene kwicala yokuqala isithuba oxwesileyo. atom Tetrahedral zenza igridi-ntathu apho babe bond covalent.

Kuzo zonke izinto eziziziqalelo kuphela ledayimani ekhoyo inani liphezulu athom, ezo zilahlwa ezinabantu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo ezimbaxa unamandla kakhulu kwaye ziqinile. bond esiluqilima carbon tetrahedra ekwazi ukumelana eliphezulu chemical. Xa diamond zingachaphazela fluorine kuphela okanye mpilo kubushushu degrees ezisibhozo.

Ngaphandle ukufikelela umoya phantsi zokufudumeza elinqatyisiweyo diamond lithuthwa kuya mifanekiso. Le nto imelwe ziikristale omnyama hina umbala. Grafayithi has a ebuntsimbi Ndileka ityhafile. Xa touch okanye into ezinamafutha. Grafayithi uqinile bubushushu, abe conductivity eliphezulu thermal kunye zombane. Iziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso ipensile.

Carbyne walungisa izithako. Le black okuqinileyo kunye ukukhazimla yiglasi. Ngaphandle ukufikelela umoya phantsi ukufudumeza carbyne ajikwa mifanekiso.

Kukho esinye ngaphezulu uhlobo carbon - amorphous carbon. Esi sakhiwo unordered lufumaneka ngokufudumeza iikhompawundi carbon-equlethe. iidipozithi amalahle ezinkulu zifumaneka zasendle. Kulo mzekelo, iyeza na iintlobo eziliqela. Coal angamelwa ngohlobo uthuthu lweziko, Isakare ithambo, okanye coke.

Njengoko sele kubonisiwe, omnye ukuguqulwa allotropic le element luphawulwa isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo interatomic. Ngapha koko, afakwa chemical ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zomzimba.

Isalfure lilungu ngakumbi ekwaziyo allotropes. Le into esetyenziswa ngumntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Kukho utshintsho ezahlukeneyo allotropic of nesalfure. Ethandwa kakhulu rhombic. Oku imelwe eqinileyo omthubi. Rhombic sulphur akukho desensitised ngamanzi (eYafo). Le propati asetyenziswe nezokukhupha iziyobisi. sulphur Rhombic enyibilikayo organic izinyibilikisi. Le nto iye Unikezelo lombane kunye thermal amahlwempu.

Ukongezelela koko, kukho iiplastiki nesalfure monoclinic. Eyokuqala i amorphous (irabha-ezifana) ubunzima emdaka. It ibunjiwe, ukuba amanzi abandayo ugalele nesalfure otyhidiweyo. Monoclinic ivezwa iinaliti wethunzi yellow. Phantsi impembelelo kokugquma (okanye esondele ukuya) Kwathi zombini ezi iinguqulelo lobushushu kungena sulphur rhombic.