Izitya ezininzi zokuhlambela amalahle eRashiya: iimpawu kunye nemigodi yemayini yamalahle

Umthombo ophezulu kakhulu wamandla kwihlabathi ulahlekelwe ngamalahle. Yaba ngumhlobo wokuqala wepetrolethi umntu aqala ukuyisebenzisa. Namhlanje eRashiya kukho ezininzi iimigodi ezinkulu kunye nokucwangciswa kwezityalo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwinqaku, inkcazo yamanzi ase-Russia aya kuhanjiswa.

Ulwazi jikelele

Kungekudala, ioli kunye negesi kunye neendawo zokuhlambela amalahle eRashiya ziye zaphuhliswa . I-Russian Federation ineendawo ezininzi zokugcina izinto ezibonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko zemozulu azivumi ukuvumela ukuba imveliso iqhutywe kwimali efunekayo. Amalahle ahanjiswa ngoluhlobo lwezinto ezincatshiswayo zokuhlala kwezityalo zamanzi zangasese. Le fossil yombane ingaba yimizi emibini. Ukwahlula kwamalahle lwenziwa ngokuhambelana nexabiso lalo calorific. Izona ziphezulu zi-anthracites, i-lowest is lignite. Ilahle eliphezulu le-calorific lisetyenzisiwe kwi-metallurgy enamandla, kwaye ilahle lekhalori ephantsi isetyenziswe ngobunjineli bamandla.

Phuhliso lwe shishini

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla onke kwanda. Isantya esinamandla kakhulu saqatshelwa ekusebenziseni kwamalahle. Ngoko, ukususela ngo-1984 ukuya ku-1994 bekuyi-0.9%. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezi fossil ezinokutsha zikhule ngakumbi-ukuya ku-2.7%. Ngokutsho kwangaphambili, iindawo zokugcina amalahle kwihlabathi kufuneka ziwanele iminyaka eyi-120. Isabelo seRussia Federation ukusuka kumyinge we-industrial volume ngowama-23%. Ifom yangaphakathi yezolimo kunye nendlela yokucubungula ifom ekhoyo kwisebe lezoqoqosho elihlukeneyo, ngokubanzi ngokupheleleyo kwicandelo lemarike. Phantse yonke imibutho kunye namashishini abandakanyekayo kule ndawo anesigaba sepropati yangasese.

Imiqulu yamatye eRussian Federation

Izitya eziphezulu zokuhlambela amalahle zaseRashiya ziqulethe ngeetoni ezi-4 trillion zeendawo ezigcinwe kuyo. Bakha malunga ne-30% yevolumu yomhlaba. Eli lizinga eliphezulu kuwo onke amazwe emhlabeni. Amachibi aselahle aseRashiya afaka emathunzini awo amaninzi amakhulu. Ngenxa yale nto, ilizwe lihlala kwindawo ehamba phambili ekuphuhliseni nasekuthengiseni amafutha. Ukususela ngo-2009, kuye kwasungulwa umthamo ophezulu wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngokwe-Federal Customs Service, ayikho ngaphantsi kweetoni eziyi-8.5-9 yezigidi. Inani elipheleleyo lemali yokuthumela ngaphandle kwamalahle ngo-2009 li-toni ezili-103 ezigidi. Ipetroli idliwe kuyo yonke imimandla yelizwe. Izitya zakwalahle zaseRashiya zikho kwizifundo ezingama-26. Ezinye zazo ziye zaphuhliswa kwixesha lamaSoviet. Ngaphezulu, inkcazo emfutshane malunga neenqanawa zamalahle zaseRashiya ziya kunikwa.

Iifomethi zokuqala

Kubaluleke kakhulu kumashishini yi-Kuznetsk nePechora ngamashishini aselahle aseRashiya. Iyokuqala yavulwa ngo-1721. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwayo olubanzi lwaqala ngo-1920. Ngowe-1934, i-Pechora Basin yavulwa. Idizithi yeViznetsk ifumaneke kwiNtshonalanga yeSiberia, kwingingqi yaseKemerovo. Umsele wePechora uhlala kwiRiphabliki yeKomi kunye neSithili seNenet Autonomous District. Indawo yokuqala ye-26, neyesibini-90,000 km ² . Ezi zinkulu ezinkulu zokuhlambela amalahle eRashiya zinika ubuninzi belizwe lemveliso yelizwe. Iipasiti ezimbini ezibini ziphuhliswa kwintsimi yaseRashiya . Iifama zase-Kansk-Akinsk kunye ne-South-Yakutian yamalahle aseRussia ziyahluke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa. Ukuba idiphozithi yokuqala ikhona kwindawo efanelekileyo, ngoko ke okwesibini iimeko ezinzulu zemozulu, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuphuhlisa. Nangona kunjalo, isabelo esichazela la mabhasi ase-Russia aphezulu kakhulu. Ummandla wengxenye evulekileyo yediphozi yaseKansko-Achinsk yi-45,000 km km ² , indawo yonke yeSouth Yakutia i-25 000 km km. Izitya zakwalahle zaseRashiya zenziwa yimayini okanye indlela evulekile. Okukhethiweyo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu, ukude kumakhaya kunye nezibonelelo eziphuhlisiweyo. Ngoko, isitya sePechora sisekho ngaphaya kwe-Arctic Circle. Okukude, kunye nesimo sezulu esibuhlungu, sinomphumo omkhulu kwiindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo. Ukuphuhliswa kwesitya saseMzantsi Yakut kunzima.

Kuznetsk idiphozithi

Le dama ilungele i-800 km kunye neTrans-Siberian Railway. Le dizithi yenye yezona ndawo ezikhokelela kwiindawo zokugcina amagesi. Isabelo salo kwimboniselo yaseRashiya malunga ne-60%. Idiphozithi ifumaneke kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo zeemozulu kunye nezemigodi. Oku, ke, inikezela ngeendleko eziphantsi kwelahle. Iifostile ze-deposit zakwaVuznetsk zibonakaliswe ngomxholo othuliweyo (ashishini elingu-4.6%), eliphezulu (8.6 kcal) caloric content, low phosphorus kunye nesulfure. Ukushisa okukhethekileyo ngu-6-8.5 lamawaka kcal / kg. Kwisitya, iindawo ezigcinwe kwiindawo zokugcina ilahle zokupheka zijoliswe . Umthamo wabo ungama toni ezigidi eziyi-643 zeebhiliyoni. Uphuhliso luqhutywa ngamigodi kunye neendlela ezivulekileyo.

Pechora ibhasi

Kuyo iindawo ezi-9 zoshishino zabiwe. Abafundi abazifundayo kunye nabafundi banokuthi: Halmeriunsky, iVorkuta, iVorga-Shorsky ne-Intinsky. Ubungakanani bendawo yokuhlambela amalahle kwi-basin malunga neetoni ezingama-213 ezigidigidi, eziyi-8.7 zeebhiliyoni zilinganiselwe. I-extraction iqhutyelwa ikakhulu ngendlela evaliweyo. Oku kungenxa yeemeko ezingekho phantsi kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, indlela ye-mine iqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu wezinto ezikhutshweyo.

Kwintsimi yeKansko-Achinskoye

Ububanzi bayo buhluka ukusuka kuma-50 ukuya kuma-250 km. Iqula lidibene ngamacandelo amabini: entshona nangempuma. Ingqungquthela yesigodi se-geological in the range of 600 billion tons.Izigidi ezili-140 zifanele ukuphuhliswa ngendlela evulekile. Ixabiso eliphambili lorhwebo liloluhlu olunamandla. Lilele kwindawo ephezulu. Amalahle amaninzi anokubunjwa kwama-humus. Umxholo womswakama kwi-lignites ngu-21-44%, isulfure - 0.2-0.8%. Umxholo we-Ashi wamafutha ngowama-7-14%. Iingqimba zisekufutshane nomhlaba, ngokuzenzekelayo. Intsimi yeKansko-Achinskoye iphuhliswe ngendlela evulekile. Oku kuququzelelwe yimigodi efanelekileyo kunye neemeko ze-geological, ubukhulu obukhulu bendawo engaphezulu kwendawo enkulu.

Kwintsimi yaseYuzhno-Yakutsk

Itholakala kwiAldan Highlands. Ubude bayo bu malunga ne-750 km. Ukubunjwa kwesitya kuhlulwe kwiindawo ezi-5 zokulahleka kwamalahle: iGonamsky, Usman, Tokyo, Ytymdzhinsky, Aldan-Chulmansky. Iibalo ezipheleleyo zi malunga neetoni ezingama-24.17 ezigidi. Umxholo womswakama kuwo u-0.7-1.4%, isulfure ngu-0.3-0.4%. Umxholo othuliweyo we-fossils usele 10-18%. Izixhobo ezixhamliweyo kunye neendawo zokugcina izimo, ngokubhekiselele kwingxenye yeKhabarovsk empuma, malunga neetoni ezingama-41.4 zeebhilidi. Ukuphuhliswa kwesitya akupheli nje kuphela kwimozulu eshushu, kodwa nangokungabikho koqhagamshelwano olufanelekileyo lwezothutho. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, iindleko zempahla ebonakalayo ziphezulu.

Ekugqibeleni

Izitya zokuhlambela amalahle zaseRashiya zibaluleke kakhulu kubuciko belizwe lonke kunye nokuphuhlisa icandelo ngokukodwa. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ephambili kaRhulumente yimibuzo yokuphucula inkxaso kunye nezobuchwepheshe beendawo ezinzima zokufikelela kunye nezinto ezininzi ezibonakalayo. Ukuphuhliswa kweepositi kubaluleke kakhulu. Xa kudala imimiselo efunekayo yokuvelisa, ukucubungula nokuthutha, izazi ziya kuqashwa, kwaye ukuphuhliswa okunamandla kwemimandla ekude kuya kuqala. Ukuxhaswa kwemali kuthatha indawo ekhethekileyo ekuphunyezweni kwalo msebenzi. Ngokukodwa, ulwalathiso olubhekiselele kwinqanaba likarhulumente lithandwa ngabatyalo-mali basemzini nabasemakhaya kwiindawo ezincinci zokuhlambela amalahle eRashiya. Kule nxu lumene, iiprogram zenkqubo zikarhulumente eziqhubekileyo ziphuhliswa, ukuphunyezwa kwayo okuya kuvumela ilizwe ukuba ligcine isikhundla sayo esilawulayo kumashishini omayini wamalahle omhlaba jikelele.